IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


T 


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D 


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I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommag^e 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
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obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


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This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  1i\tn6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqud  ci-dessous. 

IPX  14X 18X ^X 


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16X 


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28X 


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The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 


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or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimis  sent  filmis  en  commen^ant 
per  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
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empreinte. 


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shall  contain  the  symbol  ^^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED "I,  or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
derniAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — »>  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc..  may  be  filmed  at 
diffe  wnt  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method* 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmis  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diff^rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  film6  d  partir 
de  Tangle  sup^rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n^cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mithode. 


1 

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3 

4 

5 

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W^u^  t 


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^^uiJlications  of  tt)e  prince  ^ocietin 


SIR    WILLIAM    ALEXANDER 


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ANI> 


AMERICAN    COLONIZATION. 


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THE 


$)uljlication0  of  tijr  ^rinrr  ^ofirtp. 


Elbblillied  May  J5th,  1858. 


SIR  WILLIAM    ALEXANDER 


AND 


AMERICAN  COLONIZATION. 


^Boston: 

PRINTED     FOR     THE     SOCIETY, 

By  John  Wilson  and  Son. 

1873. 


•  Lr  / 


I 


!■! 


i| 


TEN    lOPins,    LAROK    PAPER. 
"NE    nuNORKU    AND   KIFTV  COPIES,    SMALL    PAPKR. 


■^wm/ 


0 


Sir  William  Alexander 


And 


American  Colonization. 


INCLUDING 


THREE    ROYAL  CHAK'n-^s,   A  TRACT  ON  COLONIZATION-   A 

PATENT  OK  THE  COt;;TY  OF  CANADA  AND  OF  LONG  ' 

ISLAND;    AND    THE    ROLL    OF    THE    KNIGHTS 

BARC.s'ETS    OF    NEW   SCOTLAND; 

WITH    ANNOTATlOxNS 


\ 


AND  A 


MEMOIR 

Bv  THE  REV.  EDMUND  F.  SLAFTER,  A.M. 


JSoston 


PUBLISHED     BY    THE 

1873. 


PRINCE    SOCIETY. 


(i 


,[  / 


'  ; 


Kn.ered  accordin,  ,o  Ac.  of  Congres.,  in  „,e  year  ,873,  by 

EDMUND     K.    SI.AITER, 

r.>  .i.e  Office  of  .l,c  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Wasl,in„o„. 


C  1' 


Cajv^\  \> 


•■-  C.  ^'^ 


I 


EUtfor  ; 
Thh  rkv.  kdmund  k  slamkr.  a.m. 


s  - 

i 

1 

t     1         1 

! 

PREFACE. 


N  prefenting  this  volume  to  the  members  of  the 
Prince  Society,  a  few  words  are  neceffary. 

The  tra6l  entitled  an  Encouragement  to 
Colonies,  publilhed  by  Sir  William  Alexander 
in  1624,  has  been  known  and  occafionally  referred  to  by 
nwiters  on  American  hiflory;  but  copies  of  it  have  for  a 
long  time  been  exceedingly  rare.  It  was  at  firfl  propofcd 
to  print  this  trad,  with  luch  annotations  as  feemed  to  be 
neceffary.  On  a  careful  invefligation,  however,  it  was  found 
that  the  colonial  enterprifcs  of  Sir  William  Alexander  had 
leen  fo  impcrfe6lly  fet  forth  in  our  general  hiflories,  that  a 
volume  embracing  not  only  this  tra(5t,  but  the  feveral  char- 
ters of  American  territory  which  had  been  granted  to  him, 
jind  other  related  documents,  together  with  a  more  com- 
plete Memoir  than  had  hitherto  been  attempted,  might 
prove  a  valuable  contribution  to  American  hiflory.  The 
preparation  of  fuch  a  volume  was  accordingly. undertaken. 

In  the  early  part  of  January,  1872,  the  editor  reported  to 
the  Council  that  the  manufcript  was  ready  for  the  prefs. 

Some 


^^ 


VI 


Preface. 


f 


i 


Some  delay  followed  in  obtaining  fuitable  paper,  and  in 
the  neceffary  arrangements  for  printing.  About  the  ixiiddle 
of  April  the  copy  was  placed  in  the  hands  of  Meffrs.  T. 
R.  Marvin  and  Son,  w^ho  had  printed  three  preceding  iffues 
of  the  Society,  in  a  manner  eminently  fatisfa6lory,  proving 
themfelves  to  be  among  the  mofl  accompliflied  of  Ameri- 
can printers. 

On  the  9th  and  loth  of  November,  when  the  Great  Fire 
occurred  in  Boflon,  one  hundred  and  twelve  pages  of  the 
volume  had  been  ftruck  off.  Thefe  printed  flieets,  together 
with  a  quantity  of  paper,  more  than  fufficient  for  the  w^hole 
edition,  which  had  been  purchafed  by  the  Council,  were 
deflroyed  by  the  fire.  The  Meffrs.  Marvins'  printing-works 
fliared  likewife  the  fame  fate.  The  derangement  of  bufinefs 
that  followed  rendered  it  impoffible  to  recommence  print- 
ing before  early  in  March  of  the  prefent  year,  when  the 
work  was  committed  to  Meffrs.  John  Wilfon  and  Son,  of 
Cambridge,  who  had  printed  the  fecond  volume  iffued  by 
the  Society. 

Thefe  fa(fts  furnifli,  it  is  believed,  a  fufficient  apology  for 
the  long  delay  in  the  publication  of  the  work  after  it  was 
ready  for  the  prefs.  As  fome  compenfation  for  this  delay 
and  the  confiderable  pecuniary  lofs  fuftained  by  the  Society, 
it  may  be  ftated  that  the  editor  availed  himfelf  of  the  oppor- 
tunity to  incorporate  into  the  Memoir  fome  additional  fa(5ts, 
and  to  correal;  feveral  errors  that  had  crept  into  the  text. 

The 


r 


l>'   K  I 


Preface. 


Vll 


The  dcfign  of  the  Council  in  bringing  out  this  volume 
has  been  to  furnifli  the  hiflorical  ftudent,  from  authentic 
documents  rendered  into  Englifli,  with  full  information 
relating  to  the  '^^fforts  of  Sir  William  Alexander  in 
behalf  of  American  colonization.  In  the  Memoir,  the 
editor  has  aimed  to  give  a  complete  but  condenfed  outline 
of  his  life  and  chara(5ler,  and  thus  to  fixow  what  focial  and 
political  influences,  as  well  as  what  perfonal  energy,  ability, 
culture,  and  learning  he  brought  to  bear  in  the  advance- 
ment of  his  favorite  fcheme  of  planting  colonies  in 
America. 

The  attempts  that  were  made  after  Cabjt's  difcovery  in 
1497,  and  before  fuccefs  was  a6lually  achieved,  had  doubt- 
lefs  far  more  influence  on  the  final  eftablifliment  of  colonies 
on  our  foil  than  has  been  apprehended  by  the  cafual  reader, 
or  admitted  in  the  popular  belief. 

If  this  volume,  as  an  hiflorical  monograph,  fliall  ferve  in 

any  degree  to  clear  away  the  clouds  that  have  obfcured  this 

period  in  colonial  enterprife,  and  fliall  caufe  Sir  William 

Alexander's  conne6lion  with   colonization  in  America  to 

ftand  out  more  difl:in6lly  than  it  has  in  the  pafl:,  and  more 

truthfully  and  in   its  exa6l   relations,  the  Council  cannot 

fail  to  regard  their  purpofe  as  having  been  fatisfactorily 

achieved. 

E.  F.  S. 

Boston,  ii  Beacon  Street, 
May  26,  1873. 


ii 


\\\ 


I.  \ 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


FAGB 

Engraved    Portrait   of    Sir   William    Alexander,  Earl  of 

Stirling Frontifpicce. 

Preface v 

Memoir  of  Sir  William  Alexander i 

BinLioGRAPHY 119 

Royal  Charter  of  New  Scotland  in  favor  of  Sir  William 

Alexander,  by  James  I.,  162 1 127 

An  Encouragement  to  Colonies,  by  Sir  William  Alexander, 

1624 150 

Map  of  New  Scotland 216 

Novodamus  Charter  of  New  Scotland.  1625,  by  Charles  I.      .  217 

Roll  of  the  Knights  Baronets  of  New  Scotland   ....  233 
Royal  Charter  of  the  Country  and  Lordship  of   Canada, 

1628 239 

Patent  of  the  County  of  Canada  and  of  Long  Island,  by 

THE  Great  Council  for  New  England,  1635 251 

Constitution  of  the  Prince  Society 259 

Rules  and  Regulations  of  the  Council 260 

Officers  of  the  Prince  Society 263 

The  Prince  Society 265 

Publications  of  the  Prince  Society 268 

Index 271 


n 


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i  \ 


I 


MEMOIR 


OF 


Sir  William  Alexander,  Kt., 


EARL   OF   STIRLING. 


IVE  miles  eafl  of  Stirling  in  Scotland,  at 
the  bafe  of  the  Ochil  hills,  on  a  fmall 
ftream  in  the  fliire  of  Clackmannan,  re- 
pofes  a  little  hamlet  now  for  a  long  time 
diftingiiiflied  for  its  manufacture  of  Scotch 
blankets.  This  was  the  ancient  feat  of 
the  barons  of  Menftrie,  and  the  village  ftill  bears  that  name. 
The  barony  was  occupied  by  the  family  of  Alexander  at  a 
period  as  early  as  1485.  They  derived  their  name  from 
Alexander  Mac  Donald,  a  younger  fon  of  the  lord  of  the 
Ifles,  from  whom  they  were  defcended,  fo  runs  the  tradition, 
whofe  proper  name  they  affumed.  Alexander  Alexander 
was  the  fifth  baron  of  Menftrie,  and  died  February  loth, 

1580-1. 


am 


r  >' 


Pf! 


<  * 


2  Memoir  of 

1 580-1.'  He  had  inherited  the  barony  of  Menftrie,  nevcr- 
thelefs,  under  the  Earl  of  Argyle  as  his  fupcrior,  through 
Andrew  his  father,  Alexander  his  grandfather,  Andrew 
his  great-grandfather,  from  Thomas  Alexander,  who  flour- 
iflied,  as  we  have  already  intimated,  fomewhat  before  the 
year  1500.  Sir  William  Alexander  fucceeded  his  father, 
Alexander  Alexander,  in  this  eflate,  and  afterward  obtained 
the  fee  and  a  charter  under  the  great  feal,  and  was  the  fixth 
Laird  or  Baron  of  Menflrie.'^  He  was  born  about  1580,^ 
and  was  conne6led  by  blood,  through  female  lines,  with 
many  of  the  mofi;  prominent  titled  families  of  Scotland. 
His  fine  endowments  were  apparent  in  early  youth.  His 
education  was  thorough  and  liberal,  acquired,  as  is  conjedl- 
ured,  at  one  of  the  Univerfities  of  Scotland,  but  no  definite 
or  pofitive  information  on  this  point  has  been  obtained. 

In  early  manhood  he  was  fele6ted  to  be  the  attendant  and 
companion  of  the  Earl  of  Argyle,^  with  whom  he  travelled 

on 


'  His  will  was  confirmed  on  the  24th 
of  May,  1 58 1.  —  Royal  Letters,  Char- 
ters, and  Trails,  Edinburgh,  1867, 
p.  9. 

*  For  a  genealogical  account  of  the 
family,  reference  may  be  had  to  Sir 
Robert  Douglas's  Peerage  of  Scotland, 
and  to  other  peerage-writers,  under  the 
title  "  Earl  of  Stirling." 

*  An  engraved  portrait  of  Sir  Wil- 
liam Alexander  is  found  in  fome  copies 
of  the  edition  of  his  poetical  works 
publiflied  in  1637.  Around  the  border 
is   this   infcription:    Vera    Effigies 

GULIELMI  COMITIS  DE  SXERLIX,  /EtA- 

Tis  SU/E  57.      If  this  was  his  age  in 
1637,  as  can  hardly  be  queflioned,  fince 


he  undoubtedly  fuperintended  the  pub- 
lication of  that  edition  himfelf,  his  birth 
is  properly  inferred  to  have  been  in 
1580. 

■'  Sir  Robert  Douglas,  in  the  "  Peer- 
age of  Scotland,"  fays  he  "  was  pitched 
upon  to  travel  with  the  Earl  of  Argyle, 
as  a  tutor  and  governor."  But  this  is 
clearly  an  error.  The  eighth  Earl  was 
at  this  time  not  more  than  fix  or  feven 
years  of  age,  having  been  bori'.  in  1598, 
and  confequently  was  too  soung  to 
make  the  tour  of  Europe.  The  feventh 
Earl  was  feveral  years  the  fenior  of 
young  Alexander,  and  could  hardly 
have  received  him  as  his  tutor  and 
governor,  though  he  may  have  profited 

by 


It' 


m.. 


Sir  William  Alexander, 


on 


was 
feven 
1598, 
to 
venth 
or  of 
lardly 

and 
ofited 
by 


on  the  continent,  and  pcrfecfled  his  education  by  adding  to 
his  other  acquirements  a  knowledge  of  the  French,  ItaUan, 
and  probably  the  Spanifh  language.  He  \vas  married  to 
Janet,  daughter  and  heirefs  of  Sir  William  Erlkine,  Knight, 
roufui-german  to  the  Earl  of  Marr,  the  regent.  By  her  he 
had  eight  fons  and  three  daughters. 

In  his  youth,  it  is  faid,  while  in  his  fifteenth  year,  young 
Alexander  began  the  compofition  of  a  feries  of  fongs,  fon- 
nets,  and  elegies.  At  the  age  of  twenty-three,  he  appeared 
before  the  literary  world  as  a  poet,  publifliing  "  The  Trag- 
edie  of  Darius,"  under  his  own  name,  which  he  denominated 
the  "  firfl  effay  of  my  rude  and  unfkilfull  mufe  in  a  Tragi- 
call  poem."  It  was  dedicated  to  Prince  James  of  Scotland, 
afterwards  James  I.  of  England,  feafoned  with  royal  com- 
pliments to  the  future  king. 

The  author's  apology  to  the  reader,  in  this  early  edition, 
for  the  want  of  a  complete  purity  of  ftyle,  explains  what  is 
apparent  in  this,  but  which  entirely  difappears  in  his  later 
and  more  elaborated  works  :  — 

"  The 


by  his  fcholarly  attainments.  The 
followins;  excerpt  from  the  "  Argyl  Pa- 
pers "  furniflies  the  authority,  we  may 
prefume,  on  which  tlie  ftatement  has 
been  made :  — 

"The  Earl  was  bred  a  fcholar,  and, 
being  efleemed  a  man  of  pregnant 
parts,  made  choice  of  to  travail  with 
Archibald,  Earl  of  Argyie,  called  Gil- 
lefpich  Gromach,  which  he  did  into 
France,  Spain,  and  Italy,  when  Mr. 
Alexander  learned  his  anguage.  He 
had  particular  genius  to  poetry,  and 
upon  his  return  was  introduced  by 
Prince  Henry  to  the  King." 


The  Rev.  Charles  Rogers,  LL.D., 
Hiftoriographer  to  the  liillorical  So- 
ciety of  Great  Ikitain,  to  whom  we 
are  indebted  for  this  extract,  as  well  as 
the  fubllance  of  this  note,  is  of  opin- 
ion that  this  foreign  travel  took  place 
between  the  Battle  of  Glenlivet,  in  1594, 
when  the  Earl  of  Argyie  commanded 
the  Royal  Forces,  and  1603,  when  he 
reduced  the  Macgregors.  It  was,  prob- 
ably, before  the  year  1600,  when  Sir 
William  Alexander  was  lefs  than  twen- 
ty years  of  age. 


4  Memoir  of 

"  The  language  of  this  pocme  is,  as  thou  fccft,  mixed  of 
"  the  KngHdi  and  Scottilh  diale(51s  ;  which  perhaps  may  be 
"  vnpleafant  and  irkfome  to  fome  readers  of  both  nations. 
"  But  I  hope  the  gentle  and  judicious  Knglilhe  reader  will 
"  beare  with  me,  if  I  retaine  fome  badge  of  mine  owne  coun- 
"  trie,  by  vfmg  fometimes  words  that  are  peculiar  therevnto, 
"  efpeciallie  when  I  finde  them  proper  and  fignificant.  And 
"  as  for  my  owne  countrymen,  they  may  not  juftly  finde  fault 
"  with  me,  if  for  the  more  part  I  vfe  the  Englilh  phrafe,  as 
"  worthie  to  be  preferred  before  our  owne  for  the  elegancie 
"  and  perfe61ion  thereof." 

In  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  under  the  influence  of  a  galaxy 
of  great  men,  fuch  as  Spenfer  and  Sidney  and  Shakefpeare, 
the  Englilh  language  fuddenly  advanced  in  all  the  elements 
of  copioufnefs,  richnefs,  and  refinement ;  and  the  improve- 
ment did  not  ceafe  to  go  forward  down  to  a  much  later 
period.  The  fcholarly  culture  and  taflc  of  Sir  William 
Alexander  led  him  to  fee  its  great  fuperiority  to  his  vernac- 
ular, and  fo  far  prevailed  with  him,  that,  in  the  later  editions 
of  the  Tragedy  of  Darius,  the  Scottifli  diale^l  was  wholly 
laid  aside. 

Mofl:  of  his  poems  appear  to  have  been  written  in  the 
decade  following  1603,  but  fome  of  them  were  not  publiihed 
till  feveral  years  later. 

The  following  catalogue  will  indicate  the  order  of  their 
publication,  and  the  form  in  which  they  firfl  appeared:^ — 

The 


*  Thefe  early  editions  are  exceeding-    indebted,  for  the  definite  information 
ly  rare,  at  leaft  in  this  country  :  we  are    which  we  have  here  given  to  Walpole's 

koyal 


Sir  VVilliam  Alexander. 


5 


The  Tragedy  of  Darius.     Edinlnirgli,  1603.     ^to.' 

A  I'ariuncfis  to  the  Prince  [^Hufjuiifai^',  an  ex/iorfation']^  the  two 
tragedies,  Cnt'lus,  and  Darius,  and  Aurora,  a  coUeiition  of  fonnets. 
London,  1604.     4to.'' 

The  Aurora,  with  two  other  fmall  poems  addrellbd  to  His  Majefly. 
London,  1604.     4to.     pp.  94.° 

Tlic  Alexanchiuan,  a  Tragedic.     1605. 

The  Monarchicke  Tragedies,  Cnufus,  Darius,  the  Alexanch":can,  and 
Julius  Ciufar.     London,  1607.     4to.    pp.  40S. ''     A  third  edition,  1616. 

Elcgic  on  the  death  of  Prince  Ilenrie.  Edinburgh,  1613.  4to.  4 
leaves.  The  only  copy  known,  fays  Nicliols,  is  in  tiie  Univertity 
Lilirary,  Edinburgh.      Vide   Nichols,   Progrefs  of  James   L,  Vol.  II. 

P-  505- 

Doomfday,  or  the  Great  Day  of  the  Lord's  Jiulgemcnt.     Edinburgh, 

1614.     4to.     pp.  126.     Alfo  in  London,  fame  year." 

Recreations  with  the  Mufes,  containing  the  Tragedies,  the  Parajnefis, 

the   Doomfday;    and  Jonathan,  an    imiinilhed   jioem.     London,  1637. 

folio.' 


It  will  be  obferved  that,  after  1616,  he  did  not  iffue 
another  edition  till  1637.  In  a  letter  to  William  Drum- 
mond  of  Hawthornden,  in  1620,  he  fays,  "All  my  Works 
are  written  over  in  one  Book,  ready  for  the  Prefs,  but  I 
wpnt  leifure  to  print  them."  Amid  the  preffure  of  public 
and  private  bufinefs,  as  we  (hall  fee  in  the  fequel,  the  oppor- 
tunity did  not  prefent  itfelf  till  i  .37,  when  the  Recreations 

with 


Royal  and  Noble  Authors,  Vol.  V. 
p.  74,  and  to  Lowndes's  liibliographers' 
Slanual,  IX.  2518.  We  give,  for  tlie 
gratification  of  the  curious  ftudent.  in 
the  notes  below,  the  prices  at  wiiicli 
they  have  been  fold,  as  reported  by 
Mr.  Lowndes  :  *  At  "js.  Gd.  to  ;^2  2d. 
"At^^z  IJ.  to^3  5J.  'A\.£i^s.  "At 
IS^-  to  £'i ;    a  third  edition  in  1616, 


i6mo,  pp.  334,  at  ^i  7s.  to  ^21 ;  with 
portrait  and  motto,  "  Aut  fpero  aut  fper- 
no."  at  ^32  I  ij.  •  At^i  ij.  to/4  4J. 
'  At  \os.  to  £2,  I3.f.  ()d. ;  copies  with  a 
portrait  of  Sir  William  Alexander  by 
Marshall,  considered  his  c/icf  d^wmire, 
at  ^8  I2J.  6d.  to  ^50.  See  also  Biblio- 
tlieca  Anglo-Poetica,  London,  18 15, 
pp.  307-10. 


I 


T 


Jil 


If  ! 


6  Memoir  of 

with  the  Mufcs,  coT-nprifing  his  principal  works,  was  printed 
in  an  elegant  and  fumptuous  folio.  The  title-page  of  this 
edition  was  illuminated,  and  in  fome,  probably  prefentation 
copies,  ai)peared  an  engraved  portrait  of  the  author,  by 
William  Marfhall,  who  engra^'ed,  from  fketches  made  by 
himfelf,  a  large  number  of  portraits;  and,  although  not  exe- 
cuted with  extraordinary  grace  or  (kill,  they  are  valuable 
on  account  of  the  dillinguilhed  perfonagcs  they  reprefent, 
and  bccaufe  in  fome  inftances,  among  which  Sir  William 
Alexander  is  probably  one,  no  other  portrait  or  likenefs  has 
come  down  to  us. 

Numerous  fonnets  by  Sir  William  Alexander,  not  included 
in  his  collected  works,  are  to  be  found  fcattercd  among  the 
works  of  other  poets. 

The  "  Aurora,  containing  the  firfl  fancies  of  the  author's 
youth,"  is  a  coUedion  of  fonnets  and  elegies,  and  the  feries 
is  intended  to  conftitute  a  poetic  defcription  or  hiflory  of 
the  varying  fortune  of  love ;  and  the  author  informs  us  in 
his  dedication,  that  as  they  were  the  fruits  of  beauty,  fo 
they  fliould  be  facrificed  as  oblations  to  beauty,  and  he 
therefore  infcribes  them  to  Lady  Agnes  Douglas,  Countefs 
of  Argyle. 

The  Monarchic  Tragedies  were  conflru6led  on  the  model 
of  the  ancient  Greek  tragedies,  with  a6ls  and  interluding 
chorufes.  We  are  not  aware  that  the  a6ls  have  ever  been 
printed  except  in  the  original  editions.  The  chorufes,  with 
all  the  other  poems  to  which  we  have  referred,  are  contained 
in  the  fifth  volume  of  Chalmers's  Englifli  Poets.  From  thefe 
chorufes,  which,  according  to  the  treatment  of  the  Greek 

writers, 


Sir  Willia^n  Alcxaride 


r. 


uding 


writers,  are  fuppofcd  to  reflefl  the  fpirit  and  fcntimcnt  of 
the  other  jxirts,  it  is  obvious  that  this  form  of  coiiipofilioii 
was  employed  as  a  convenient  medium  of  imparting  to 
princes  thofe  fundamental  maxims  and  principles  of  moral- 
ity which  lie  at  the  foundation  of  all  fuccelTful  government, 
and  whofe  fruits  are  the  happinefs  and  fidelity  of  the  gov- 
erned. They  are  confequently  grave  and  didactic,  dealing 
with  the  cmptinefs  of  human  grandeur,  the  prieelefs  quality 
of  truth,  the  refponfibility  of  power  and  wealth,  and  are 
wholly  unfuitable  for  hiftrionic  reprefentation,  for  which,  in- 
deed, we  have  no  reafon  to  believe  they  were  ever  intended." 
In  fele6ling  this  form  of  compofition,  the  author  was 
doubtlefs  influenced  by  the  prevailing  tafte  of  the  age. 
Miracle-plays  confifting  of  Scrii:)ture  characters  alone,  and 
Moral-plays  made  up  of  allegorical  perfonages,  for  a  long 
time  in  vogue  in  England,  had  given  place  to  Tragedies, 
which  were  clearly  the  moft  attractive  and  popular  fpecies 
of  writing  at  that  period.  In  its  firfl  conception,  even 
Milton  gave  to  his  Divine  epic,  the  Paradife  Loft,  the  dra- 
matic form.  In  the  Library  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
England,  a  manufcript  in  Milton's  own  hand  is  flill  pre- 
fer ved, 


^  Mr.  Oldys  fays  tliat  the  author  of 
tliefe  tragedies  "  never  defigned  to 
creep  after  any  model  of  the  ancients 
as  to  unities  of  action,  or  other  rules  of 
the  drama.  He  calculated  them  not  for 
the  amufement  of  fpeflators,  or  to  be 
theatrically  acted,  fo  much  as  for  read- 
ers of  the  higheft  rank  ;  who  by  the 
wifeft  counfels  ?nd  cautions  that  could 
be  drawn  from  the  greateft  examples, 
of  the  ill  effects  of  mifgovernment  and 


confident  reliance  upon  human  gran- 
deur, might  be  taught  to  amend  their 
own  pradlices,  to  moderate  their  own 
paiTions  and  their  power  over  all  in 
fubjedlion  to  them;  and  if  ihey  have 
this  end  with  fuch  readers,  to  term 
them  hiftorical  dialogues,  or  anything 
elfe,  can  be  no  difcredit  to  them."  — 
Bioi^raphia  Britannia^  London,  1778, 
p.  138. 


H 


8 


Memoir  of 


f  18 


fcrved,  in  which  the  plan  of  the  Paradife  Loft  is  fketched, 
the  dramatis  pcrfoncc  arc  given,  and  the  whole  divided  into 
a6ls.  Although  Milton  did  not  adhere  to  his  original  plan 
in  the  Paradife  Loft,  we  may  neverthelefs  conclude  that 
the  drama,  even  fifty  years  after  the  publication  of  Sir 
William's  Trauedies,  was  not  resfarded  as  an  unfuitable 
medium  for  coiiveyin  •■  the  leffons  of  morality,  or  the 
maxims  of  political  wifdom. 

The  Para:nefis  to  Prince  Henry  is  a  poem  of  672  verfes, 
elaborated  with  great  care,  and  is  perhaps  the  moft  claffical 
of  all  his  works.  It  is  eminently  dida(5lic,  replete  with 
found  advice  to  the  young  heir-apparent,  uttered  with  a 
dignified  franknefs  unufual  to  the  times.  After  the  death 
of  Henry  in  161 2,  this  poem  was  again  iffued  with  a 
dedication  to  Prince  Charles,  afterward  Charles  L,  of 
England. 

The  Doomfday,  a  facred  poem,  divided  into  twelve  books 
or  hours,  is  our  author's  great  work.  Like  the  Tragedies, 
it  is  heavy  and  prolix,  and  will  hardly  be  read,  except  for 
its  excellent  fpirit  and  found  wifdom.  From  this  he  received 
the  title  of  the  Divine  poet.  While  it  is  true  that  no  one 
will  probably  at  this  day  become  enthufiaftic  over  the  lines 
of  Sir  William  Alexander,  his  poetry  is,  neverthelefs,  by  no 
means  deftitute  of  merit.  If  he  has  not  fo  much  of  the 
"facred  fire"  as  fome  others,  he  certainly  has  a  high  degree 
of  culture ;  his  lines  flow  with  great  fmoothnefs,  and  he 
rarely  violates  the  canons  of  good  tafte. 

The  Englifli  language  of  the  early  part  of  the  feventeenth 
century  differs  widely  from  the  Englifli  language  of  to-day. 

It 


II 


Sir  William  Alexander. 


It  is  hardly  poffible  for  the  reader  of  our  time,  who  has  not 
made  the  literature  of  two  hundred  and  fifty  years  ago  a 
ftudy,  to  catrl-t  the  delicate  fliades  or  appreciate  the  rich 
flow  of  thought,  either  in  profe  or  poetry,  which  come  to 
us  clothed  in  the  ftiff,  antique  drefs  of  that  period.  But 
the  contemporaries  of  Sir  William  Alexander  had  not  this 
impediment,  and  they  have  left  us  the  ftrongeft  proofs  of 
their  appreciation  of  his  merits.  Allowing  much  for  friend- 
fliip  and  a  natural  inclination  to  maintain  the  cfprit  dc  corps, 
the  teftimony  is  fo  uniform,  that  it  is  plain  that  he  occupied 
a  very  high  pofition  in  the  opinion  of  his  compeers,  and 
that  he  exercifed  a  falutary  and  important  influence  on  the 
literature  of  his  age. 

He  was  one  of  the  earlieft,  if  not  the  firfl  Scottifli  poet, 
who  wrote  in  Englifli  verfe.  The  three  pioneers  were 
Sir  Robert  Aytoun,  Sir  William  Alexander,  and  William 
Drummond  of  Hawthornden.  Aytoun  publiflied  his  Dio- 
phantus  and  Charidora,  confining  of  192  verfes,  fomewhat 
earlier  thai  the  publication  of  the  Tragedy  of  Darius  by 
Sir  William  Alexander,  which  appeared  in  -1603.  Alexan- 
der was  by  far  the  moft  voluminous  writer,  and  probably 
did  more  than  either  of  the  others,  by  way  of  perfonal 
influence  and  example,  to  induce  his  countrymen  to  adopt 
the  Englifli  language  in  writing,  upon  whom  he  did  not 
hefitate  to  urge  it  as  worthy  to  be  preferred  for  its  "  ele- 
gancie  and  perfc6lion." 

But  let  us  fee  how  he  was  regarded  by  his  contempora- 
ries, and  by  diftinguiflied  fcholars  of  a  later  period. 

The  following  lines  of  the  Englifli  poet  Drayton,  though 

intended 


T: 


(I; 


;i 


lO 


Memoir  of 


intended  to  fpeak  of  him  only  as  a  friend,  convey,  inciden- 
tally, his  high  eflimation  of  him  as  a  poet :  — 

So  Scotland  fent  us  hither,  for  our  own, 

That  man  whofe  name  I  ever  would  have  known 

To  ftand  by  mine,  that  moft  inf^enious  Knight, 

My  Alexander,  to  whom  in  his  right 

I  want  extremely,  yet  in  fpeaking  thus 

I  do  but  fhow  the  love  that  was  'twixt  us. 

And  not  his  numbers,  which  were  brave  and  high, 

So  like  his  mind  was  his  clear  poefy.'' 

Sir  Robert  Aytoim,  a  Scottifli  poet,  and  favorite  at  the 
.  oiirt  of  James  I.,  whofe  graceful  fonnets  have  been  recently 
publiflied  by  the  Hiftorical  Society  of  Great  Britain,  has  the 
following  lines  on  Sir  William's  "  Monarchick  Tragedies : " 

Well  may  the  programme  of  thy  tragic  flage 

Invite  the  curious  pomp-expecting  eyes 
To  gaze  on  prefent  fhows  of  pafTed  age. 

Which  juft  defert  Monarchic  dare  baptife. 
Crowns  thrown  from  thrones  to  tombs,  detomb'd  arife. 

To  match  tliy  muf    vvith  a  Monarchic  theme. 
That  whilft  her  facred  foaring  cleaves  the  flcies, 

A  vulgar  fubje6l  may  not  wrong  the  fame. 
And  what  gives  moft  of  luftre  to  thy  fame  — 

The  worthieft  Monarch  that  the  fun  can  fee. 
Doth  grace  thy  labours  with  His  glorious  name, 

And  deigns  protedlor  of  thy  birth  to  be. 
Thus  all  Monarchic  ;  patron,  fubjecl,  ftyle, 

Make  tliee  the  Monarch  Tragic  of  this  ifle.* 

The  praife  which  poets  beftow  upon  each  other  is  too 
frequently  exaggerated,  and  this  may  have  been  particularly 

fo 

''  Anderfon's  Biitifli  Poets,  London,     ciety  of  Great  Britain,  London,  1871, 
'795-  P-  549-  Vol.  I.  p.  178. 

*  Tranfaftions  of  the  Hiftorical  So- 


^    \ 


V  if 


Sir  Williavi  Alexander. 


1 1 


fo  in  the  early  part  of  the  feventeenth  century,  and  yet  it 
was  rarely  given  unlefs  the  eulogium  reded  upon  a  foun- 
dation of  genuine  merit. 

When  Mr.  Johnftoun,  in  1720,  propofed  to  bring  out  a 
corre(!:l;  edition  of  the  Doomfday,  he  placed  the  whole  of 
Sir  William's  poetical  works  in  the  hands  of  Mr.  Addifon, 
for  his  perufal.  In  returning  them  Addifon  remarked : 
"  That  he  had  read  them  over  with  the  greatcjl  fatisfanionr 
And  added :  "  That  the  beaaties  in  our  an'Jent  EngliOi 
"  poets  are  too  flightly  paiTed  over  i^y  the  modern  writers ; 
"  who,  out  of  a  peculiar  fmgularity,  had  rather  take  pains 
"  to  find  fault,  than  endeavour  to  excel." 

Steele  fpeaks  of  him  in  terms  of  commendation,  and  re- 
grets that  his  works  had  not  been  more  juflly  appreciated.^ 

We  have  not  fpace  for  any  extended  examples  of  Sir 
William  Alexander's  poetry,  but  we  venture  to  prefent  two 
or  three  fpecimens.  The  following  lines  are  from  the  lafl 
chorus  in  the  tragedy  of  Julius  Casfar:  — 


is  too 
[cularly 
fo 

hon,  1 87 1, 


Loe,  profprous  Caefar  charged  for  a  fpace, 

Both  with  ftrange  nations,  and  his  countrey's  fpoyles, 
Even  when  he  feem'd  by  warre  to  purchafe  peace, 

And  rofes  of  fweet  reft,  from  thornes  of  toils  ; 
Then  whil'ft  his  minde  and  fortune  fwell'd  moft  high, 
Hath  beene  conftrain'd  the  laft  diftrefle  to  trie. 

What  warnings  large  were  in  a  time  fo  fliort. 
Of  that  dark  courfe  which  by  his  death  now  fhines  ? 

It,  fpeechlefle  wonders  plainly  did  report, 
It  men  reveal'd  by  words,  and  god:;  by  fignes, 

Yet  by  the  chaynes  of  deftinies  whil'ft  bound, 

He  faw  the  fword,  but  could  not  fcape  the  wound. 

"*  Spectator,  No.  300. 


Then 


I 


12 


Memoir  of 


!-     ! 


Then  let  us  live,  fince  all  things  change  below, 

When  raif 'd  mod  high,  as  thofe  who  once  may  fall, 

And  hold  when  by  difafters  brought  more  low, 
The  minde  Hill  free,  whatever  elfe  be  thrall : 

Thofe  lords  of  fortune  fweeten  every  ftate, 

Who  can  command  themfelves,  though  not  their  fate. 

In  1622  Dr.  Abernethy,  Bifliop  of  Cathnes,  publiflied  a 
work  entitled  "  A  Chriftian  and  Heavenly  Treatife,  con- 
taining Phyficke  for  the  Sovle  ;  very  neceffary  for  all  that 
would  inioy  true  foundneffe  of  minde,  and  peace  of  con- 
fcience."  The  following  chara6leriflic  lines  by  Sir  William 
Alexander  were  prefixed  to  this  work :  — 

Of  known  effedls,  grounds  too  precifely  fought, 

Young  naturalifts  oft  atheifts  old  do  prove  ; 

And  fome  who  naught,  fave  who  firft  moves,  can  move, 
Scorn  mediate  means,  as  wcnders  ftill  were  wrought. 
But  temp'ring  both,  t'.ou  doft  this  difference  even, 

Divine  phyfician,  phyfical  divine, 

Who  fouls  and  bodies  help'ft ;  doft  here  defign 
From  earth  by  reafon,  and  by  faith  from  heaven, 
With  myfteries  which  few  can  reach  aright. 

How  heaven  and  earth  are  match'd  and  work  in  man  ; 

Who  wife  and  holy  ends  and  caufes  fcan. 
Lo  true  philofophy,  perfeftion's  height ! 

For  this  is  all  that  we  would  with  to  gain. 

In  bodies  found  that  minds  may  found  remain. 

The  following  from  the  Aurora  is,  we  think,  a  good  fpec- 
imen  of  his  fonncts.  It  is  among  the  lafl  of  the  feries,  in 
which  the  writer  aims  to  fliow  how  the  "  fpring  of  love 
refembleth  the  uncertain  glory  of  an  April  day,"  and  that 
"  the  courfe  of  true  love  never  did  run  fmooth,"  and  in 
which,  alfo,  we  have  a  clear  refutation  of  the  idle  fancy  of 

Oldys 


W   ' 


Sir  Williarn  Alexander, 


13 


Oldys  in  the  Biographia  Britannica,  who  boldly  reprefents 
thefe  fonnets  as  perfonal  to  the  young  poet  himfelf,  and  as 
defcriptive  of  his  unfuccefsful  addreffes ;  but  the  reader  of 
this,  which  clofes  the  difcuffion  with  which  the  whole  feries 
has  been  occupied,  will  not  fail  to  fee  that  it  paints  fuccefs, 
and  not  failure :  — 

Long  time  I  did  thy  cruelties  deteft, 

And  blaz'd  thy  rigor  in  a  thoufand  lines  ; 

But  now  through  my  complaints  thy  virtue  fhines, 
That  was  but  working  all  things  for  the  bell. 
Thou  of  my  rafli  affeftions  held'ft  the  raines, 

And  fpying  dangerous  fparkes  come  from  my  fires, 

Didft  wifely  temper  my  enflamed  defires, 
With  fome  chad  fauours,  mixt  with  fweet  difdaines  ; 
And  when  thou  faw'ft  I  did  all  hope  defpife, 

And  looked  like  one  that  wreftled  with  defpaire, 

Then  of  my  fafetie  thy  exceeding  care 
Shew'd  that  I  kept  thine  heart,  thou  but  thine  eyes : 

For  whilft  thy  reafon  did  thy  fancies  tame, 

I  faw  the  fmoke,  although  thou  hidft  the  flame. 

Befides  the  poems  to  which  we  have  already  referred,  the 
verfion  of  the  Pfalms  of  David,  undertaken  by  King  James, 
was  completed  by  Sir  William  Alexander,  and  the  credit  of 
the  performance,  whatever  it  may  be,  properly  belongs  to 
him. 

It  appears  that  James  I.,  in  the  later  years  of  his  life,  had 
devoted  fome  of  his  leifure  hours  to  a  verfion  of  the  Pfalms 
into   metre.     Having   gone   through  with   thirty-one'"  of 

them, 

'"  "  Hee  was  in  hand  (when  God  pfalms,  which  hee  intended  to  have 
called  him  to  fmg  pfalms  with  the  an-  linilhed,  and  dedicated  withall  to  the 
gels)  with  the  tranllation  of  our  church    onely  Saint  of  his  devotion,  the  Church 

of 


14 


Manoir  of 


them,  he  committed  the  reft  to  Sir  William  Alexander,  by 
whom  the  work  was  completed. 

Charles  I.,  foon  after  the  death  of  his  father,  appointed 
Sir  William  to  "confider  and  revew  the  meetre  and  poefie 
thairof,"  and  referred  the  work  thus  perfe6led  to  the  Arch- 
bifliop  of  St.  Andrews,  and  other  learned  divines,  for  their 
opinion  and  advice  as  to  its  publication. 

In  January,  1627-8,  the  exclufive  privilege,  to  continue 
for  the  fpace  of  twenty-one  years,  of  printing  a  verfion  of 
the  Pfalms  of  David  by  King  James,  was  granted  to  Sir 
William  Alexander.  This  privilege,  it  is  diftin6tly  ftated, 
was  beftowed  as  a  compenfation  for  the  time  and  labor 
which  he  had  beftowed  in  preparing  the  verfion  for  the 
prefs." 

The  firft  edition  was  publiflied  under  the  following  title : 
"  The  Pfalmes  of  King  David  tranf  ted  by  King  lames. 
Cum  Privilegio  Rcgice  Maicjlatis.  Oxford,  1631."  It  was 
a  duodecimo  of  329  pages.^^ 

The  Privy  Council  of  Scotland  was  enjoined  by  Charles 
I.  to  allow  no  other  verfion   to  be    printed   or  imported 


into  that  Kingdom. 


This  edition  was  handled  with  great 


fe  verity 

of  Great  Rritaine,  and  thra  of  Ireland,  ing  notice  on  the  title-page  :  "  Charles 

This  worke  was  staled  in  the  one  and  R.  Having  caufed  this  tranflation  of  the 

thirty  Pf.ilme."  See  a  Sermon,  preaciied  Pfalmes  (whereof  oure  late  deare  father 

at  the  "  Magnificent  Funerall "  of  King  was  author)  to  be  perufed,  and  it  being 

James  in   St.   Peter's   at   Wedminfter,  found  to  be  exadlly  and  truly  done,  wee 

May  7,   1625,  by  the  Right  Rev.  John  doe  hereby  authorize  the  fame  to  be  im- 

Williams,   Bifliop  of  Lincoln.  —  Soin-  printed  according  to  the  patent  graunt- 


ers's   Trails,   edited  by  Walter  Scott, 
E/q.,  London,  1809,  Vol.  II.  p.  44. 


ed  therevpcm,  and  doe  allow  them  to  be 
fong  in  all  the  churches  of  oure  domin- 


"  Calendar  of   State   Papers,    1627,    ioncs,  recommending  them  to  all  oure 
p.  524;    alfo.  Letters  and  Journals  of    goode  fubjedls  for  that  efTe6l."  —  Lives 


Robert  Baillie,  Vol.  III.  p.  530. 
"  This  edition  contained  the  follow- 


of  tJie  Scottijh  Poets,  by  David  Irving^ 
Edinburgh,  1804,  VoL  II.  p.  259. 


Sir  William  Alexander. 


15 


feverity  by  the  critics.     Another  edition  was  publiHicd  in 

1636,  but  fo  extenfively  revifed  as  to  be  abiiofl:  a  new  ver- 
fion.'^     This  was  attached  to  the  Scotcli  Service   Book  of 

1637.  The  effort  of  Charles  I.  to  force  that  book  upon  the 
Scotch  was  refifled,  as  a  wifer  ruler  might  have  anticipated, 
and  the  whole  Kino^dom  was  thrown  into  a  llate  of  wild 
excitement/"*  This  attempt  at  an  outward  uniformity  in 
the  public  worfliip  of  God,  of  fo  little  value  even  if  it  were 
attained,  and  the  exercife  of  his  royal  prerogative,  a  conceit 
as  dangerous  as  it  was  falfe,  in  order  to  luring  it  to  pafs, 
were  the  beginning  of  a  feries  of  a6ls,  which  bore  the  un- 
fortunate king  fteadily  forward  to  his  tragical  end. 

Sir  William  had  a  perfonal  interefl  in  the  adoption  of  the 
Service  Book  by  the  Scotch,'"'  as  it  carried  with  it  his  ver- 
fion  of  the  Pfalms,  the  fuccefs  of  which  would  naturally  be 
gratifying  to  him  as  the  author,  and  might  alfo  bring  to  him 
a  revenue  as  the  holder  of  the  copyright.     His  conne6lion 

with 


'•''  Letters  and  Journals  of  Robert 
Baillie,  Edinburgh,  1842,  Vol.  III.  p. 
529. 

14  <(  ^  Prayer-Book  was  at  that  time 
ufed  in  Scotland  ;  and  the  quarrel  arofe, 
not  on  the  queftion  of  commanding  the 
people  to  worfliip  according  to  an  ad- 
jufted  form,  but  on  the  queftion  of  com- 
pelling them  to  abandon  their  own  foi  m, 
and  adojit  another  prepared  for  them  in 
a  fufpefted  quarter."  —  BurtoiCs  Hif- 
tory  0/ Scotland,  Edinburgh,  1871,  Vol. 
VI.  p.  404.  Archbifliop  Spottifwood, 
one  of  the  compilers  of  the  Scottifh 
Liturgy,  in  a  letter  to  Bifhop  Hall,  of 
Norwich,  fays,  "  I  was  defired  to  pre- 
fent  your  Lordfliip  with  one  of  the  cop- 
ies cf  our  Scottifh  Liturgy,  which  is 


formed  fo  nigh  the  Englifh  as  we  could, 
that  it  might  be  known  how  we  are 
nothing  different  in  fubftance  from  that 
Church." — LaiufoiCs  Epifcopal  Chunk 
of  Scot /and,  Edinburgh,  1844,  p.  495. 

''  For  fome  account  of  the  .Scottidi 
Liturgy,  fee  Rufliworth,  Vol.  II.  p.  399  ; 
Stephens's  Hirtory  of  Scotland,  Vol.  I. 
p.  550  ;  Balfour's  Annals,  Vol.  1 1,  p.  230. 
There  is  a  copy  of  the  Scotch  Service 
Book,  edition  of  1637,  in  the  Library  of 
Harvard  Univerfity.  It  does  not,  how- 
ever, contain  Sir  William  Alexander's 
verfion  of  the  Pfalms.  A  catch-word 
on  the  laft  page  fuggefts  that  the  text 
is  incomplete,  and  probably  the  Pfalms 
were  omitted  ir  binding. 


i6 


Memoir  of 


I  !l  % 


(. 


|:M 


'»] 


with  the  undertaking  was,  however,  greatly  damaging  to  his 
popularity,  and  the  enterprife  was  of  neceffity  abandoned. 

The  writings  in  profe,  left  by  Sir  William,  are  letters 
and  State  documents,  fome  of  which  have  found  their  way 
into  print ;  a  tra(5l  entitled  an  Encouragement  to  Colonies, 
printed  in  this  volume ;  the  fupplement  of  a  defe6l  in  Sir 
Philip  Sidney's  Arcadia ;  ^^  and  the  Anacrifis,  a  critique 
upon  the  poets. 

The  Arcadia  was  a  romance  left  in  manufcript  by  the 
author,  publiflied  many  years  after  his  death,  and  had  a  great 
celebrity  in  its  day.  A  hiatus  appeared  in  the  narrative, 
occafioned  by  the  lofs  of  a  part  of  the  original  papers.  The 
difificult  tafk  of  fupplying  this  deficiency  was  undertaken 
by  Sir  William  Alexander,  which  he  accompliflied,  carrying 
forward  the  thread  of  the  ftory,  and  maintaining  the  dignity 
of  the  ftyle,  with  eminent  fuccefs.^^ 

The 


"  It  was  publifhed  in  a  diftinfl  vol- 
ume, under  the  title  of  "  A  fupplement 
of  a  Dcfett  in  the  Tliird  Part  of  Sid- 
ney's Arcadia.  Dublin,  162 1  ;  folio." 
It  was  foon  after  incorporated  into  the 
body  of  the  work.  It  fupplied  33  pages. 
See  Works  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney,  Lon- 
don, 1724,  pp.  588-623.  The  editor  of 
the  thirteenth  edition  declares  the  Arca- 
dia to  be  the  "  moft  celebrated  Romance 
that  was  ever  written."  It  was  tranf- 
lated  into  the  French,  Dutch,  and  other 
European  languages.  Anthony  Wood 
speaks  of  it  as  a  "  Book  moft  famous 
for  rich  conceipts  and  splendor  of  court- 
ley  expreffions." — Aihena  Oxonien/es, 
London,  1721.  If  in  all  refpefls  Sir 
William's  Supplement  is  not  equal  to 
the  original,  we  may  be  reminded  of  the 


obfervation  of  the  editor  of  the  edition 
of  1622,  "that  Sir  Philip  Sidneies  writ- 
ings can  no  more  be  perfedled  without 
Sir  Philip  Sidneie,  then  Apklles  pict- 
ures without  Apelles."  And  we  may 
alfo  add  Sir  William's  modeft  note  that 
if  what  he  had  done  was  imperfe6t, 
"  yet  fhall  it  ferve  for  a  fhadow  to  give 
luftre  to  the  reft." 

"  Befide  the  above  writings  in  profe, 
by  Sir  William  Alexander,  an  account 
of  the  origin  and  hiftory  of  the  Scotch 
Service  Book  may  be  found  in  Baillie's 
Letters  and  Journals,  which  the  editor, 
Mr.  David  Laing,  fays  was  undoubt- 
edly drawn  up  by  Sir  William.  —  Rob- 
ert Baillie's  Letters  and  Journals, 
Edinburgh,  1841,  Vol.  I.  pp.  443-447. 
Four  letters  of  Sir  William  Alexander 

to 


Sir  William  Alexander. 


17 


The  intimate  acquaintance  of  Sir  William  Alexander 
with  the  Earl  of  Argyle/®  the  dedication  of  his  Sonnets  to 
the  "  CountelTe,"  and  of  a  colle6lion  of  his  poetry  to  his 
"  Sacred  Majeflie,"  the  King,  indicate  that  he  purpofed, 
even  in  his  youth,  to  avail  himfelf  of  thofe  potent  influences 
which,  at  that  period  efpecially,  were  neceiTary  to.  perfonal 
advancement.     The    refpecSlability  of   his    birth,   his   high 

literary 


to  the  poet  Druinmond  are  printed  in 
the  Works  of  Drummond,  Edinl)iirijh, 
1711,  p.  150.  They  are  very  l)rief, 
mortly  of  a  literary  character,  but  full 
of  affection  and  tlie  tenderell  fympathy. 
In  one  of  161 5,  he  fpeaks  of  John  Mur- 
rav.  and  of  a  fonnet  he  had  written 
upon  his  death.  He  adds  :  "  The  King 
commended  it  much,  but  thought  that 
I  gave  him  too  much  Praife,  at  leaft  it 
was  a  generous  error.  I  envy  no  Man, 
and  fliall  never  be  a  Niggard  to  any 
Man's  Worth  in  that  wliich  I  can 
afford."  In  another,  of  1620,  he  fpeaks 
of  a  I'falm,  which  botli  Drummond  and 
himfelf  had  done  into  metre,  and,  in  evi- 
dent allufion  to  King  James,  he  fays, 
"  he  prefers  his  own  to  all  elfe  ;  tho  per- 
cliance,  when  you  fee  it,  you  will  think 
it  the  worft  of  the  Three.  No  Man 
nuift  meddle  with  that  Subjeft."  He 
adds,  "  I  love  the  Mufes  as  well  as 
ever  I  did,  but  can  feldom  have  the 
Occafion  to  frequent  them."  In  an- 
other letter  to  the  fame,  in  1636,  he 
fays :  "  I  was  very  glad  to  fee  your 
Letter,  but  difpleafed  with  that  Part 
thereof,  whereby  you  excufe  the  Dis- 
continuance of  Writing  to  me;  for  no 
Dillance  of  Degree  nor  Place,  fliould 
have  Power  to  interrupt  the  Courfe  of 
fo  harmonious  an  Unitednefs,  as  hath 
fo  long  continued  between  us.  \o\\x 
loving  friend  to  ferve  you.  Stfirlink." 
For  feveral  letters  to  Sir  William  Alex- 
ander,   fee    Drummond's    Hiftory    of 


Scotland,  London,  1^)82,  pp.  3.S0,  386, 
38S.  Robert  Chambers,  in  fjjeaking  of 
Sir  William  Alexander's  writings  in 
profe,  fa\s,  "It  is  fui)i)ofed  tint  lie  had 
a  hand  in  'A  Brief  Relation  of  tiie  Dif- 
covery  and  Plantation  of  New  I'^ng- 
land,  and  of  fundry  accidents  therein 
occurring  from  the  year  1607  to  the 
jjrefent  1622 ;  together  witli  the  ilate 
thereof  as  it  now  llandeth,  the  general 
form  of  government  intended,  and  the 
divifion  of  tiie  whole  territory  into 
counties,  baronies,  &c.' " — Biography 
of  EiiiiHciit  Siotfiiicu,  Vol.  I.  p.  43. 
We  find,  alfo,  the  following  in  Sand- 
ford's  Works  and  Lives  of  the  Britifli 
Poets,  Philadelphia,  1819,  Vol.  IV. 
p.  301:  "  Befides  his  poetry,  Stirling 
wrote,  among  other  profe  works,  a 
Brief  Relation  of  the  Difcovery  and 
Plantation  of  New  England,  in  1622." 
It  would  be  interefting  to  know  on  what 
authority  the  foregoing  tlatements  reft. 
We  do  not  remember  to  have  feen  any 
intimation  of  this  fort  in  the  early  wri- 
ters, and  we  fear  it  is  only  one  of  those 
ij;iiejfes  too  often  found  in  Biographical 
Dictionaries. 

'*  In  his  will.  Sir  William  Alexan- 
der s  father  appointed  the  Earl  of  Ar- 
gyle  "overfman;"  and  there  was  alfo 
an  unfettled  account  between  them, 
from  which  we  may  infer  that  the  two 
families  were  on  terms  of  intimacy. 
—  Royal  Letters^  Charters,  and  Tracls, 
Edinburgh,  1867,  p.  12. 


i8 


Me7noir  of 


^< 


M  i 


literary  culture,  the  dignity  of  his  charadcr  and  his  courtly 
bearing,  foon  made  him  a  favorite  of  James  I."' 

On  the  acceffion  of  the  King  to  the  throne  of  Great 
Britain  in  1603,  the  young  poet  removed  to  London,  that 
he  might  be  near  the  court,  and  where  he  might  have  a 
more  hopeful  opportunity  of  gratifying  the  cravings  of  his 
ambition. 

He  was  appointed  Gentleman  of  the  Privy  Chamber  to 
the  Prince  Henry,  honored  with  Knighthood,  and  made 
Mafler  of  Requefts  for  Scotland. 

Soon  after  Charles  I.  came  to  the  throne,  Sir  William 
was  made  a  Privy  Councillor  and  Secretary  of  State  for 
Scotland,  which  offices  he  held  till  the  clofe  of  his  life.  In 
1630,  he  was  created  a  peer  under  the  title  of  Vifcount  of 
Stirling  and  Lord  Alexander  of  Tullibody.  In  1633,  he 
was  raifed  to  the  dignity  of  Earl  of  Stirling,-"  Vifcount  of 
Canada,  &c. 

Thefe 

I.  was  formally  crowned  in  Scotland,  to 
honor  his  coronation,  his  iirrt  parlia- 
ment, and  the  place  of  his  birth,  he 
created,  at  different  times  and  places, 
during  his  Itay  in  that  Kingdom,  one 
Marquis,  ten  Earls,  two  Vifcounts,  and 
eight  Lords.  At  diis  time,  on  the 
14th  of  June,  1633,  Sir  William  Alex- 
ander was  created  Earl  of  Stirling.  — 
Sec  Ba/fi)ur's  Hijlorical  Works,  Edin- 
burgh, 1S24,  Vol.  II.  p.  202.  The  or- 
thography of  "Stirling"  has  paffed 
through  more  than  th(*  ufual  mutations. 
At  an  early  period  it  was  written  Stry- 
veling,  Stryveline,  and  was  Latinized, 
Starlineum.  It  was  alfo  written  Ster- 
lin,  Sterline,  and  Sterling.  It  fettled, 
however,  at  length  into  Stirling,  which 
has  for  a  long  time  been  the  approved 
fpelling. 


"  It  is  faid  that  James  I.  made  the 
acquaintance  of  Alexander  on  a  fport- 
ing  e.\i)edition  among  the  clefts  of  Ben 
Cieugh.  Tiie  King  there  met  "the 
young  laird  of  Menllry,  who  had  al- 
ready made  the  tour  of  Europe,  and 
acquired  reputation  botli  as  a  fcholar 
and  poet.  He  was  a  fprightly  youth, 
and  polTeffed  of  elegant  manners.  The 
King  invited  him  to  Stirling  Caftle. 
His  Majefly  and  young  Alexander  be- 
came fail  friends.  Alexander  obtained 
honours  and  innnunities  from  his  royal 
patron.  Having  filled  tlic  minor  offices 
of  State,  he  obtained  higher  ports.  .  .  . 
No  fubject  obtained  fuch  privileges  be- 
fore or  fince."  —  Traits  and  Storii  of 
Scott iJJi  People,  by  tl>e  Rev.  Charles 
L'oi^ers,  London,  1867,  p.  273. 

'"  In  1633,  the  year  in  which  Charles 


I 


i 


Sir  William  Alexander. 


19 


Thcfe  high  honors,  and  others  of  lefs  importance  to 
uhich  he  was  advanced,  indicate  very  diftincSlly  the  refpedl 
in  wliich  he  was  held,  and  the  confidence  repofed  in  him  at 
the  court  of  Charles  I. 

In  162 1  Sir  William  became  greatly  intereftcd,  "exceed- 
ingly inflamed,"  as  he  exprefles  it,  in  American  coloni- 
zation. This  was,  indeed,  the  mofl  attractive  field  that 
prefentcd  itfelf  at  that  period  to  high  enterprife  and  lofty 
ambition.  His  refidence  of  nearly  twenty  years  in  Lon- 
don, affociating  with  the  leading  men  at  the  court  of 
James  I.,  his  acquaintance  with  Capt.  John  Mafon,  Sir 
Ferdinando  Gorges,  and  other  undertakers  for  New  Eng- 
land, rendered  it  not  difficult  for  him  to  obtain  a  grant  of 
lands  on  the  mofl;  favorable  conditions. 

His  application  was  made  directly  to  the  King,  who  at 
once  entered  into  his  fcheme  with  zeal  and  cordiality,  ad- 
drcffing  a  note  to  the  Chancellor,  and  other  members  of 
the  Privy  Council  of  Scotland,  elaborately  fetting  forth  the 
great  importance  of  colonization  to  that  kingdom,  and 
requefting  them  to  grant  a  "  Signatour "  to  Sir  William 
Alexander  of  the  "  faycl  lands  lying  betweene  New  England 
and  Newfoundland  as  he  Ihall  defigne  them  particularly 
vnto  yow\"^' 

Agreeably  to  this  recommendation,  dated  at  the  Caftle 
of  Windfor,  the   loth  of  September,  1621,  a  charter  was 

prepared, 

"  In   this   note,   the    King    informs  New   England   and   Newfoundland. — 

them  that  Sir  William  Alexander  had  R.nal  Letters,   Charters^  and  Tnids, 

been  encouraged  to  undertake  a  foreign  Edinburgh,  1867,  p.  12. 
plantption  by  the  governors   of  both 


(      • 


m 


% '  ) 


20 


Memoir  of 


prepared,  and  paffcd  under  the  Great  Seal,^**  covering  the 
territory  lying  on  the  cafl:  of  the  river  St.  Croix,  fouth  of 
the  St.  Lawrence,  now  included,  in  general  terms,  in  the 
Provinces  of  Nova  Scotia,  New  Hrunfwick,  and  thofe  parts 
of  Quebec  called  Rinioulki,  Bonaventure,  and  Gafpe. 

This  grant  was  made,  at  the  fuggellion  of  Sir  William, 
under  the  name  of  New  Scotland.'"^^  Immediate  fteps  were 
taken  by  him  to  plant  a  colony  on  the  extenfive  territory 
which  had  been  fo  liberally  bellowed  upon  him,  and  to  avail 
himfelf  of  the  perfonal  aggrandizement  and  wealth,  which 
to  his  ardent  mind  feemed  to  be  rapidly  ai)proaching  with- 
in his  grafp. 

But  to  appreciate  the  tafk  that  was  really  before  him,  the 
means  that  were  requifite  to  accomplifli  it,  and  the  qualities 
required  in  the  undertaker  of  fo  important  an  entcrprife,  it 
will  be  neceflary,  in  the  firll:  place,  to  obtain  a  clear  idea  of 
the  progrefs  already  made  in  the  colonization  of  the  New 
World,  the  degree  to  which  pra61ical  experience  had  at  that 
time  refolvcd  itfclf  into  a  recognized  law,  and  the  almofl 

infupcrable 


IS 


Dr.  Palfrey  is  in  error  wlien  he    doth  appear."  —  Brief  Relation,  Mafs. 


fays  that  Sir  William  Alexander  ob- 
tained his  patent  from  "the  Council  for 
Ne\v-Eii^';land."  His  charter  came  di- 
reftly  from  the  Kin<j,  and  the  authority 
of  the  Council  is  not  ■.•.ngnized,  or  re- 
ferred to  in  that  inilriment.  As  his 
charter  covered  i.mds  ivivhin  the  limits 
of  the  "Council's"  patent,  it  was  ob- 
tained, however,  v  itli  dieir  full  knowl- 
edge and  cordial  confent.  In  the  pub- 
lithed  flatement  of  the  rrehdent  and 
Council,  they  fay  tlie  grant  was  obtained 
''not  witliout  fome  of  our  privities,  as 


Hijl.  Soc.  Coll.,  XIX.  p.  5.  See,  alfo, 
Gof^es^s  Briefe  A'arration,  London, 
1658,  p.  38. 

«.i  II  Being  much  encouraged  here- 
imto  by  Sir  Ferditiaiido  Oori^e,  and 
fome  vthers  of  the  vndertakers  for  A'ew 
K>ii:;land,  I  fliew  them  that  my  Coun- 
trimen  would  neuer  aduenture  in  fuch 
an  Enterprize,  vnleffe  it  were  as  there 
was  a  A'eiv  Fraiue,  a  A'ew  Spaine,  and 
a  A'ew  Eh  inland,  that  they  might  like- 
wiffe  haue  a  A'ew  Seoi/ami.''^  —  En- 
courai^eweiit  to  Co/o/iies,  by  Sir  IV il- 


by  .approbation  under  writing  may  and    Ham  Alexander,  London,  1624,  p.  32. 


Sir  IVilliaiii  AlcxandcK 


21 


infupcrablc  difficulties  that  prefcMiti'd  tlicnifclvcs  at  liomc 
as  well  as  on  the  foil  itfelr. 

To  this  end  we  propofe  to  take  a  brief  hiflorical  fiirv;^y 
of  what  had  been  done  in  the  way  of  difcovery  and  coloni- 
zation on  the  eaflern  coafl  of  America  anteri(jr  to  the  date 
of  Sir  William  Alexander's  charter  in  162 1,  with  the  hope, 
alfo,  that  we  may  better  appreciate  the  zeal  and  energy 
and  facrifice  which  he  brought  to  the  enteri)rife,  and  to  be 
able  to  fee,  as  we  cot. 4  not  otherwife  do,  why  his  efforts 
were  not  crowned  with  more  obvious  and  fatisfactory 
refults. 

Soon  after  1490,  the  citizens  of  Briflol,  England,  infpired 
doubtlefs  by  the  genius  and  enterprife  of  John  Cabot,  fent 
out  fevcral  unfuccefsful  expeditions  for  difcovery  in  the 
regions  of  the  north-weft. 

On  tlie  24th  of  June,  1497,^'  however,  a  hundred  and 
twenty-four  years  anterior  to  the  date  of  Sir  William's 
charter,  John  Cabot  made  the  difcovery  of  the  north-eaftern 
part  of  this  continent,  which  he  called  Prima  Villa.-''  In 
this  voyage,  we  are  told  that  he  coafled  three  hundred 
leagues,  that  he  actually  faw  no  human  beings,  but  only 

the 


-^  For  an  intereflinp;  difcuflion  of  the 
date  of  Cabot's  firll  voya.ij;e,  by  J.  G. 
Kolil  and  M.  D'Avezac.  fee  Coll.  Me. 
Hist.  Soc,  2d  Series,  Vol.  I.  pp.  372- 
377;  idem,  pp.  502-514;  also  Note  by 
Mr.  Charles  Dcane  in  the  Proceedings 
of  tiie  Am.  Antiquarian  Society,  1S67, 
p.  47. 

*^  Notwithftandinc;  much  learned  dif- 
cufTion  of  the  fubjcdt,  the  geo<>;raphical 
pofition  of  Cabot's  "Prima  Villa"  is 


not  yet  decifively  eftablifhed  ;  whether 
it  was  Newfoundland,  Cape  Breton,  or 
Labrador,  may  perhaps  always  remain 
in  doubt.  See  Mr.  Charles  Deane's  Re- 
marks on  Sebailian  Cabot's  "  Mappe- 
Monde,"  Proceedings  of  Am.  Antiqua- 
rian Society,  1S67,  p.  44;  Hiilory  of 
the  Difcovery  of  Maine,  by  Dr.  Kohl, 
Coll.  Me.  Hilt.  Soc,  2d  Series,  Vol.  I. 
pp.  132-135  ;  idem,  pp.  358-377- 


22 


Memoir  of 


the  indubitable  n.irks  that  the  new  land  was  neverthelefs  in- 
habited. Upon  it  he  planted  the  Chriftian  Crofs,  with  the 
Englilh  flag,  in  honor  of  the  fovereign  under  whofe  char- 
ter he  failed,  and  another  of  St.  Mark,  in  dutiful  regard  to 
his  Venetian  home.  He  alfo  law,  on  his  return,  two  ifl- 
ands,  which  he  did  not  linger  to  explore,  being  forced,  by 
want  of  provifions,  to  return  fpeedily  to  England.  The 
departure  and  return  of  the  expedition  were  both  included 
within  the  fpace  of  about  three  months."*^ 

In  1498,  Sebaflian,  the  fon  of  John  Cabot,  failed  again 
from  England  with  two  fliips,  (having  accompanied  his 
father  on  the  voyage  of  the  preceding  year,)  encountering 
icebergs  In  the  northern  feas  in  the  month  of  July.  Hav- 
ing reached  the  latitude  ^^  of  56°  north,  and  perhaps  even 
a  much  higher  latitude  than  this,  forced  at  length  by 
the  roughnefs  of  thefe  icy  feas,  he  dire6led  his  courfe  to 
the  fouth-wefl,  touching  at  Newfoundland,  and  flvirting  the 
whole  Atlantic  coafl  as  far  as  South  Carolina,  in  latitude 
36°.  This  voyage  added  very  little  important  information 
to  that  already  obtained,  except  that  it  placed  the  exiflence 
of  a  main-land  beyond  a  doubt. 

The  difcoveries,  however,  thus  far  made  were  regarded 
as  fufificient  to  found  a  claim  of  fovereignty  by  the  Englifli 

over 


'®  See  Pafqualigo's  letter,  Proceed- 
ings of  Am.  Antiquarian  Society,  1865, 
p.  20.  Alfo  Introcluftion  to  Hakluyt's 
Voyages,  by  John  Winter  Jones,  Hak. 
Soc.  Ed.,  Luudon,  1850,  p.  Ixix.  ;  Hif- 
torie  of  Travaile  into  Virginia  Bri^Ti- 
nia,  by  Wm.  Strachey,  Hak.  Soc.  Ed., 
1849,  P-  6;   Northern  Coafl  of  Amer- 


ica, by  Patrick  Frafer  Tytler,  Edin- 
burgh, 1832,  pp.  20-24 ;  R)  .ner's  Fce- 
dera  Anglias,  Vol.  XII.  p.  595;  Pur- 
chas's  Pilgrimage,  London,  1614,  p.  737. 
^'  It  is  aflerted  that  he  reached  as 
far  as  67°  ncrth  latitude.  —  Hakliiyfs 
Voyages,  Hak.  Soc.  Ed.,  p.  25. 


Ill 


'1 
it 


Sir  IVillia^n  Akrander, 


23 


over  the  entire  coaft  from  Newfoundland  to  Florida ;  and 
this  claim  has  been  maintained  by  them,  at  leaft  on  paper, 
down  to  the  prefent  time.^^ 

In  the  years  1500  and  1501  Gafpar  Cortereal  made  two 
voyages :  he  failed  with  two  fliips  from  Lifbon  in  the  latter 
year,  under  the  patronage  of  the  King  of  Portugal,  infpired, 
doLibtlefs,  by  the  hope  of  finding  a  fliorter  route  to  India  or 
the  famed  Cathay.  He  explored  fix  hundred  miles  or  more 
of  the  coaft  of  Labrador.  The  country  was  found  to  have 
an  abundance  of  timber  fitted  for  the  mafls  of  fliips,  and 
to  be  peopled  by  a  race  of  men  in  many  refpects  refembling 
gypfies,  of  gentle  manners,  of  exceedingly  graceful  figures, 
admirably  adapted  to  endure  labor,  and  offering  a  rich 
prize,  as  flaves,  "i^  the  heartlefs  cupidity  of  the  Portuguefe 
ii'ionarch."^ 

In  15 12,  or  1513,  John  Ponce  de  Leon,  a  Spaniard,  dif- 
covered  the  coaft  of  Florida,  and  fome  years  afterward,  when 

attempting 


**  For  an  account  of  Cabot's  dif- 
coveiies,  fee  Hakluyt's  Voyages,  Lon- 
don, 1810,  Vol.  III.  np.  37-30.  The 
title  bafed  on  the  riglu  of  difcovery  is 
conftantly  fet  up  by  the  early  Englidi 
writers.  The  claim  to  New  England, 
New  Scotland,  and  Virginia,  as  fet 
forth  by  the  order  of  the  Scottifh  Con- 
vention of  Eftates  in  1630,  was  ground- 
ed on  Cabot's  difcovery,  in  the  follow- 
ing terms  :  — 

"  Immediately  about  the  time  that 
Columbus  difcouered  the  Ifle  of  Cuba, 
Sebailian  Chabot  fet  out  from  Eng- 
land by  Henrie  the  Seventh  did  tirll 
difcouer  the  continent  of  America,  be- 
ginning at  the  Newfoundlanc"  and 
thereafter  going  to  the  Gulph  of  Cana- 


da, and  from  thence  having  feen  Cape 
(iretton  all  along  the  coait  to  Florida : 
By  which  difcouery  his  Ma"'"  hath  the 
title  to  Virginia,  New  England  and 
New  Scotland,  as  being  then  tiril  dif- 
couered by  Chabot  at  the  charge  of  the 
king  of  England."  —  Royal  Letters, 
Charters,  and  Trails,  Edinburgh,  1867, 
p.  61. 

'^  On  his  fecond  voyage,  Cortereal  is 
faid  to  have  captured  more  than  fifty  of 
the  natives,  whom  he  intended  as 
Haves  ;  but  he  and  moll:  of  them  per- 
iflied  at  fea.  Dr.  Kohl  is  of  the  opin- 
ion that  thefe  captives  were  of  the 
Micmac  tribe,  inhabitants  of  New- 
foundland and  Nova  Scotia.  —  Mc. 
Hist.  Soc.  Coll.,  2d  Series,  Vol.  I.  p.  170. 


f 


? 


•1  i  ;■ 


I 


Kl 


1 


H  i 


in 


i 


r  P 


^^! 


A' 


•    • 


24 


Meinoir  of 


attempting  to  take  poffeffion  of  the  territory  with  a  body  of 
men,  mofl  of  them  were  flain  by  the  natives,  and  he  was 
himfelf  mortally  wounded.  Other  attempts  were  made  by 
the  Spanifli  under  Narvaez,  De  Soto,  and  others,  to  form 
fettlements,  but  with  no  fuccefs.  Garrifons  were  eftabliflied 
at  S.  Jacomo,  S.  Auguftino,  and  S.  Phillippo,  but  the  whole 
hiftory  of  the  Spanifh  occupation  is  only  a  flory  of  cruelty, 
a  flruggle  for  exiflence,  and  final  failure. 

In  1524,  Giovanni  V^irrazani,  a  Florentine,  under  the 
patronage  of  Francis  I.,  King  of  France,  made  a  voyage 
to  the  fliores  of  America,  failing  along  the  whole  Atlantic 
coafl  from  Florida  to  Newfoundland.     His  f  1'':  along 

the  fliore  was  deliberate,  flopping  at  various  points,  tarrying 
at  each  from  three  days  to  three  weeks,  feeking  an  acqua'nt- 
ance  with  the  favages,  noting  the  difference  in  the  manners 
kTnd  cufloms  of  the  different  tribes,  learning,  alfo,  the  prod- 
u6ls  of  the  country  fo  far  as  it  was  poffible  to  do.  Very 
little,  however,  could  be  afcertained  beyond  what  met  the 
eye,  the  general  afped;  of  the  country  as  feen  from  the  fliip, 
the  iflands,  bays,  and  rivers,  with  here  and  there  a  fandy 
beach  and  rocky  point,  with  forefts  and  hill-tops  indiftin6lly 
feen  in  the  diflance.^"  On  reaching  Newfoundland,  his 
provifions  having  become  exhaufted,  he  returned  ir 
France.^^ 

In 


**  Verrazanl  is  fu])pofed  to  have 
touched  at  the  fite  of  Charlcfton ,  S.C  ; 
at  Long  Bay,  Onflow  Bay,  Raleigli  Bay, 
the  Hudfon  River,  failing  up  its  mouth 
a  fliort  diftance ;  at  Newport,  R.I., 
Portfniouth,  N.H.,  Pcnobfcot  Bay,  &c. 

"'  Other  voyages  appear  to  have  been 


made  by  Verrazani ;  but  i/any  account 
of  them  exifts,  we  have  not  feen  it.  Ri- 
bauU,  fpeaking  of  this  in  1524  (fee  Hak- 
luyt's  Voyages,  Hak.  Soc.  Ed.,  London, 
1850),  fays,  "  After  his  arriuall,  he  neuer 
cealfed  to  make  fuite  vntill  he  was  fent 
thither  againe,  wher*-  ^t  laft  he  died." 

Iq 


Sir   William  Alexa7ider. 


2r. 


In  1534,  Jacques  Cartier,^^  a  French  navigator  of  diilinc- 
tion,  made  a  voyage  to  the  American  coafl :  it  was,  however, 
limited  to  a  furvey  of  the  northern  Ihores  of  Newfoundland, 
and  the  region  of  Gafpe,  of  which  a  minute  defcription  is 
given.  The  next  year  he  failed  again,  and  explored  the 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  penetrating  as  far  as  Hochelaga 
(Montreal),  and  a  very  full  defcription  of  the  country  and 
its  produ(5ls,  and  of  the  chara6ler,  manners,  and  cufloms  of 
the  natives  is  preferved.  He  again  failed  in  1541  under 
the  patroi.rge  of  Fran9ois  de  la  Rocque,  Lord  of  Roberval, 
a  nobleman  of  Picardy,  upon  whom  the  King  of  France 
had  beflowed  feveral  empty  titles,  fuch  as  Lord  of  Norum- 
bega  and  Viceroy  of  Canada.  He  built  a  fort  near  the 
prefent  fite  of  Quebec,  which  he  named  Charlefbourg, 
where  his  party  of  a  hundred  perfons  of  both  fexes  re- 
mained fome  months.  Cartier  returned  to  France,  and  his 
principal,  Roberval,  baffled  in  h's  attempt  to  plant  a  colony, 
after  fome  unfuccefsful  efforts  to  difcover  a  "  north-weft 
paffage  to  India,"  returned  like  wife  to  France. 

In  1562,  an  attempt  was  made  by  the  French  to  plant  a 
colonv  in  Florida,  a  name  at  that  time  given  to  a  vafl  and 
unlimited  territory,  ftretching  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
indefinitely  to  the  north.     The  expedition  was  condu(5led 

by 

In  the  introdu6lion  to  the  voyage  of  '*   Purchas's     Pilgrimage,     London, 

1524,   in   Ramufio,   is    the    folliAving:  1614,  p.  749.      For  a  narrative  of  tlie 

"In  the  lad  vo)age  which  he   made,  early  voyages  of  the  French  and  of  the 

having  landed,  togeiher  with    omc  cf  Spanifli   to  America,  in  which    enter- 

h'lj  companions,  tliey  \\'='re  all 'villed  by  tainment   and   hiltorical   accuracy   arc 

tiie  natives,  and  roalted  and  eaten  in  combined  in  an  extraordinary  degree, 

the  prefence  of  thofe  who  remained  on  the  reader  is  referred  to  the  '•  Pioneers 

board  the  fliips."  —  A'ofe  in  Ilakhiyt^  of    France    in    the    New   World,"    by 

p.  93,  Hak.  Soc.  Ed.,  London,  1850.  Francis  Parkman,  Bolton,  1865. 


r 


26 


Memoir  of 


by  Captain  John  RibaiiU,  nnd  a  colony,  confifling  of  twenty- 
eight  men,  was  eftabliihed  on  an  ifland,  where  they  built  a 
fort,  which  they  called  Charlesfort,  fituatcd,  probably,  near 
the  fite  of  the  prcfent  town  of  Beaufort,  S.C.  This  colony, 
improvident  of  the  future,  was  foon  reduced  to  the  brink 
of  flarvation,  and,  confl:ru6ling  a  fmall  pinnace,  embarked 
for  France,  and  would  doubtlefs  have  periflied  by  famine 
at  fea  had  they  not  been  picked  up  by  an  Englifli  veffel 
and  carried  to  England.  For  the  purpofc  of  ftrengthening 
the  plantation  by  frefli  fupplies  and  additional  colonifts, 
J  Qiips  were  fent  from  France  in  T564.  Finding  the 
fetti  iient  at  Charlesfort  abandon-id,  they  attempted  to 
eftablifli  themfelves  near  the  mouth  of  the  river  Saint  John 
in  Florida,  where  they  erecfled  a  fort  which  they  named 
Fort  Caroline,  in  honor  of  their  fovereio:n,  Charles  IX.  of 
France.  But  within  a  twelve-month  the  enterprife  came 
to  a  difaftrous  termination,  never  again  to  be  effe6lually 
renewed,  the  colonifts  having  been  difperfed  and  moflly 
put  to  death  by  the  Spanifli  under  Don  Pedro  Menendez 
de  Aviles. 

In  1576,  Martin  Frobiflier  made  the  firfl  of  three  voy- 
ages, which  were  undertaken  by  him  in  fucceffive  years,  in 
fearch  of  a  north-weft  paOage  to  India.  In  each  of  thefe 
voyages  he  reached  the  frozen  regions  of  the  north,  and,  in 
fpite  of  floating  icebergs,  he  penetrated  an  inlet  in  latitude 
63^,  which  he  named  Frobiflier's  Straits.  Having  failed 
up  this  inlet  two  hundred  and  forty  miles,  he  landed  and 
took  formal  poffeffion  of  the  country  in  the  name  of  Queen 
Elizabeth.  One  hundred  men  accompanied  the  third  ex- 
pedition 


h 


, 


Sir  William  Alexander. 


27 


pcdition  as  colonifls,  but  on  their  arrival  their  equipment 
was  fo  inadequate  that  it  was  refolved  to  be  inexpedient  for 
the  colonics  to  remain.  Beyond  certain  worthlefs  famples 
of  ore  faid  to  contain  gold,  a  defcription  of  the  animal  and 
vegetable  produdis  of  that  flcrile  region,  and  three  favages 
whom  he  kidnapped  and  took  to  England,  thefe  expeditions 
failed  to  yield  any  important  refults. 

Thefe  northern  feas  were  again  vifited  by  John  Davis  in 
three  voyages  in  1585-6-7.  He  reached  the  latitude  of  73°, 
but  added  little  in  the  way  of  difcovery  to  the  information 
already  obtained. 

In  1584,  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  obtained  a  patent  covering 
the  territory  ftretching  along  the  Atlantic  coaft  from  33  to 
40  degrees  of  north  latitude,  and  took  immediate  meafures 
to  eflablifli  a  colony.  "  Philip  Amadas  and  Arthur  Barlow, 
experienced  feamen,  were  difpatched  to  difcover  and  feledl 
a  fite  for  the  new  plantation.  After  an  imperfe6l  furvey  of 
the  coaft  of  North  Carolina,  they  finally  fixed  upon  Roanoke 
Ifland,  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  flill  bearing  that  name,  and 
took  poffeffion  in  the  name  of  the  Queen.  The  next  year  a 
fleet  of  feven  fail,  with  one  hundred  "  houfeholders  and  many 
things  neceffary  to  begin  a  new  State,"  was  fent  out,  and  the 
plantation  commenced  under  Mr.  Ralph  Lane,  as  governor. 
The  follow'ing  fummer,  receiving  no  frefli  fupplies  from 
England  as  they  had  expedled,  the  whole  colony  feized 
upon  the  opportunity  offered  them  of  returning  with  Sir 
Francis  Drake,  w^ho  had  touched  there  on  his  return  from 
the  Weft  Indies,  and  at  the  end  of  a  year  thefe  refolute 

Soon  after 
their 


colonills  were  again  in  their  Englifli  homes. 


rrrrr' 


28 


Memoir  of 


Nf 


their  departure  the  cxpe61:ed  fupplies  arrived,  but  finding 
that  the  colony  had  removed,  Sir  Richard  Greenville  left 
fifteen  men,  in  order  to  hold  poffeffion,  and  departed  again 
for  England.  The  next  year,  1587,  Sir  Walter  fent  over 
one  hundred  and  fifty  "  houfeholders  "  again  to  renew  his 
efforts  at  a  plantation.  No  fupplies,  however,  were  fent  for 
the  fpace  of  three  years,  and  before  the  expiration  of  that 
period  the  whole  colony  had  perifhed,  whether  by  ftarvation, 
by  the  hand  of  the  favages,  or  in  a  vain  attempt  to  return 
to  England,  hiflory  gives  us  no  intimation.  Subfequently, 
Sir  Walter  Raleigh  made  fome  ineffe6lual  effons^^  to  find 
his  loft  colonifts,  and  with  them  clofed  his  attempts  to 
eftablifli  a  plantation  on  the  American  continent,  to  which 
he  had  confecrated  a  large  amount  of  treafure,  and  in  which 
a  great  number  of  lives  had  been  facrificed.^'* 

In  1602,  Captain  Bartholomew  Gofnold,  under  the  pat- 
ronage of  the  Earl  of  Southampton,  vifited  the  fliores  of 
New  England  "to  difcover  convenyent  place  for  a  new 
colony  to  be  fent  thither."  He  made  land  in  about  43° 
of  nc/th  latitude,  v/hich  could  not  have  been  far  from  the 
Ifles  of  Shoals.  Finding  no  good  harbor,  he  ftood  off  to 
the  fouth,  making  a  headland  which  he  named  Cape  Cod. 

He 


'^  "To  their  fuccour  Sir  Walter  Ra- 
leigh hath  fent  hue  feuerall  times,  the 
laft  by  Samuel  Mace  of  Weymouth,  in 
March,  one  tiioufand  fix  hundred  and 
two  ;  but  he  and  the  former  performed 
nothing."  —  Punhas''s  Pilgrimage,  Ed. 
1614,  p.  755 ;  idem,  p.  769. 

^*  Not  far  from  thirty  vefTels  were 
fent  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  at  different 
times,  in  his  attempts  at  colonization  in 


America.  —  Introduction  to  Stracheys 
HiJL  Trav.  Virg.,  Hak.  Soc.  Ed.,  p. 
vi.  An  interefting  account  of  Roanoke 
Island,  and  of  Mr.  Ralph  Lane,  the 
governor  fent  out  by  Sir  Walter  Ra- 
leigh, by  Edward  E.  Hale,  A.M.,  will  be 
found  in  the  Tranfaftions  of  the  Am. 
Antiquarian  Society,  Vol.  IV.  pp.  3-39 ; 
iViv;/,  pp.  317-344. 


^(..  ■ ! 


Sir  V/illia7n  Alexander, 


29 


He  alfo  difcovcrcd  the  iflands  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Buzzard's  Bay  and  the  Vineyard  Sound,  on  one  of  which 
he  landed  and  remained  feveral  weeks.  Havin<j:  determined 
upon  this  ifland  as  the  feat  of  his  colony,  he  ere6led  a  large 
houfe,  with  the  purpofe  of  remaining  with  a  few  of  his  men 
until  the  next  year,  when  he  hoped  to  receive  from  England 
more  complete  means  for  the  enlargement  and  permanent 
eftablifhment  of  his  plantation.  The  companions  of  Gof- 
nold  having  driven  a  brifk  trade  with  the  Indians,  and 
obtained  a  large  quantity  of  "furrs,  fkyns,  faxafras,  and 
other  commodities,"  and  "  making  nothing  but  prefent 
gayne  the  end  and  obje6l  of  this  good  work,"  were  unwill- 
ing to  remain,  and  the  proje6l  was  accordingly  abandoned, 
"  thus  finifliing  this  difcovery,"  fays  Strachey,  "  and  return- 
ing with  giving  many  comforts,  and  thofe  right  true  ones, 
concerning  the  benefitt  of  a  plantation  in  thofe  parts." 

In  1603,  Captain  Martin  Pring,  under  the  patronage  of 
certain  Britifli  merchants,  in  a  voyage  to  this  country,  fol- 
lowed nearly  in  the  track  of  Gofnold,  failing  along  the  coafl 
from  near  Portfmouth,  N.H.,  rounding  the  cape,  reaching  at 
length  the  iflands  in  the  Vineyard  Sound,  where  he  obtained 
a  cargo  of  faffafras,  the  main  obje(51  of  the  voyage,  and  haftily 
returned  to  England. 

In  1605,  Captain  George  Weymouth  was  defpatched  by 
Lord  Arundel  of  Wardour  and  the  Earl  of  Southampton 
to  America,  who  appears  to  have  failed  along  the  coaft  from 
Cape  Cod  to  the  Kennebec  or  Sagadahock,  giving  the  name 
of  St.  George  to  an  ifland  at  the  mouth  of  that  river ;  and, 
to  take  formal  poffefflon  of  the  country,  he  failed  up  the 

river 


RS 


30 


Memoir  of 


i      ( 


r-  M    '  ! 


ft    ^;  \. 

i  1 U  ^  i 


!     ) 


river  nearly  fixty  miles,  which  he  found  "  virgcd  with  a 
greene  border  of  grade,  fometymes  three  or  four  acres,  fome- 
tymes  eight  or  ten  together,"  with  a  noble  growtli  of  timber, 
the  "goodly  oake,  birch,  tall  firre  and  fpruce." 

Having  "  fett  upp  a  croffe  with  his  Majeflie's  infcription 
thereon,"  and  well  fatisfied  with  his  "  knowledg  of  foe  com- 
modious a  feat,"  he  returned  to  England,  and  his  "goodly 
report "  deepened  the  interefl;,  and  kindled  a  new  enthufiafm 
in  weftern  plantation. 

In  1606,  Captain  Henry  Challons  was  fent  out  by  Sir 
Ferdinando  Gorges  to  make  a  more  extended  furvey  of 
the  coaft  of  Maine :  wandering  from  his  proper  courfe,  the 
fliip  was  taken  by  the  Spanifli,  confifcated,  and  the  object 
of  the  voyage  defeated.  To  co-operate  with  Challons,  Cap- 
tain Thomas  Hanham  and  Captain  Martin  Pring  were 
defpatched  from  P  "iftol,  by  Lord  Chief  Juftice  Popham, 
who,  not  finding  him  at  the  appointed  rendezvous,  pro- 
ceeded to  fui*vey  the  coaft.  They  appear  to  have  made  fo 
exafl  an  examination  of  this  whole  region,  its  rivers,  bays, 
and  harbors,  and  to  have  carried  home  an  account  fo  hope- 
ful and  glowing,  that  the  Chief  Juftice,  Sir  Ferdinando 
Gorges,  and  others  affociated  with  them,  refolved  to  profe- 
cute  their  favorite  fcheme  of  planting  colonies  in  the  New 
World  with  more  zeal,  and,  as  they  believed,  on  better 
grounds  of  fuccefs. 

In  the  mean  time,  early  in  this  fame  year,  influenced, 
doubtlefs,  by  the  accounts  of  Gofnold  and  Pring  and 
Weymouth,  thofe  who  were  imbued  with  the  fpirit  of  col- 
onization fucceeded  in  obtaining    from  the   King  letters 

patent 


,        ,; 


Sir  Williaiii  Alexandc 


r. 


31 


patent  for  two  colonics.  The  one  dcnominatocl  North 
Virginia  and  the  other  South  Virginia,  the  two  embracing 
the  territory  on  our  Atlantic  coall:  lying  between  the  thirty- 
fourth  and  forty-fifth  degrees  of  north  latitude.  Thefc 
corporations  are  commonly  known,  the  northern  as  the 
Plymouth,  and  the  fouthern  as  the  London  Company.  But 
it  is  important  to  obfervc  that  there  was  ftill  remaining  an 
immenfe  territory  lying  above  the  forty-fifth  degree  of  north 
latitude,  claimed  on  the  part  of  the  Englifh  by  the  right  of 
difcovery. 

In  1607,  the  two  companies  loft  no  time  in  planting 
colonies  on  their  refpedlive  territories,  which  were  by  their 
charters  fufficiently  defined. 

The  Plymouth  Company,  at  the  charge  of  Sir  John  Pop- 
ham,  the  Lord  Chief  Juftice  of  England  as  the  ^^rincipal  pa- 
tron, fent  out  two  veffels,  the  "  Gift  of  God  "  ana  the  "  Mary 
and  John,"  with  a  hundred  and  twenty  perfons,  forty-five 
of  whom  remained  as  colonifts,  and  formed  a  fettlement  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Kennebec,  then  known  as  the  Sagadahock. 
Captain  George  Popham,  a  brother  of  the  Chief  Jufiice,  was 
made  prefident,  and  his  aflifiants  were  Captain  Raleigh  Gil- 
bert, James  Davies,  the  Rev.  Richard  Seymer,  Captain 
Richard  Davies,  and  Captain  Edward  Harlowe,  or  Harlie. 
Tv/o  of  thefe  gentlemen,  Popham  and  Gilbert,  were  gran- 
tees in  the  grand  patent  of  1606,  under  which  they  were 
now  ading,  and  the  laft  named  was  afterward  a  grantee  in 
the  great  patent  of  New  England  of  1620;  and  they,  as  well 
as  their  affociates,  were  eminently  qualified  to  give  charac- 
ter and  dire6lion  to  the  enterprife   in  which   they  were 

engaged. 


u  v 


32 


Manolr  of 


1-:  i' 


I    i 


ciif^agcd.  They  iniiiiecHately  erccfled  a  fort  to  which  they 
u;ave  the  name  of  St.  GL'onrc,  and  ftrcnijthcned  it  witli  a 
trench  and  twelve  guns.  Within  the  fortrefs  they  built  fifty 
houfes,  a  church,  and  a  rtorehoufe.  They  alfo  built  during 
the  winter  a  "  Pynnace  of  about  fome  thirty  tonne."  Necef- 
fary  and  exj)ecled  fupplies  were  fent  to  them  in  the  f[)ring 
of  1608,  but  they  came  in  the  midfl;  of  difcouragements, 
which  the  colonifls  could  not  fummon  fufHcient  refolution 
to  bear. 

The  winter  had  been  one  of  extraordinary  and  intenfe 
cold,''^  their  florehoufe  and  mo'l  of  their  provifions  had  been 
burned,  their  prefident,  Captain  George  Popham,^"  had  died, 

and 


'*  "  Tlicy  were  flraiiirelv  perplexed 
witli  tlie  j^rcat  anci  unfcalonahle  cold 
tliey  fuflcrcd  with  that  extremity,  as  the 
like  hath  not  been  heard  of  lince,  and 
it  feemes,  was  univerfall,  it  beinjf  the 
fame  yeare  tliat  our  Thames  were  fo 
lockt  up  that  they  liuilt  their  boates 
ui^on  it."  —  Bricfe  A'arration  by  Sir 
Fcrdiiiando  Gofi^vs,  London,  1658,  j). 
8.  Stracliey,  in  fpeakinfj  of  the  colony 
at  Sajjadahock,  fays  that  many  dif- 
coveries  had  likewiie  been  made,  "had 
not  the  wynter  proved  foe  c^ctreame 
unfeafonable  and  frofty ;  for  y'  being 
in  the  year  1607,  when  the  extraor- 
dinary froll  was  felt  in  mod  parts  of 
Europe,  y'  was  here  likewife  as  ve- 
hement, by  which  no  boat  could  ftir 
upon  any  bufiness."  —  S(fac/:ey,  Hixk. 
Soc.  Ed.,  1S49,  P-  -7-  "I"  the  year 
1607  was  an  extraordinary  froft  in  moil: 
of  Europe,  and  tliis  froil  was  found  as 
extreme  in  Virginia."  —  hioit,  p.  30. 
Purchas  fpeaks  of  it  as  an  "unfeafon- 
able winter,  f.t  to  freeze  the  heart  of  a 
plantation." —  Purchases Pi/gri/ns,  Lon- 
don, 1625,  Vol.  IV.  p.  1837.* 

The  fliilure  of  this  colony  appears  to 


have  refulted  from  an  extraordinary 
concurrence  of  adverfe  events.  The 
indullry  and  good  condufl  of  the  colo- 
ny are  apparent  from  the  following 
llatement  of  Stracliey.  After  fpeaking 
of  the  feverity  of  the  winter,  ho  fays  : 
"  Howbeyt,  as  tyme  and  occafyon  gave 
leave,  there  was  nothing  omitted  which 
could  add  unto  the  benefitt  or  knowledg 
of  the  planters,  for  wliich,  when  Cajit. 
Davies  arrived  tliere  in  the  yeare  fol- 
lowing (fett  out  from  Topfliam,  the  port 
towne  of  Exeter,  with  a  fliipj)  laden  Adl 
of  vidtualls,  amies,  inftrunients,  and 
tooles,  etc.),  albeyt  he  found  Mr.  George 
Popham,  the  prefident,  and  fome  others 
dead,  yet  he  found  all  things  in  good 
forwardnes,  and  many  kinds  of  i'urrs 
obtayned  from  the  Indians  by  way  of 
trade  ;  good  flore  of  larfaparilla  gath- 
ered, and  the  jiynnace  all  finifhed."  — 
Hak.  Soc.  Ed.,  1849,  p.  179. 

^^  This  was  the  only  death  that  oc- 
curred among  the  colonilLs,  with  a  An- 
gle exception.  "  Mr.  Patterfon  was 
llaine  by  the  Sauages  of  Nanhoc,  a 
river  of  the  Tarentines." — Purchas, 
Ed.  1614,  p.  756. 


Sir  William  Alexander. 


Zl 


and  the  intelligence  had  juft  reached  them  that  their  prin- 
cipal fupporter  in  England,  the  Chief  Judice,  had  alfo  died. 
This  news  "  llruck  them  with  difpaire  of  future  remedy;" 
and,  added  to  this,  it  was  announced  to  them  that  Captain 
Raleigh  Gilbert,  who  had  fucceeded  as  their  prefident,  was 
compelled  to  withdraw  from  them  to  fettle  the  ellate  of  his 
brother  in  England,  who  had  recently  died.  Added  to 
the  above  catalogue  of  difappointments,  they  had  failed  to 
difcover  any  "  mines,  being  the  mayne  intended  benefit 
cxpeded  to  uphold  the  charge  of  this  plantation,^^  and  they 
feared  that  all  other  winters  would  prove  like  the  firfl." 
Under  thefe  difcouragements,  they  refolved  with  entire 
unanimity  to  abandon  the  enterprife,  and  accordingly  fet 
fail  for  England  in  the  "  new  arrived  fliipp,"  and  "  in  the 
new  pynnace,  the  Virginia,"  which  they  had  themfelves 
conflrudled;'*^  "  And  this,"  fays  Strachey,  "  was  the  end  of 
that  northerne  colony  uppon  the  river  Sachadehock."  Sir 
Francis  Popham  and  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges  continued  for 
feveral  years  to  fend  expeditions  as  private  enterprifes  to 
this  coafl  for  the  purpofe  of  trade  and  fifliing,  but  were 
unable  to  do  any  thing  more  in  the  way  of  colonization. 

In  the  fame  year,  1607,  the  London  Company  fent  out  a 
colony  confifling  of  abo^/e  a  hundred  perfons,  who  made  a 
fetdement  at  the  mouth  of  Chefapeake  Bay,  on  the  James 
River  in  Virginia.     This  was  the  beginning  of  what  proved 

to 

^  Strachey,  Hak.  Soc.  Ed.,  p.  179.  fort,  now  Beaufort,  S.C.,  by  the  French 

■'"'  The   firrt   water-craft,  conrtrua:ed  colonifts  planted   there  by  Ribault  in 

within  the  prefent  territory  of  the  Uni-  1562.  —  Antea,  p.  26. 

ted  States  for  the  purpofe  of  crofTing  The   "new  pynnace,  the  Virginia," 

the  Atlantic  ocean,  was,  we  presume,  was,  doubtlefs,   the  next   in  order  of 

the  "small  pinnace"  built  at  Charlef-  time. 


1 

i 

'•I 

ill 


i\ 


u 


I  ■ 


34 


Alcmoir  of 


to  be  a  permanent  plantation,  and  was  defUneci  in  after 
years  to  be  crowned  with  eminent  fuccefs.  But  the  early 
hiftory  of  the  colony  is  an  almofl:  unbroken  feries  of  difap- 
]M)intments  and  difafters.  Two  montlis  after  their  landing 
had  not  elapfed,  when  nearly  the  whole  of  the  colonics  had 
been  attacked  by  difeafe,  and  during  the  firfl;  year  one-half 
of  their  number  had  died.  The  Indians  were  hoflile  and 
treacherous,  the  climate  was  depreffing,  their  diet  and  lodg- 
ings were  unfuitable,  and  their  ftorehoufe  was  accidentally 
confumed  by  fire.  There  were  new  arrivals  of  colonics 
from  year  to  year,  and  occafional  periods  of  apparent  prr.f- 
perity,  but  they  were  only  as  flaflies  of  light  in  a  midnight 
darknefs.  Diforder  and  confufion  reigned ;  one  government 
after  another  was  fet  afide,  and  the  noblefl  efforts  of  the  befl 
men  feemed  incapable  of  introducing  any  thhig  like  perma- 
ment  profperity. 

At  one  period,  by  the  hand  of  the  favag»_^  and  by  a  heed- 
lefs  wafte  of  provifions  followed  by  famine,  their  little  band 
was  reduced  in  the  fpace  of  fix  months  from  four  hundred 
and  ninety  to  only  fixty  perfons.  But  thefe  trials  and  dif- 
afters  were  doubtlefs  imparting  their  falutary  leffons.  Im- 
provements in  adminifiration  and  new  motives  for  induftry 
were  gradually  introduced,  but  at  the  end  of  fourteen  years 
after  its  firfl:  eflablifliment,  when  Sir  William  Alexander 
obtained  his  patent  in  162 1,  the  hiflory  of  the  fettlement 
in  Virginia  prefented  fcarcely  an  encouraging  feature  to 
the  enterprife  of  planting  colonies  in  the  New  World. 

In  the  mean  time  the  French  had  not  been  indifferent 
to  their  poffeffions  in  the  north-wefl,  and  had  taken  decifive 

meafures 


Sir  William  Alexander. 


35 


in  after 
the  early 

of  difap- 
r  landing 
)nifl;s  had 
r  one-half 
oftile  and 
and  lodg- 
:iden  tally 

colonifts 
rent  prr.f. 
midnight 
vernment 
)f  the  be  ft 
ve  perma- 

)y  a  heed- 

ttle  band 

hundred 

5  and  dif- 

ns.     Im- 

induftry 

pen  years 

lexander 

ttlement 

ature  to 

orld. 
different 
decifive 
Imeafures 


meafures  to  eftabliHi  colonies  on  the  foil  difcovered  by 
Cartier  in   1535. 

Paffuig  over  the  colony  of  criminals  left  on  the  fands 
of  Sable  Ifland  in  1598  and  abandoned,  moft  of  tliLMn  to 
pcriih,  a  remnant  only  to  be  rcfeued  after  years  of  fuffcring, 
influenced  by  the  double  motive  of  plantation  and  trade, 
Pontgrave  and  Chauvin  and  Champlain  and  De  Monts 
had  already  made  fome  progrefs  in  colonization.  The 
latter  had  received  a  patent"'"  in  1603,  ^^'^^  ^'^'^^  h^rnw  made 
governor  of  the  territory  denominated  "  La  Cadie,"  lying 
between  the  fortieth  and  forty-fixth  degrees  of  north  lat- 
itude. A  fettlement  had  been  attempted  at  Tadoufac. 
Champlain  had  founded  Quebec  by  the  ere6lion  of  a  ftone 
houfe  and  a  few  huts  in  1608.  The  Bay  of  Fundy  had 
been  carefully  furveycci.  A  colony  had  been  attempted  by 
Ue  Monts  on  an  ifland  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  St.  Croix, 
where  a  winter  had  been  paffed ;  but,  finding  the  fituation 
unfuitable,  he  had  removed  to  Port  Royal,  where  a  fort  had 
been  built,  houfes  conftrucled,  land  cleared,  and  fome  prog- 
refs made  in  the  cultivation  of  European  grains  and  other 
crops. 

Among  the  recruits  fent  from  France  to  ftrengthen  the 
colony  were  two  Jefuit  priefts.  A  confli6l  foon  arofe  between 
the  civil  and  ecclefiaftical  authority.  The  priefts  were  con- 
ftrained  to  leave.  They  retired  with  a  part  of  the  colony, 
or  rather  a  reinforcement  that  had  juft  arrived  from  France, 
to  an  iftand  on  the  coaft  of  Maine,  which  had  been  named 

Monts 

'•  SeeDeMonts's  charter  in  Lescar-  lifh,  in  Harris's  Colleflion  of  Voyages 
bot's  Hiftory  of  New  France,  Paris,  and  Travels,  London,  1705,  Vol.  I.  p. 
1866,  Vol.  II.  p. 408-414 ;  also,  in  Eng-    813. 


■l  i 


.    f; 


I* 


/    ! 


I'i^ 


36 


Memoir  of 


Monts  rhferts,  where  they  ereded  a  fort  in  a  harbor  on  the 
eaft  fide  of  the  ifland  which  they  called  port  Saint  Sauveur, 
and  proceeded  to  plant  fruit-trees  of  the  moft  delicate  kinds, 
which  they  had  brought  from  France,  fuch  as  the  apricot 
and  the  peach.  But  their  abode  here  was  deflined  to  be 
fliort.  Captain  Samuel  Argall,  of  the  colony  of  Jameftown, 
coafting  along  New  England  on  a  trading  voyage,  obtained 
fomc  intimation  from  the  Indians  of  the  French  fettlements.*" 
He  immediately  failed  for  Mount  Defert,  deflroyed  the  fort, 
and  diflodged  the  colony.  A  little  later  in  the  fame  year 
he  vifited  Port  Royal,  and  difperfed  the  fettlers  there,  as 
intruders  upon  Englifli  territory.  Thus  terminated  this 
plantation  in  16 13,  after  a  feeble  and  thriftlefs  exiflence  of 
eight  years. 

In  1609,  Henry  Hudfon  failed  along  our  coaft  from  Cape 
Cod  as  far  fouth  as  Chefapeake  Bay ;  returning,  he  entered 
the  harboi  of  New  York,  and  explored  the  river  which  bears 
his  name  one  hundred  and  fixty  miles,  as  far  and  perhaps 
further  than  the  prefent  fite  of  Albany.  The  few  Dutch 
families  foon  after  domiciled  on  the  banks  of  the  Hudfon 
made,  however,  for  feveral  years,  but  a  feeble  figure  in  the 
way  of  colonization. 

Newfoundland  had  been  touched  by  mofl  of  the  vo}  -jers 
from  the  period  of  John  Cabot's  expedition  in  1497,  but  a 
patent  to  colonize  was  firfl  granted  in  16 10,  and  Mr.  John 
Guy  of  Briftol,  as  governor,  commenced  a  plantation  that 
year.    In  i6i5,or  1616,  Captain  John  Mafon  fucceeded  him 

as 

*•  Sir  Samuel  Argall  was  fubfequent-    one  of  the  Great  Council  for  planting 
ly  governor  of  Virginia,  and  likewife    New  England. 


Sir  William  Alexander. 


n 


a'  governor,  where  he  remained  feveral  years.  Another 
])lantation  was  made  at  Ferryland,  by  Richard  Whitbourne, 
m  1615.  But  the  fettlements  here  during  the  firfl  decade 
made  little  progrefs,  not  extending  much  beyond  the  dimen- 
fions  of  refpedlable  fifliing  ports. 

In  1 6 14,  Captain  John  Smith  vifited  our  fliorcs,  ranging 
and  furvcying  the  rivers,  bays,  and  inlets  from  Ponobfcot  to 
Cape  Cod,  touching  at  the  Ifles  of  Shoals  and  other  points, 
confl:ru(fting  a  valuable  map  of  this  part  of  New  England, 
and  driving  a  lucrative  trade  with  the  Indians,  bearing  away 
I  ,000  beaver  fkins,  200  marten  and  otter  fkins,  and  1,200 
quintals  of  dried  fifli.  This  was  followed  by  an  attempt  the 
next  year  by  this  diftinguiflied  navigator  to  lay  the  founda- 
tion of  a  fettlement  in  New  England,  but  the  expedition 
unfortunately  never  reached  our  fliores. 

Thefe  were  the  principal  voyages  and  attempts  at  coloni- 
zation on  our  Atlantic  coafl  anterior  to  1621.  There  were 
many  other  expeditions  undertaken  for  difcovery,  trade,  and 
fifliing,  lefs  important  indeed,  but  which  neverthelefs  con- 
tributed to  the  aggregate  information  and  experience  needed 
to  fecure  final  and  complete  fuccefs. 

Of  the  little  colony  that  had  left  England  in  1620  and 
intended  to  fettle  within  the  limits  of  the  Southern  Virginia 
company,  from  which  it  had  procured  a  patent,  but  had 
been  accidentally,  or  poffibly  by  dcfign,  landed  on  Plym- 
outh rock,  it  is  hardly  proba  ile  that  Sir  William  Alexander, 
at  the  time  he  obtained  his  patent,  in  1621,  had  any  infor- 
mation. If  the  ftory  of  their  fufferings  during  the  preceding 
winter,  and  the  reduction  of  their  number  by  death  to  one- 
half, 


if 


38 


Mejuoir  of 


V  IP 


I  i 


half,  had  reached  him,  it  could  have  prefcnted  but  a  gloomy 
and  diflieartening  picture,  efpecially  to  one  who  was  about 
to  plant  a  colony  in  a  ftill  more  inhofpitable  region. 

We  have  thus  compreffed  into  the  feweil;  words  poffible 
an  outline  of  the  more  important  enterprifes  in  difcovery 
and  colonization  on  the  eaflcrn  coafts  of  ..^.merica  antecedent 
to  1621. 

The  reader  will  fcarcely  fail  to  be  furprifed  at  the  number 
of  attempts  made,  and  the  apparent  meagrencfs  of  the  pofi- 
tive  refults  tnat  followed.  But  he  is  hardly  a  philofophcr, 
who  does  not  lee  that  all  this,  in  the  exifting  circumflanccs, 
was  a  neceffary  preparation  for  the  fuccefs  that  followed  in 
after  years. 

Reports  of  thefe  voyages  and  attempts  at  plantation  had, 
in  many  inftances,  been  reduced  to  writing,  and  fome  of 
them  had  been  printed  and  extenfively  circulated."*'  But 
thefe  were  not  the  only,  and  perhaps  not  the  principal 
fources  of  information  to  fuch  as  were  interefted  in  weflcrn 
colonization.  The  oral  accounts  which  they  received  were 
probably  lefs  truf;worthy,  but  far  more  fpccific  and  glowing. 
The  ftory  of  thefe  voyages  was  doubtlefs  repealed  by  fcores 
who  had  made  them  for  the  frniple  love  of  adventure,  and 

who 


■^  Capt.  Richard  Whitbourne  pub- 
lifhed  a  traft  in  1620,  entitled  a  "Dif- 
courfe  and  Difcovery  of  Newfound- 
land," and  another  entitled  a  "  Dif- 
courfe,  containing  a  loving  Invitation," 
in  1622  ;  thefe,  revifed  and  enlarged, 
were  "  prefented  to  King  James,  and 
ordered  to  be  printed  and  dirtributed 
in  every  parifli  throughout  England, 
to  (how  the  benefit  of  a  plantation 
tliere."  —  Calendar   of  State  Papers, 


Col.    Series,    1574- 1660,     Sainfljury, 
p.  82. 

Capt.  John  Smith  fays  of  his  Hifbory 
of  New  England :  "  I  caufed  two  or 
three  thoufond  of  them  to  be  printed, 
one  thoufand  with  a  great  many  Maps 
both  of  Virginia  and  New  England,  I 
prefented  to  thirty  of  the  chiefe  Com- 
panies in  London  at  their  Halls."  — 
SmWi's  GenL  Hijl.,  London,  1632,  p. 
230. 


Sir  William  Alexander, 


39 


who  were  to  be  found  in  all  the  important  maritime  towns 
in  Great  Britain,  The  number  of  this  clafs  had  been  greatly 
augmented  by  the  fiflierics  carried  on  by  various  nations  on 
the  Grand  Banks,  and  other  ftations  on  our  Atlantic  coaft. 
Soon  after  the  firfl  difcovery  of  thefe  fiihing-grounds,  the 
Portuguefe,  Spanifli,  French,  and  Englilh  directed  their 
attention  to  them  as  a  fource  of  wealth.  We  are  informed 
that,  in  1578,  there  were  fift)  f?.il  from  England,  a  hundred 
from  Spain,  and  a  hundred  and  fifty  from  France,  profecut- 
ing  this  important  bufmefs,  befides  twenty  or  thirty  fail  from 
Bifcay  engaged  in  the  whale  fifliery.  It  is  obvious  that 
thefe  veffels  mufl  have  employed  from  two  thoufand  to 
five  thoufand  perfons,  and  it  has  been  eflimated  that,  at 
fome  periods,  there  were  not  lefs  than  ten  thoufand  in  this 
employment.  To  many  it  was  the  bufmefs  and  occupation 
of  life  to  make  annual  vifits  to  the  fliores  of  America. 
They  became  more  or  kfs  familiar  with  the  whole  coaft 
from  Cape  Cod  to  Labrador.  They  obferved  the  manners 
and  habits  of  the  na.  -^.  and  gained  fome  imperfc6t  notion 
of  the  natural  producfts  and  capribilities  of  the  soil.  Return- 
ing to  their  homes  at  the  approach  of  wiiitcr,  they  diffufed 
the  information  they  had  obtained  through  the  circles  of 
their  acquaintance,  garniflied,  doubtlefs,  at  times,  by  tales 
of  exciting  intereft  and  bold  adventure. 

But  there  was  another  fource  of  information  diflindt  from 
thefe  to  which  we  have  referred.  In  many  f  the  voyages, 
efpecially  thofe  undertaken  for  difcovev  .  number  of  the 
natives  were  captured  and  taken  to  Europe.  In  a  few 
Lnflances  they  were  reduced  to  flavery.     But  for  the  mofl 

part, 


i  y 


i'4 


hi 


40 


Memoir  of 


part,  they  were  held,  and  occafionally  exhibited,  as  fpeci- 
mens  of  the  race  from  the  New  World.  From  them  it  was 
hoped  to  obtain  information  relating  to  the  interior  of  the 
continent,  which  at  that  period  could  be  gathered  from  no 
other  fource.  They  w^re  accordingly  fometimes  detained 
feveral  years,  that  they  might  learn  the  language  of  their 
captors,  and  thus  be  able  to  communicate  the  defired  infor- 
mation. They  did,  indeed,  give  fome  notion  of  diftant  lakey 
and  rivers  and  mountains,  efpecially  of  thofe  that  fell  within 
the  range  of  their  broadcft  hunting-grounds,  but  even  this 
was  fo  hazy  and  undefined  in  its  character  that  it  proved  in 
the  end  to  be  of  little  jDradlical  value. 

It  is  to  be  obferved  that  the  knowledge  of  the  country, 
ol)tained  from  the  fources  above  referred  to,  was  exceedingly 
fuperficial.  The  interior  had  never  been  furveyed  or  even 
explored.  A  few  hafty  trips  up  fome  of  the  rivers  had  been 
made  in  row-boats,  and  a  fort  of  bird's-eye  glimpfe  had  thus 
been  gainc -i^  of  their  fliores.  It  was  well  known  that  the 
forefls  were  richly  flocked  with  wild  animals  and  birds,  and 
that  fea-fowl  and  fifli  were  abundant  along  the  Atlantic 
fliores. 

The  character  of  the  natives  was  inadequately  under- 
flood.  While  the  Europeans  did  not  encroach  upon  their 
domain,  while  their  vifits  to  them  were  brief,  and  for  the  Am- 
ple exchange  of  commodities  which  were  mutually  defiredi, 
the  Indian  exhibited  for  the  mofl  part  only  an  amiable  and 
friendly  difpofition.  His  deep  fenfe  of  injury,  the  law  of 
revenge  that  reigned  fupiemely  in  his  mind,  had  not  yet 
been  revealed.     His  love  ot  war,  his  implacable  nature,  his 

indifcriminate 


Sir  William  Alexander. 


41 


indifttiminate  cruelty  to  the  innocent  as  well  as  the  guilty, 
that  lawlefs  frenzy  of  hatred  that  led  him  to  defire  not 
fimply  to  conquer,  but  to  annihilate  an  enemy  and  every 
thing  that  pertained  to  him,  had  not  as  yet  been  exhibited. 
Thefe  chara6leriflics  of  the  natives  were  tf  be  unfolded 
in  the  future,  and  enter  into  the  bitter  experience  of  the 
colonifls  through  the  long  period  of  at  leall  a  hundred 
and  fifty  years. 

In  162 1  there  was  no  adequate  practical  knowledge  of 
the  capability  of  either  the  foil  or  the  climate  of  this  north- 
ern coaft.  The  tefts  that  had  been  applied  by  the  French 
at  Annapolis  were  too  circumfcribed,  as  to  time  and  fpace, 
to  be  of  any  general  value.  It  was  not  known  whether  the 
cereals  or  the  fruits  common  in  Europe  could  be  fuccefsfully 
cultivated  anywhere  between  Cape  Cod  and  Frobiflier's 
Straits.  Agriculture,  the  proper  foundation  of  fuccefsful 
colonization,  does  not  appear  to  have  entered  largely  into 
their  plans.  It  was  apparently  kept  in  the  back-ground 
by  what  offered  more  immediate  refults  to  the  undertak- 
ers, as  the  fur-trade  with  the  Indians,  of  which  they  were 
fure,  and  the  mineral  refources  of  the  country,  of  which 
they  were  ignorant,  but  from  which  they  had  great  expec- 
j-ations. 

A  ferious  and  almoft  infuperable  obflacle  to  fuccefs  in 
colonization,  or  voyages  of  difcovery  with  a  view  to  coloniza- 
tion, had  hitherto  exiflcd  in  the  paucity  of  money  or  capital 
offered  to  the  enterprife.  Government  patronage  had  been 
for  the  mofl  part  merely  nominal,  confined  to  patents 
and  charters  which  exifled  on  paper,  accompanied  by  no 

a(5lual 


iaaiiiMijUat- 


42 


Memoir  of 


\\ 


a6lual  and  efficient  power  to  enforce  them  or  to  carry  out 
their  provifions.  Thefe  fchemes,  therefore,  had  generally 
been  undertaken  by  gentlemen  of  wealth,  and  conducted 
altogether  as  private  enterprifes.  They  were  not  under- 
taken with  a  knowledge  adequate  to  forefee  or  with  re- 
fcrved  means  to  repair  the  loffes  and  difaflers  which  were 
fure  to  befall  them.  When  thefe  loffes  or  difaflers  came, 
the  enterprife  was,  therefore,  either  abandoned  at  once,  or 
fo  long  a  delay  fucceeded  as  to  render  repair  impoffible. 

But  an  obflacle  more  likely  to  prove  fatal  than  perhaps 
any  other  is  to  be  found  in  the  inferior  characfter  of  the 
colonics  themfelves;  the  "bone  and  fmew,"  the  perfons 
who  were  to  perform  the  manual  labor,  on  wiiofe  integrity, 
induflry,  and  perfeverance  fuch  an  enterprife,  efpecially  in 
its  incipient  ftages,  muft  always  greatly  depend.  This  clafs 
of  perfons  appears  to  have  been  regarded  as  of  the  fmallefl 
importance.  The  chroniclers  of  the  early  attempts  at  colo- 
nization fcarcely  recognize  them  except  to  deprecate  their 
indolence  and  to  denounce  their  vices.  The  fpirit  of  the 
feudal  fyftem  was  in  fa6l  ftill  exifting,  although  its  forms  had 
for  the  moft  part  difappeared.  In  aiming  to  enrich  them- 
felves, the  undertakers  offered  but  little  encouragement  to 
thofe  by  whom  their  riches  were  to  be  gathered  up  and 
poured  into  their  laps.  They  were  in  fact  to  be,  in  a  modi- 
fied fenfe,  feudal  lords,  and  the  colonifts  were  to  be  their 
dependent  ferfs.  It  was  not  till  1615  that  the  Virginia 
colonifts,  in  general,  were  given  any  right  in  fee  to  their 
lands,  as  an  inducement  to  fettle  in  America  and  as  a 
reward  for  their  expatriation. 

Sir 


f    H 


I  i ' 


Sir  William  Alexander, 


43 


Sir  Robert  Gordon/^  who  had  obtained  a  charter  of 
Cape  Breton,  under  the  name  of  New  Galloway,  in  162 1, 
fet  forth,  in  a  printed  form,  in  1625,  the  following  condi- 
tions to  colonifts  who  fliould  fettle  on  his  domain :  — 

The  landed  gentleman  was  to  hold  the  foil  in  fee  for 
ever. 

The  farmers  were  to  hold  their  lands  by  leafe. 

All  were  to  pay  in  kind  to  the  Lord  proprietor,  after  a 
fpecified  time,  one-thirteenth  of  the  whole  income  of  the 
land. 

The  artifans  and  craftfmen  were  favored  by  having  the 
rent  of  their  lands,  probably  only  houfe-lots,  free  during 
their  lives,  but  to  be  fubje(5t  to  rent  to  their  fucceffors. 

We  prefume  that  none  of  the  patentees  in  the  early 
attempts  at  planting  colonies  offered  any  better  conditions 
than  thefe.    It  is  obvious  that  fuch  inducements  could  have 


no 


^'  Sir  Robert  Gordon  of  Lochinvar 
publifhed  a  traft  in  1625  to  encourage 
the  colonization  of  Cape  Breton,  under 
the  following  title  :  "  En'COVRAGE- 
MENTS,  For  fuch  as  fhall  have  intention 
to  be  Vnder-takers  in  the  new  planta- 
tion of  CAPE  BRITON,  now  Ne%u  Gallo- 
ivay  in  America,  By  Mee  lochinvar. 
Non  nobis  nati  fnmus  ;  a/iguid pa  v/- 
tes,  align  id  P atria,  al>quid  cognati  pof- 
tulant.  Edinhvrgh,  Printed  by  lohn 
Wreittoun.     Anno  Dam.  1625." 

This  trafl  contains  many  interefting 
ftatements  relating  to  C.ipe  Breton,  and 
throws  much  light  upon  the  fuljjeft  of 
colonization  at  that  period.  It  is  in- 
fcribed  as  follows  :  — 

"to  the  right  vvorshipfvll  sir 
WILLIAM  ALEXANDER  of  Menftrie 
Knight,  Mafter  of  Requeftes  for  Scot- 
land, and  Lievetenant  Generall  to  his 


Majeflie    in    the    Kingdome    of   new 

SCOTLAND.  AND  TO  THE  REMNANT  THE 
NOBLEMICN,    AND    KNIGHTS    BARONETS 

in  Scotland,  Vnder-takers  in  the  Plan- 
tations of  New  Scotland  in  America." 

Cape  Breton  was  a  part  of  New  Scot- 
land, and  was  included  within  the  limits 
of  Sir  William  Alexander's  Charter. 
It  was  granted,  however,  by  James  I. 
under  the  gieat  feal  to  Sir  Robert  Gor- 
don, by  the  permiffion  of  Sir  William, 
and  agreeably  to  a  fpecial  contraft  be- 
tween him  and  Sir  Robert,  which  is 
referred  to  in  the  charter  itfelf. 

The  Tra(5t  and  Charter  are  both  in- 
cluded in  the  Bannatyne  Colle<5tion  of 
Royal  Charters,  Letters,  and  Trafts, 
edited  by  David  Laing,  LL.D.,  Edin- 
burgh, 1867.  Sir  Robert  Gordon  died 
in  November,  1627,  and  his  project  of 
colonization  came  to  an  end. 


IT'T  T^ 


44 


Memoir  of 


s, 


',  \ 


\  'i 


ill 


no  influence  with  farmers  at  home  who  had  already  achieved 
fucccfs,  or  were  even  in  "  comfortable  circumftances."  It 
was  only  fuch  as  were  depreffed  by  poverty  and  devoid  of 
ambition,  who  could  be  induced  to  feck  a  home  in  the 
wildcrncfs  of  America,  where  there  was  no  hope  of  attain- 
ing to  a  manly  independence,  or  of  tranfmitting  fuch  an 
inheritance  to  their  pofterity. 

The  bulk  of  the  colonifls,  the  whole  body  of  laborers,  in 
all  the  plantations  attem^Dted  anterior  to  1620,  was  made  up 
largely  of  this  inferior  clafs  of  perfons.  And  we  cannot 
doubt  that  it  was  one  of  the  moft  potent  caufes,  if  not 
the  fole  caufe,  of  their  repeated  failures.  Had  grants  of 
land  been  offered  in  fee,  it  would  have  drawn  together  an 
energetic  and  induflrious  clafs  of  men ;  they  would  have 
taken  with  them  more  ample  means  of  fubfiftence  and  pro- 
te6lion ;  the  difeafes  by  which  fo  many  of  the  firfl  fettlers 
were  fmitten  down  would  have  been  averted ;  they  would 
naturally  have  become  attached  to  the  foil,  which  they  could 
contemplate  as  their  own,  and  as  the  future  inheritance  of 
their  children.  No  ordinary  hardfliips  or  calamities  could 
have  induced  them  to  leave  it.  But  neither  the  fpirit  of  the 
age  nor  the  political  economy  of  that  period  was  fufficiently 
enlightened  to  forefee  the  importance  of  elevating  the  labor- 
ing clafs  into  owners  of  real-eflate,  of  endowing  plain,  Am- 
ple, ignorant  men  with  the  rights  and  refponfibilities  which 
the  ownerfliip  of  property  is  fure  to  confer.  And  it  was  not 
till  this  truth  had  been  learned  by  bitter  experience,  and  the 
Englifli  peafant  became  the  owner  of  the  foil  w^iich  he 
cultivated,  that  permanent  profperity  began  to  attend  our 
American  plantations. 

With 


Sir  William  Alexander. 


45 


With  the  view  we  have  thus  taken  of  the  progrefs  in 
colonization,  of  the  fmall  amount  of  practical  experience 
already  attained,  of  the  meagrenefs  of  definite  knowledge 
of  every  fort,  and  of  the  inevitable  difficulties  that  inverted 
the  whole  undertaking,  we  are  prepared  to  eflimate  the 
Herculean  tafk  which  was  before  Sir  William  Alexander, 
when  he  undertook,  fmgle  handed  and  alone,  to  plant  a 
colony  on  the  fliores  of  America. 

In  March,  1622,  the  next  year  after  obtaining  his  Char- 
ter, he  provided  himfelf  with  a  fliip  at  London ;  but,  as  he 
intended  to  plant  a  Scottifli  colony,  he  fent  it  round  by  St. 
George's  Channel  to  Kirkcudbright,  a  fmall  fcaport  town 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Dee,  for  fupplies  both  of  men  and 
material.  Here  he  encountered  difficulties  which  he  had 
not  forefeen.  Provifions  had  tripled  in  price  fmce  his  vifit 
to  Scotland  three  months  before,  and  colonifts  were  hard 
to  be  found.  Few  of  the  "  good  fort "  could  be  induced  to 
go.  It  was  not  till  the  beginning  of  Augufl  that  he  fuc- 
ceeded  in  defpatching  his  fliip  from  the  fliores  of  Great 
Britain.  About  the  middle  of  September  they  came  in 
fight  of  the  ifland  of  Saint  Peter,  on  the  fouth  of  New- 
foundland, and  continuing  due  weft  approached  the  fliores 
of  Cape  Breton,  but  were  driven  back  by  a  "  great  ftorme," 
perhaps  an  equino6lial,  to  Newfoundland,  and  finally  fought 
flielter  in  the  harbor  of  Saint  John,  where  the  colony,  if  fo 
it  may  be  called,  fo  haflily  colle6led  and  fo  ill  prepared, 
without  even  landing  upon  Sir  William's  territory  at  all, 
decided  to  fpend  the  winter,  and  the  fliii)  was  fent  home 
for  new  fupplies. 

Notwithftanding 


n 


H^l 


With 


46 


Memoir  of 


Notwithftancling  this  cliHicartcning  experience,  Sir  Wil- 
liam loft  no  time  in  fending  out  another  fliip,  with  addi- 
tional colonifts,  the  next  fpring,  which  left  London  about 
the  end  of  March,  but  with  the  ufual  delays  did  not  reach 
Saint  John,  Newfoundland,  till  the  fifth  of  June.  On  its 
arrival  it  was  found  that  the  company,  which  had  been  left 
there  the  preceding  year,  had  become  difperfed ;  a  part  of 
them,  doubtful  of  receiving  fupplies,  had  engaged  them- 
felves  as  fifliermen,  and  confequently  could  not  again  be 
eafily  colle6led  together.  Moreover,  two  of  the  moft  impor- 
tant members  of  the  company,  the  Minifter  and  the  Smith, 
had  died.  Their  number  was  fo  much  reduced  that  any 
further  effort  for  a  plantation  that  year  was  of  neceffity 
again  deferred. 

But  it  was  decided  that  ten  of  their  principal  men  fliould 
proceed  to  New  Scotland  on  a  tour  of  exploration,  and  fix 
upon  a  fuitable  place  for  planting  a  colony  to  be  fent  out 
the  next  year. 

After  leaving  Saint  John,  detained  by  fogs  and  contrary 
winds,  the  expedition  did  not  come  in  fight  of  land  for  the 
fpace  of  two  weeks,  after  which  they  failed  along  the  coaft, 
to  and  fro,  for  four  or  five  days.  At  length  they  came  to 
Port  de  Mouton,  in  the  vicinity  of  which  they  difcovered 
three  pleafant  harbors,  and  in  one  of  them,  four  leagues 
weft  of  Port  Mouton,  they  went  on  ftiore,  calling  it  after  the 
name  of  their  fliip,  St.  Luke's  Bay.  Two  leagues  further 
to  the  weft  they  difcovered  another  harbor,  with  a  ftill  more 
defirable  river,  known  as  Port  Jolly.  After  coafting  twelve 
leagues  further,  making  in  all  eighteen  leagues,  or  fifty-four 

miles, 


Sir  William  Alexander. 


47 


miles,  they  terminated  at  Port  Negro  their  explorations  of 
the  coafi:  towards  the  weft.  Having  re-examined  Port  de 
Mouton  on  their  return,  which  they  found  eminently  fatif- 
fa6lory,  they  haftened  back  to  Newfoundland,  where  their 
lliip  had  been  engaged  to  take  home  a  cargo  of  fifli.  The 
colonifts  fought  immediately  fuch  opportunities  as  they 
could  to  return  home  in  the  numerous  filhing-veffels  to  be 
found  there,  at  that  feafon,  from  the  weft  of  England." 

The  report,  which  Sir  William's  agents  in  this  voyage 
brought  back  to  him,  reprefented  the  country  which  they 
had  feen  in  the  moft  glowing  colors.  It  abounded  in  fine 
harbors  and  deep  rivers,  flcirted  with  fertile  meadows  fra- 
grant with  rofes  and  lilies.  The  fields  were  laden  with  finall 
fruits,  the  goofeberry,  the  rafpberry,  and  the  ftrawberry,  and 
even  fpecimens  of  grain,  as  wheat,  barley,  and  rye,  were  feen 
"growing  wilde."  The  forefts  were  ftudded  with  the  oak, 
the  birch,  the  afli,  and  the  fir.  The  waters  were  fwarming 
with  great  varieties  of  fifli,  and  the  whole  coaft  with  wild- 
fowl. The  fpace  between  the  two  rivers  flowing  into  Port 
Jolly  and  St.  Luke's  Bay,  about  two  leagues  in  extent,  they 
found  deftitute  of  wood,  and  the  foil  at  the  fame  time  rich 
and  fertile.  Here,  in  the  midft  of  this  paradife  of  plenty, 
the  explorers,  agreeably  to  their  intention,  feleded  a  fite  for 


*'  Dr,  Palfrey  informs  us,  under  date 
of  1623,  that  the  party  fent  out  by  Sir 
William  Alexander  that  yenr  found 
Port  Royal  occupied  by  Frenchmen, 
and  returned  without  attempting  its 
reduflion.  It  would  be  interefting  to 
know  on  what  evidence  this  llatement 
is  made.  The  nearefl  point  to  Port 
Royal,  which  the  exploring  party  of  Sir 
William  reached,  is  Port  Negro  on  the 


a 


oppofite  fide  of  the  peninfula,  and  by 
water  at  leaft  a  hundred  and  fifty  miles 
from  Port  Royal.  There  is  no  intima- 
tion in  Sir  William's  narrative  of  this 
exploration  that  the  party  eitiier  faw  or 
heard  of  any  Frenchmen  at  Port  Royal. 
A  fafl  fo  important  could  not  have 
efcaped  his  attention.  If  there  were 
any  there  at  that  time,  it  was  probably 
wholly  unknown  to  the  Englifli. 


"wm 


t  ■■■ ;  SSI 


■; 


48 


Memoir  of 


a  future  plantation,  but  which,  ncvcrthclefs,  they  were  def- 
tincd  never  to  occupy. 

The  cofl  of  thcfe  expeditions  to  Sir  WilHam  Alexander 
could  not  have  been  fmall.  The  outfit  of  provifions  and 
utenfils,  in  addition  to  the  expenditure  of  chartering  the 
fliips,  mufl  have  amounted  in  the  aggregate  to  a  large  fum. 
But  as  one,  and  probably  both  of  the  fhips  employed,  re- 
turned with  a  valuable  freight,  it  is  fair  to  infer  that  if  the 
whole  expenfe  was  not  thus  covered,  Sir  William's  balance- 
flieet  in  this  enterprife  did  not  prefent  a  very  dilheartening 
afped. 

It  was  obvious,  however,  to  our  undertaker,  after  thefe 
cxperinients,  that  the  fcheme  in  which  he  had  engaged 
could  not  be  fviccefsfully  carried  out  by  the  private  means 
at  his  command.  He  appears  to  have  given  over,  for  the 
time  being,  all  dire6l  efforts  for  fending  out  a6lual  fettlen; 
to  take  polTeffion  of  the  foil.  It  w^as  neceffary  to  awaken ' 
a  deeper  pra6lical  interefl,  efpecially  in  capitalifls,  in  the 
remunerative  chara6ler,  the  feafibility,  and  even  moral 
grandeur  and  Chriftian  duty  of  planting  colonies  in  the 
New  World.  This  he  aimed  to  do  by  the  preparation  of  a 
learned  and  able  hiftorical  paper  on  colonization  in  geaeral, 
and  in  it?  particular  application  to  New  Scotland,  which  he 
publiflied  in  1624,  under  the  title  of  An  Encouragement  to 
Colonies.*''  Of  this  tra6l,  reprinted  in  thefe  pages,  we  fliall 
fpeak  more  particularly  in  the  fequel.     To  what  extent  it 

accompliflied 


*•♦  It  appears  from  the  proclamation 
of  tiie  Privy  Council  of  Scotland  relat- 
ing to  the  Knights  Baronets,  Nov.  30, 
1624,  that   Sir  William  had  fet  forth 


"printed  Articles  of  the  Plantation  of 
New  Scotland ''  for  the  information  of 
fiich  as  might  wifh  to  engage  as  under- 
takers.     If  thefe  articles   were  fome- 


thing 


w 


Sir  William  Alexander. 


49 


accompHdiccl  its  intended  purpofe  it  is  difficult  to  deter- 
mine. Hut  that  it  c(uickened  tlie  interefl:  of  the  ScottiHi 
gentry,  for  to  this  clafs  it  mainly  if  not  exclufively  ppcaled, 
and  prepared  tlio  way  for  a  fubfidiary  fchemc  in  behalf  of 
colonization,  which  Sir  William  was  at  that  time  contem- 
plating, and  which  he  afterwards  urged  with  fomc  fuccefs, 
cannot  admit  of  a  doubt. 

The  fcheme  to  which  we  refer  was  the  creation  of  an 
Order  of  Knights  Baronets  in  conne(5lion  with  the  coloni- 
zation  of  New  Scotland,  by  which  he  hoped  to  obtain  the 
neceffary  funds,  and  at  the  fame  time  to  impart  an  impor- 
tance and  dignity  to  the  undertaking.'^ 

The  King  entered  heartily  into  this  plan  of  Sir  William, 
and  all  the  neceffary  fleps  were  taken  for  iffuing  patents 
on  the  firfl  of  April,  1625.     The  fcheme  provided  for  the 

divifion 


thing  diftinfl  from  tlie  "  Encourage- 
ment to  Colonies,"  as  they  douhtlefs 
were,  there  is  probably  no  copy  of 
tliem  now  extant,  a  circumftance  great- 
ly to  be  rc.sirettod. 

•**  This  fcheme  appears  to  have  been 
fui:;£;efted  l)y  die  metliod  reforted  to  by 
James  I.  in  tlie  eltablifhment  of  the 
Order  of  Baronets  of  England  in  i6il. 
After  the  reconllruction  and  fettlement 
of  Ulrter  in  Ireland  by  Englirti  and 
Scotch  at  that  period,  it  iiecame  necef- 
fary to  raife  a  fuflicient  military  force 
to  protecT;  the  new  plantation.  Olten- 
fil)ly  for  meeting  the  expenfe  to  be  diiis 
incurred,  the  King  conferred  the  hered- 
itary honor  and  title  of  Baronet  upon 
fuch  gentlemen  of  family,  not  exceed- 
ing two  humlred,  as  tlioiiid  i)ay  into  the 
Exchequer,  on  the  palling  of  his  pa- 
tent, a  fum  of  money  which  would 
maintain  thirty  foldiers  in  the  province 
of  Ulfter  at  eight  pence  per  day  for 


three  years.  15efides  the  title  of  Bar- 
onet, the  patentee  had  the  jMivilege  of 
bearing  the  Arms  of  Uliler  either  on  an 
Inefcutcheon  or  Canton  in  his  paternal 
fliield.  Thefe  were  tiie  Baronets  of 
England.  It  will  be  olifcrved  tiiat  the 
Englifli  Baronet  received  fimply  the 
honor  and  title  as  an  equivalent  tor  the 
money  he  paid,  while  in  addition  to  this 
the  Baronet  of  New  Scotland  obtained 
a  title  to  more  than  ten  tiioufand  acres 
of  land.  Tlie  Englifli  Baronet  was 
not  required  to  fettle  in  Ullter,  nor  was 
the  Baronet  of  New  Scotland  com- 
pelled to  occupy  in  perfon  his  lands  in 
the  wilds  of  America.  —  Hijlory  of  Ire- 
land, by  TlioDias  JVri^lif,  London, 
1S48,  p.  604;  Hand-Book  of  Heraldry., 
by  John  K.  Citjfans,  London,  1869, 
p.  197  ;  Hijlorical  Trafl,  London,  1617, 
in  Somcrs's  Collection,  Ed.  by  Walter 
Scott,  Efq.,  1809,  Vol.  IL  p.  252 


Hi* 


so 


Memoir  of 


divifion  of  New  Scotland  into  two  Provinces,  each  province 
into  feveral  Diocefes  or  Biflioprics,  each  diocefe  into  three 
Counties,  and  each  county  into  ten  Baronies,  and  each 
barony  into  fix  Parifiies.  Each  barony  was  to  cover  an  area 
of  about  fix  miles  by  four,  greater  or  lefs,  and  to  be  bounded 
upon  the  fea  or  fome  navigable  river.  The  baronets  were 
to  be  hereditary,  and  to  have  the  "precedencie  nixt  and 
immediatvJie  after  the  youngefl  fones  of  the  Vifcounts  and 
Lordis  Barrounis  of  Parliament,"  the  word  Sir  was  to  be 
prefixed  to  "  their  proper  name,"  and  "  thu  ftyle  and  the 
title  of  Baronett"  fubjoined  "o  their  fi.irnames,  and  that  of 
"  Ladie,  Madame,  and  Dame,''  vvas  to  be  prefixed  to  the 
names  of  their  wives. 

Thefe  honors  were  to  be  offered  only  to  gentlemen  of 
family,  who  were  willing  to  be  undertakers  for  the  coloniza- 
tion of  New  Scotland.  They  Vv^ere  to  pay  feverally  to  Sir 
William  Alexander  one  thoufiind  merks,  Scottifli  money,^° 
for  his  pafl  charges,  and  for  refigning  to  them  his  interefl 
in  the  lands  included  in  the  barony.  They  were  alfo  each 
of  them  to  fend  out  to  the  colony  fix  men,  armed,  apparelled, 
and  vic>".alled  for  two  years.  But  they  were  allowed  to 
commute  for  fending  the  fix  men  by  th^  payment  of  the 
fum  of  two  thoufand  nierks,  which  was  to  be  applied  in 
furtherarje  of  colonization  in  New  Scotland. 

As  has  already  been  intimated,  the  lands  Included  in  the 
baronies  were  firlt  refis^ned  into  the  hands  of  the  Kino:,  and 
by  him  re-granted  to  the  feveral  Knights  Baronets,  fo  that 

they 

'"'  A  "nierk"  was  a  Scottifli  filver    one  third  of  a  penny  fterling.  —  Ja- 
coiii  of  the  vahie  of  thirteen  pence  and    niie/on. 


*.• 


Sir  IVilliajn  Alexander, 


51 


they  did  not  hold  under  Sir  William,  but  dire6lly  from  the 
King  himfelf. 

The  following  warrant  for  the  iffuing  of  a  Charter  under 
the  Great  Seal  will  indicate  the  nature  and  extent  of  the 
powers  conferred :  — 

"  Precept^'  of  a  charter  made  by  Our  Sovereign  Lord,  the 
King,  to  our  much  loved  coufm,  William,  Earl  Marifchal, 
Lord  Keith  and  Altrie,  &c.,  marflial  of  our  kingdom  of 
Scotland,  his  heirs  male  and  affigns  whomfoever,  heredita- 
rily, of  all  and  the  whole  of  that  part  or  portion  of  the 
region  and  dominion  of  New  Scotland  bounded  and  limited 
as  follows ;  viz.,  beginning  from  the  fouthcrnmoft  point  of 
land  on  the  eaftern  fliore  of  the  river  now  called  Tweed,  but 
formerly  Saint  Croix,  and  from  thence  extending  eaflerly  fix 
miles  by  the  fea  and  fliore,  and  thence  extending  northerly 
from  the  fea-fliore  into  the  mainland,  always  keeping  from 
the  eaflerly  fliore  of  the  fame  river  a  diftance  of  fix  miles  in 
width  from  faid  rivei-,  eafl:erly,  until  it  fliall  reach  to  the 
number  of  forty-eight  thoufand  acres  of  land,  with  the  caftles, 
towers,  fortrefles,  &c.  Which  lands  and  whatever  pertained 
to  them  in  the  faid  charter  to  Sir  William  Alexander  of 
Menflrie,  hereditarily,  have  been  refigned  and  reflored  ''^  by 
him  into  the  hands  of  our  faid  Sovereign  Lord,  the  King, 

for 


"  Royal  Letters,  Charters,  and  Trafls. 
Edinburgh,  1867,  p.  25.  The  original 
Precept  is  in  Latin.  We  ;  "-re  give  it 
in  Englifh,  for  the  greater  ,,onvenience 
of  the  reader. 

■"*  A  commifllon  was  afterward  ap- 
pointed by  the  King,  to  confift  of  five 
of  the  nobility  and  Council  of  Scotland, 


among  whom  were  included  the  Chan- 
cellor, Treafurer,  and  Secretary,  who 
were  authorized  to  receive  refignations 
of  lands  from  Sir  William,  and  to  grant 
them,  together  with  the  honors  and 
title  of  Knights  Earonets,  to  fuch  per- 
fons  as  he  .liould  certify  had  fulfilled  all 
the  requifite  conditions. 


ni 


t^^ 


i':. 


11 


i  III 
11 


m 


'1 1 


52 


Memoir  of 


'I 


i ;, 


\f 


for  this  New  Charter  and  enfeoffment,  to  our  aforefaid  much 
loved  coufm,  William,  Earl  ?vlarifchal,  &c. 

"  Moreover,  with  a  claufe  of  union  into  one  integral  and 
free  barony  and  fovereignty,  to  be  called  in  all  future  time 
the  Barony  of  Marifchal  Keith,  to  be  held  of  Our  Sovereign 
Lord,  the  King,  and  his  fucceffors,  of  the  crown  and  king- 
dom of  Scotland,  for  the  annual  payment  in  free  white-rent 
of  one  penny  of  the  ufual  money  of  the  faid  kingdom  of 
Scotland,  and,  upon  the  ground  only  of  faid  territory,  under 
the  name  of  white-rent,''"'  if  fo  much  fliould  be  demanded,  or 
any  part  thereof,  on  the  feflival  of  the  nativity  of  our  Lord. 
And  the  feizen  taken  at  the  Caftle  of  Edinburgh  alone, 
fliall  be  fufificient  for  all  and  fmirular  the  lands  and  other 
things  particularly  and  generally  above  written  as  contained 
in  the  faid  charter,  and  other  things  granted  in  the  ufual 
form  of  charters  of  Baronets.  At  the  Palace  of  Whitehall, 
the  28th  day  of  May,  Anno  Domini,  1625." 

Such  was  fubflantially  the  plan  as  fet  forth  by  the  King, 
and  the  proclamation  of  the  Privy  Council,  all  of  which 
undoubtedly  fprang  from  the  fertile  brain  of  Sir  William 
himfelf. 

On  the  27th  of  March,  1625,  four  days  before  the  Baronets 
were  to  be  formally  inverted  with  their  new  honors,  James  L 
expired  at  Theobalds  in  London.  But  the  interefl  of  Prince 
Charles,,  his  fucceffor,  had  been  already  fecured.^"     On  the 

1 2  th 

■"  White-rent,  or  blanch-farm,  was  a  '"  The  approbation  of  Charles  was 
rent  to  be  paid  in  filver ;  while  black-  given  in  the  following  letter,  written 
mail  was  paid  in  work,  grain,  or  the    jufl  ten  days  before  the  demife  of  the 


lowcll  coin 


King :  — 


•'Charles  P. 


'  I 


Sir  William  Alexander. 


S3 


1 2th  of  the  July  following,  Charles  I.  granted  a  charter  de 
novo  damns  to  Sir  William,  with  additional  provifions  re- 
lating to  the  order  of  Baronets."^'  Sir  William  regarded 
the  eftablifliment  of  this  order  as  identical  with  the  fiiccefs 
of  his  colonial  cnterprife,  and  he  entered  upon  the  work  of 
filling  up  the  number,  which  was  limited  to  150,'*^  with  great 
zeal  and  energy.     During  the  first  feven  months  nineteen 


gentlemen  had  enrolled  themfelves  for  the  new  honor. 


But 


"Chart.es  p. 

"  Right  truflie  and  right  well  beloued 
Cofens  and  Counfellouris,  and  right 
trurtie  and  well  beloued  Counfellouris, 
Whereas  it  hath  pleafed  the  Kingis 
Majeflie  in  favour  of  the  Plantatioun  of 
Nova  Scot:a  to  honnour  the  Vnder- 
takiris  being  of  the  ancientefl  gentrie 
of  Scotland  with  the  honnour  of  IJar- 
ronetts  and  thairin  haif  trufted  and  rec- 
ommendit  Sir  William  Alkxaxdkr 
of  Menftrie  to  his  Counfell  to  affift  him 
by  all  laughfuU  meanis  and  to  counte- 
nance the  i:)ufficnes  by  their  authoritie. 
In  like  maner  We  do  recommend  the 
faid  Sir  William  and  the  buffines  to 
your  beft  affillance  hereby  declairing 
that  we  favour  bothe  the  buffines  and 
the  perfone  that  followeth  it  in  fuche 
fort  That  your  willingnefs  to  further  it 
in  all  you  can  fall  be  vnto  us  very  ac- 
ceptable fervice  So  We  bid  you  harte- 
lie  farewell  From  the  Court  at  Theo- 
balds, the  17  of  Marche  1625." — Royal 
Letters,  Charters,  and  TraHs,  Edin- 
burgh,  1867,  p.  22. 

°'  The  curious  ftudent  will  be  inter- 
efted  in  the  following  account  of  this 
charter  by  Horace  Walpole.  The 
"prefent  Earl"  to  whom  he  refers,  in 
the  extrafl  given  below,  was  our  Amer- 
ican General  Alexander,  a  diflin- 
guiOied  officer  in  our  Revolutionary 
war,  who  had  a  few  years  previoufly 
claimed  and  affumed  the  title  :  — 

"  The  prefent  Earl  of   Stirling  re- 


ceived from  a  relation  an  old  box  of 
neglected  writings,  among  which  he 
found  the  original  commiffion  of 
Charles  I.  a])p()inting  his  Lordfliip's 
predeceffor  Alexander,  Earl  of  Stir- 
ling, commander  in  chief  of  Nova- 
Scotia,  with  the  confirmation  of  the 
grant  of  tliat  province  made  by  James 
I.  In  the  initial  letter  are  the  portraits 
of  the  King  fitting  on  the  throne  deliv- 
ering the  patent  to  the  Earl,  and  round 
the  border  reprefentalions  in  miniature 
of  the  curtoms,  huntings,  fifliings,  and 
productions  of  the  country,  all  in  the 
higheil  prefervation,  and  fo  admirai^ly 
executed  that  it  was  believed  of  the 
pencil  of  Vandyke.  But  as  I  know  no 
infi:ance  of  that  mafier  having  painted 
in  this  manner,  I  cannot  doubt  but  it 
was  tlie  work  of  Norgate,  allowed  the 
best  illuminator  of  that  age,  and  gener- 
ally employed,  fays  Fuller,  to  make  the 
initial  letters  in  the  patents  of  Peers 
and  commiffions  of  Embafladors." — ■ 
Aneedotes  of  Painting,  by  Horace  Wal- 
pole, London,  1782,  p.  32. 

"'  The  error  in  the  following  ftate- 
ment  of  Mr.  Burton  is  too  obvious  to 
need  comment:  "He  [Sir  William 
Alexander]  was  authorized  to  divide 
this  territory  into  a  thoufand  allot- 
ments, and  to  offer  the  dignity  of  a 
baronet  to  every  a(i\  cuturer  who  fiiould 
take  charge  <i  an  allotment."  —  llif- 
tory  of  Scotland,  by  John  Hill  Burton, 
Edinburgh,  1870,  Vol.  VI.  p.  341. 


'  'J  -  " 


I 


Mk 


f  .'B 


54 


Memoir  of 


x\ 


ftV'i:! 


.   '  ''•■  It.  ■  •' 


But  in  the  mean  time  a  fomewhat  formidable  oppofition 
had  fprung  up  among  the  fmall  Barons  of  Scotland,  on  the 
ground  that  the  precedency  granted  to  the  new  order  was 
an  infringement  upon  the  privileges  and  dignities,  which 
had  been  pofleffed  by  them  and  their  predeceffors  in  all 
former  times,  and  they  therefore  petitioned  the  King  to 
fufpend  this  precedency  until  the  Plantation,  for  the  fur- 
therance of  which  this  dignity  was  to  be  conferred,  fliould 
be  adlually  made  by  the  ui.d'^^rtakers.  The  fubje6l  was 
brought  before  the  Convention  of  Eftates.  Sir  William  ap- 
peared before  them,  oppofmg  the  petition  on  two  grounds. 
Firfl,  that  the  King's  prerogative  would  admit  of  no  fort  of 
oppofition ;  and,  fecond,  that  the  fufpenfion  of  the  prece- 
dency would  fruflrate  the  whole  Plantation.  The  Conven- 
tion, however,  does  not  appear  to  have  been  either  convinced 
or  intimidated,  and  voted  to  join  with  the  fmall  Barons  in 
their  petition  to  the  King. 

The  temper  of  Charles  was  evidently  not  fo  well  under- 
ftood  at  that  time  as  at  a  later  period,  otherwife  the  Con- 
vention would  hardly  have  \entured  to  criticife,  either  on 
the  ground  of  policy  or  propriety,  the  royal  prerogative  in 
a  matter  of  this  fort. 

The  King  adminiftered  to  the  complainants  a  rebuke  for 
their  interference,  informing  them  at  the  fame  time  that  they 
were  quite  at  liberty  to  avail  themfelves  of  the  new  honor  on 
the  fame  terms  offered  to  others ;  and  he  moreover  ordered, 
what  had  not  before  been  permitted,  that  the  eldeft  fons  of 
Knights  Baronets,  who  defired  it,  fliould  be  knighted  when 
they  had  arrived  at  the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  without  any 
charges  or  expenfes,  except  the  ordinary  clerical  fees. 

The 


Sir  William  Alexander. 


55 


The  hoftility  of  the  fmall  Barons  having  thus  been  thwarted, 
the  way  was  again  clear  for  Sir  William  to  urge  forward  his 
enterprife,  without  at  leafl  any  effective  oppofition. 

About  this  time,  the  fpring  of  1626,  William  Vaughan, 
of  Caermarthen  in  Wales,  a  Dodtor  of  the  Civil  Law,  a 
poet  and  fcholar  of  diflin6lion,  who  had  for  fome  years  been 
attempting  to  plant  a  colony  in  Newfoundland,  was  attend- 
ing at  court  on  bufinefs  relating  to  his  plantation  and  to 
the  fifliing  intereft,  where  Sir  William  Alexander  made  his 
acquaintance. 

Dr.  Vaughan  was  at  the  fame  time  publifliing  a  book, 
one  obje61;  of  which  was  to  create  a  wider  public  intereft  in 
colonial  enterprife.  To  render  his  theme  more  attra6live, 
and  to  garnilh  his  work  with  the  learning  which  the  tafte 
of  the  age  feemed  to  demand,  he  fummons  the  deities  of 
ancient  fable,  and  caufes  them  to  take  part  in  the  difcuffion 
of  fubjedts  of  profound  pradical  importance.  In  an  intro- 
du6lory  chapter,  which  appears  to  have  been  prefixed  after 
the  reft  of  the  volume  had  been  written,  and  in  which  this 
fabulous  acceffory  is  difpenfed  with,  he  reports  a  converfa- 
tion  that  took  place  between  himfelf.  Sir  William  Alexan- 
der, and  Mr.  William  Elvefton,  at  that  time  cup-bearer  to 
the  King.  The  meeting  of  thefe  gentlemen  took  place  at 
the  chambers  of  Sir  William,  and  at  his  appointment.  The 
report,  if  not  ipfijfwiis  verbis,  was  plainly  fatisfa6lory  to  the 
fpeakers,  as  it  was  printed  that  fame  year,  and  undoubtedly 
with  their  knowledge  and  concurrence.  What  Sir  William 
faid  at  this  interview  is  here  introduced,  as  fetting  forth 
the  importance  which  he  attached  to  colonization,  and  the 

obftacles 


h;. 


J 

r" 


S6 


Memoir  of 


f      .' 


obftacles   that    prefentcd  thcmfclvcs   mofl  llrongly  to   his 
mind. 

Dr.  Vaughan,  in  a  fomcwhat  Grandifonian  way,  fays, 
"  All  three  of  us  being  met  together,  this  learned  knight, 
with  a  joyful  countenance  and  alacrity  of  mind,  taking  me 
by  the  hand,  thus  began  : "  — 

"  I  have  oftentimes  wifhed  to  confer  with  you,  but  until  this  prefent, 
I  could  not  find  the  opportunity.  It  is  neceflary,  and  this  neceility 
jumps  with  the  fympathy  of  our  conjlcllations^  (for  I  think  we  were 
born  both  under  the  fame  Ilorojcope,)  that  we  advife  and  devifc  fome 
Project  for  the  proceedings  and  fuccefsful  managing  of  our  Plantations. 
As  you  obtained  a  Patent  of  the  Southcrnmojl  part  of  N'c~vfo?indlattd, 
and  tranfplantcd  thither  fome  of  your  countrymen  of  Walcs^  baptiiiiig 
the  fame  by  the  name  of  CambrioU ;  fo  have  I  got  a  Patent  of  the 
neiglibouring  Country  unto  yours  Wedward  beyond  Cape  Breton^ 
Chriftning  it  New  Scotland.  You  have  fpent  much,  and  fo  have  I,  in 
advancing  thefe  hopeful  Adventures. 

"  But  as  yet  neither  of  us  [fie?]  arrived  at  the  Haven  of  our  cxi^edla- 
tions.  Only,  like  a  wary  Politician^  you  fufpend  your  breath  for  a 
time,  until  you  can  repair  your  lolFes  fuftained  by  fome  of  Sir  Walter 
RaleigJCs  Cotnpany  in  their  return  from  Guiana.,  while  your  Neigh- 
bours, the  Right  Honourable.,  the  Lord  Vifcount  Falkland.,  and  my 
Lord  Baltimore.,  to  whom  you  affigned  the  Northerly  part  of  your 
Grants  do  vmdergoe  the  whole  burden,  fupporting  it  with  brave  rcfolu- 
tion,  and  a  great  deal  of  expenfe,  which  otherwife  you  were  obliged  to 
performe.  The  like  inconveniences  I  have  felt,  even  in  the  infancy  of 
my  Attempt.,  whether  the  defcdls  proceeded  through  the  late  feafon 
of  the  year,  when  we  fet  out  the  Colony.,  or  by  the  flownefs  of  our 
People,  wlio,  wearied  in  their  paflTage  at  fea  by  reafon  of  contrary 
winds,  reflcd  themfclves  too  long  at  Saint  John^s  Harbor.,  and  at  tny 
Lord  of  Baltimore's  Plantation.,  I  knowe  not;  but  fure  I  am,  it  cofl; 
me  and  my  friends  very  dear,  and  brought  us  into  much  decrements ; 
and  hath  well-nigh  dilheartened  my  poor  countrymen.,  if  at  my  humble 

Suit, 


■^^>  William  Alexander. 


Suit,  our  mojl  JVoi/c  a„J  r  ^  '' 

had  now  I  "he  fi  rt       '  '™P'="«"t^ -kI  do,.eftic Cm"'^'  °'  "'""'^ 

uiem  to  tlie  pr,fti„e  and  anf;»„t    ■  '^  °'  ^f»"k  ever  re 

»»«,  whieh  heretofore  wis  di^^lTr''™'' »"''  ^"ili'y-     ^wS 

Fleece,  grows  out  of  req„rft  v  ^  /     f  """'  "'^  "«=  o{  a.^of/f 

w  contempt  nlfo  arao„"u  fn^  "'  *•■""''  "''*  ''"'^ard  grief  l\     I     l 

hook 


I 


S8 


Memoir  of 


W 


hook  or  by  crook,  by  Letters  of  Mart,  by  way  of  reprifals  or  revenge, 
or  elfe  by  TrafKck  and  Commerce  with  other  nations  befides  Span- 
iards. I  woiiUl  we  could  invent  and  hit  upon  fome  profitable  means 
for  the  fettling  of  thefe  glorious  works,  whereto  it  fcems  the  divine 
Providence  hath  eleiSted  us  as  inllruments  under  our  Earthly  Sov- 


eratgne 


»fi3 


But  notwithftanding  the  want  of  intereft  on  the  part  of 
capitalifls  generally  in  the  enterprife  of  colonization,  by 
which  Sir  William  was  greatly  perplexed,  he  did  not  him- 
felf  give  over  his  efforts  or  intermit  his  labors. 

The  oppofition  of  the  fmall  Barons,  to  which  allufion  has 
been  made,  though  unfuccefsful,  undoubtedly  retarded  for 
a  time  his  progrefs  in  the  extraordinary  method  of  raifing 
funds  by  the  creation  of  Knights  Baronets,  as  only  nine 
candidates  offered  themfelves  during  the  year  1626,  while 

nineteen 


"  The  title  of  this  Angular  work  by 
Dr.  Vaughan,  from  which  this  extract 
is  made,  is  "  The  Golden  Fleece,  tranf- 
ported  from  Cambrioll  Colchos  out  of 
the  Soutliermofl  Part  of  tiie  I  (land  com- 
monly called  the  New-found-land  by 
Orpheus  Junior.  London,  1626,  4to." 
The  ifland  of  Newfoundland  is  in  the 
form  of  a  triangle,  with  its  bafe  on  the 
fouth.  The  fouth-eaflern  angle  was 
granted  to  Dr.  Vaughan,  which  he 
called  Cambriol,  where  h^^  planted  a 
Welsh  colony,,  and  wher  he  refided 
feveral  years. 

Sir  Henry  Carey  obtained  a  grant 
and  made  a  fettlement  on  the  north, 
adjoining  Cambriol,  at  a  place  called 
Renouze.  He  was  a  Scottifh  noble- 
man, made  a  peer  of  .Scotland  in  1620, 
under  the  title  of  V^ifcount  Falkland, 
and  was  afterward  Lord  Lieutenant  of 
Ireland. 

Sir  George  Calvert,  created  a  peer  in 


1624,  with  the  title  of  Baron  of  Balti- 
more, had  a  grant  ilill  further  north, 
and  made  a  iettlement  at  Ferryland. 
He  called  his  plantation  Avelon,  the 
ancient  name  of  Glaflonbury,  where,  it 
is  faid,  Chrillianity  was  firlt  preached 
in  Britain.  The  controlling  motive  of 
Calvert  was  to  eftablifli  a  colony  of 
Roman  Catholics,  where  it  would  be 
free  from  any  interference  of  the  Eltab- 
liflied  Church  of  England.  He  refided 
at  Ferryland  feveral  years  ;  but  the 
climate  was  too  rugged  and  the  foil  too 
flerile,  and  he  finally  abandoned  the 
undertaking.  He  made  a  fuccefsful 
application  for  a  grant  of  Maryland ; 
but  he  died  before  his  patent  paffed  the 
feals,  and  it  was  immediately  given  to 
his  fon,  Cecil  Calvert,  who  fucceeded 
to  the  titles  and  eftates  of  his  father. 
The  latter  was  the  founder  of  Mary- 
land ;  and  the  name  of  its  metropolis, 
Baltimore,  is  a  memorial  of  the  family. 


Sir  William  Alexander. 


59 


nineteen  had  been  fecured  in  the  lafl  fcven  months  of  the 
preceding  year.  The  number,  however,  foon  incrcafcd,  and 
in  1627  thirteen  were  added,  and  in  1628  twenty-two;  but 
from  that  period  the  interefl  declined,  the  average  number 
being  only  five  annually  for  the  next  ten  years,  when,  in 
1638,  all  additions  ceafcd. 

The  whole  number  of  names  regiftcrcd  for  the  honor 
was  about  one  hundred  and  thirteen.  If  the  fum  of  a 
thoufand  merks  each  was  a61:ually  paid  to  Sir  William,  of 
which  there  is  reafon  to  doubt,  the  aggregate  could  not 
have  been  far  from  thirty  thoufand  dollars  in  gold.  Mak- 
ing all  allowance  for  the  greater  relative  value  of  money  at 
that  time,  as  compared  with  the  prefent,  this  would  have 
been  but  an  inconfiderable  fum  in  remuneration  for  his 
perfonal  expenditures  and  interefl  in  the  colonization  of 
New  Scotland. 

But  while  great  efforts  were  made  to  increafe  the  num- 
ber of  Knights  Baronets,  and  thus  to  acquire  the  means 
needed  for  the  enterprife.  Sir  William  was  by  no  means 
indifferent  or  ina6live  in  the  matter  of  actually  tranfporting 
colonifls  and  laying  the  foundations  of  a  plantation.  The 
time  had  come  when  fuch  a  movement  could  no  longer  be 
deferred. 

The  French  began  to  appreciate  the  importance  of  their 
American  poffeffions,  and  were  refolved  to  profecute  the 
work  of  colonization  with  renewed  vigor  :  they  had,  accord- 
ingly, early  in  the  fpring  of  1627,  infpired  by  Cardinal  de 
Richelieu,  formed  an  affociation,  endowed  with  great  pow- 
ers and  privileges,  flyled  the  Company  of  New  France,  or 

the 


!: 


it 


I 


\    \ 


''\ 


•  -ix 


6o 


Memoir  of 


the  Hundred  Affociates,  which  bound  itfclf  to  tranfport  as 
colonics,  to  their  territories  in  America,  during  the  firft 
year,  two  or  three  hundred  men  of  all  trades,  and,  within 
fifteen  years,  not  lefs  than  four  thoufand  French  people, 
of  both  fexes/''  This  undertaking  was  more  hopeful  of 
fucccfs,  in  all  its  ar})ed:s,  than  any  that  had  preceded  it. 

As  the  boundaries  between  the  French  and  Englifli  were 
unfettled,  and  their  claims  widely  confli6ling,  there  was  great 
danger  that  New  Scotland  might  be  occupied  and  claimed 
by  the  French  :  it  was,  therefore,  a  matter  of  immediate  in- 
tereft  to  Sir  William  Alexander  to  have  an  a61;ual  Scottilh 
fettlement  made  upon  his  territory,  and  remotely  this  obje(5t 
would  be  affured  by  uprooting  and  expelling  the  French 
from  American  foil. 

A  war  had  been  precipitated  upon  the  French  this  fame 
year,  through  the  influence  of  Buckingham,  the  prime 
minifler  of  England,  mainly  to  gratify  a  perfonal  pique,  but 
oflenfibly  for  the  relief  of  the  Huguenots  of  Rochelle.  This 
war  offered  a  legitimate  pretext  and  favorable  opportunity 
for  accomplifliing  this  mofl  important  defign. 

Countenanced  and  aided  by  the  King,  Sir  William  devoted 

his 


"  The  number  of  colonifts  which  the 
Company  of  New  France  promifed  to 
fend  to  America  has  been  greatly  ex- 
aggerated. By  fome  writers  it  has 
been  ftated  to  have  been  fix  thoufand, 
and  by  others  even  fixteen  thoufand. 
Creuxius,  who  wrote  not  more  than 
thirty-feven  years  after  the  formation 
of  the  company,  is  perhaps  the  bed 
authority :  — 

"Vt  curatores  ii  eo  ipfo  anno  duo- 
detricefimo,  fupra  millefimum  fexcen- 


tefimum,  Gallos  ad  daccntos  trecen- 
to fve  in  Nouam-Franciam  traducerent, 
turn  fubinde  pergerentita,  vt  poft  annos 
quindecim  ad  quater  mille  viri  et  mull- 
eres,  omnes  omnino  et  Galli  et  Ortho- 
doxi  numerarentur,  peregrinis  prorfus 
exclufis." —  Creuxius,  Hijloria  Cana- 
deiijls,  Paris,  1664,  p.  15.  See  alfo 
Faillon,  Hijioire  de  la  Colonic  Fran- 
<^aise  en  Canada^  Tome  I.  p.  230-231  ; 
Firjl  Ene;liJIi  Conqiie/l  of  Canada,  by 
Henry  Kirke,  London,  1871,  p.  49. 


'v.. 


Sir  Williavi  Alexander. 


6i 


his  whole  energies  and  refources  in  1627,  in  fending  out  an 
armament  for  this  purpofe  under  the  command  and  conjoint 
cxpenfe  of  Sir  David  Kirk. 

The  fuccefs  of  Kirk  equalled  the  mofl  fanguine  exjjedla- 
tions.  In  the  feveral  expeditions  which  he  made  he  cajitured 
a  French  fleet  of  18  tranfports  with  135  pieces  of  ordnance, 
fent  out,  by  the  Company  of  New  France  to  which  we  have 
alluded,  to  fortify  their  American  plantations  :  he  took  pof- 
feffion  of  Port  Royal,  and  left  a  Scotch  colony,  under  Sir 
William  Alexander,  junior,  as  Governor,  to  which  we  fliall 
refer  more  at  length  in  the  fequel,  and  finally  demanded 
and  received  the  furrcnder  of  Quebec,  thus  extinguilhing 
all  French  power  on  the  northern  coafls  of  America. 

While  thefe  conquefts  were  going  forward,  the  war  be- 
tween France  and  England  was  brought  to  a  termination. 
The  articles  of  peace  were  f^^ned  on  the  24th  of  April, 
1629,  and  provided  that  for  whatever  had  been  taken  dur- 
ing the  war,  as  prizes,  no  reftitution  fliould  be  made  on 
either  fide ;  but  whatever  fliould  be  taken  by  either  during 
the  fpace  of  two  months  after  this  date  fliould  be  reflored.^^ 

By  this  agreement  it  was  obvious  that  Quebec,  taken  fome 
weeks  after  the  flgning  of  the  articles  of  peace,  was  to  be 
given  up,  but  whether  Port  Royal  was  fubje^t  to  the  fame 
rule  was  a  debatable  queflion. 

The  King  addrefffcd  communications  to  his  Privy  Coun- 
cil of  Scotland,  and  to  the  Convention  of  Eflates,  afking 
counfel  and  information.  Both  of  thefe  bodies  urged  the 
great  importance  of  maintaining  the  Royal  rights  to  thefe 

lands, 

**  Rufliworth's  Hiftorical  Colledions,  London,  1680,  Vol.  II.  p.  25. 


ti 


62 


Memoir  of 


lands,  and  the  undertakers  in  their  peaceable  poffeffion.'* 
Sir  William  Alexander  was  deputed  to  draw  up,  and  prefent 
to  his  Majcfly,  their  reafons  in  full. 

The  fubflancc  of  Sir  William's  argument  was,  that  as 
foon  as  it  had  been  known,  fixteen  years  before  this,  that 
the  French  had  made  a  fettlement  at  Port  Royal,  on  foil 
belongiiig  both  by  difcovery  and  poffeffion  to  the  crown 
of  Great  Britain,  they  had  been  difpoffeffed  by  Sir  Samuel 
Argall,  and  that  the  alTent  of  the  French  King  had  been 
virtually  given,  by  failing  to  make  any  private  complaint,  or 
to  oppofe  it  by  any  public  a(51;.^^  That,  after  the  breaking 
up  of  the  fettlement  by  Argall,  a  remnant  of  the  French  flill 
continued  to  dwell  in  the  country,  but  were  wholly  neglected 
by  the  French  government,  and  that  their  recent  diilodg- 
mcnt  was  what  might  have  been  properly  done  in  the  time 
of  profound  peace ;  that  the  French  had  no  rights  there 
whatever;  that  no  a61;  of  war  or  hoflility  had  been  commit- 
ted againfl  them,  and  therefore  that  the  "bufmeffe  of  Port 
Royal"  did  not  come  within  the  purview  of  the  "articles  of 
the  peace." 

But,  notwithflanding  the  plaufible  character  of  this  flate- 

ment, 


^  Royal  Letters,  Charters,  and 
Trafls,  Edinburgh,  1867,  p.  60  ;  Cal- 
endar of  State  Papers,  Col.  Series, 
1574-1660,  Sainfhvn-y,  p.  no. 

"  The  claim  of  the  Englifli  to  the 
northeallern  coaft  of  America  by  right 


tyne  Colleflion  of  Royal  Letters,  Char- 
ters, and  Trafts,  Edinburgh,  1SC7,  pp. 
61-63. 

By  an  Order  in  Council,  Jan.  2,  1613- 
14,  it  appears  that  a  feeble  proteft  was 
prefented    by  the   French    amliaffador 


of  difcovery,  as  ftated  by  Sir  William  againll  the  proceedings  of  Sir  Samuel 
Alexander  in  this  argument  for  holding  Argall;  but  not  fo  much  for  his  in- 
Port  Royal,  will  be  interefting  to  the  fringement  upon  national  rights,  as 
ftudent  of  hiftory,  as  exhil)iting  the  upon  j^rivate  property.  —  New  York 
view  entertained  on  this  fuljjeft  in  1630.  Colonial  Documents^  Vol.  III.  pp.  1-2. 
It  may  be  found  in  full  in  the  Banna- 


Sir  Williavi  Alexander, 


63 


mcnt,  there  was,  undoubtedly,  a  I'rcnch  fide  to  the  queflion,''" 
which  added,  perhaps,  to  the  infignificance  of  the;  fettlcment 
itfelf,  at  leaft  in  the  King's  opinion,  induced  Charles  I.  to 
iffue  a  warrant  ten  months  hitcr,  on  the  loth  of  July,  1631, 
to  Sir  William  Alexander,  requiring  him  to  demolilh  the 
fort  that  had  been  erecSled  by  his  fon,  as  Governor,  to  remove 
all  the  people,  and  every  thing  belonging  to  the  colony, 
leaving  the  bounds  altogether  wafte  and  unpeopled  as  be- 
fore the  plantation  had  been  undertaken. 

This  removal  accordingly  took  place,  and  as  a  compenfa- 
tion  for  the  loffes  fufiained  in  the  breaking  up  of  the  col- 
ony, the  King  foon  after  fent  a  warrant,  or  draft  upon  the 
treafury  of  Scotland,  to  pay  to  Sir  William  Alexander  the 
fum  of  ^10,000  flerling. 

No  definite  narrative  of  the  beginning,  progrefs,  or  end 
of  this  colony  has  been  left  us.  A  few  hints  of  what  it 
mufl  have  been  may  be  gathered  out  of  certain  letters  and 
documents,  to  which  we  may  briefly  allude. 

On 


°*  The  Rev.  Thomas  Prince  inti- 
mates that  Charles  I.,  who  had  married 
the  fiiler  of  Louis  XIII.,  was  induced 
to  give  up  his  poiTeflion  of  Canada  and 
La  Cadie,  in  order  to  obtain  the  half  of 
the  queen's  portion,  Avhich  remained  up 
to  that  time  unpaid.  It  feems  moft 
likely  that,  in  addition  to  the  king's  de- 
fire  to  obtain  this  needed  fum  of  money, 
he  was  liitisfied  that  the  Company  of 
New  France,  under  Richelieu  as  its 
head,  was  about  to  take  armed  poiTef- 
fion,  nolens  volens^  and  therefore  acted 
on  the  maxim  that  difcretion  is  the  bet- 
ter part  of  valor.  —  Prince  Annals, 
Bofton,  1826,  p.  416.  "The  court  of 
England,  at  the  inftance  of  Lord  Mon- 
tague," fays  Charlevoix,  "  reftored  with 
a  good  grace  what  France  was  prepar- 


ing to  take  by  force."  Mr.  John  Pory, 
in  a  letter  to  Sir  Thomas  Puckering 
on  the  13th  of  January,  1630-31,  ftates 
the  half  of  the  queen's  portion  to  be 
^120,000.  He  adds:  "Do  you  think 
that  the  French,  being  fo  exhaulk-d  by 
their  wars,  would  part  with  fuch  heaps 
of  treafure  for  notiiing  ?  No  :  you  may 
be  fure  they  would  not.  The  bait, 
therefore,  to  allure  them  thereunto,  is 
the  fort  of  Kel^eck.  in  Canada,  to  get 
it  out  of  Captain  Kirk's  clutches  ;  the 
trade  of  beavers  and  otters,  which  they 
want  to  enjoy  by  the  polTeffion  whereof, 
having  been  worth  unto  them,  coniiiiu- 
nibns  nnnis,  ^30,000  by  year."  —  Court 
and  limes  of  Charles  /.,  by  Tiiomas 
Birch,  D.D.,  London,  1849,  ^"1-  ^^■ 
p.  90. 


Ijj 


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■vim  pujpjHH«i.(mi.w,(H»ip|i(,  i«i,i;^n)ii,'.- 


64 


Memoir  of 


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I 


ifcli 


On  the  loth  of  March,  1627,  the  King  dlre6led  the  Earl 
of  Marlborough  to  allow  the  good  (hip  called  the  "  Eagle,"  at 
that  time  lying  in  the  Thames,  laden  with  powder,  ord- 
nance, and  other  provifions  for  the  ufe  of  a  plantation, 
ordained  to  be  made  in  New  Scotland,  and  ior  the  ufe  of 
another  fliip  at  Dumbarton  in  Scotland,  which  is  likewife 
to  go  for  the  faid  plantation  of  New  Scotland,  to  pais  from 
the  Thames,  as  being  for  the  King's  particular  fervice, 
witliout  paying  cuflom,  fubfidy,  or  any  other  duty,  and  free 
from  any  other  let  or  impediment. 

On  the  26th  of  March,  1628,  we  find  Charles  I.  giving  a 
pafs  to  Sir  William  Alexander,  Ton  to  Sir  William,  the 
Secretary  of  Scotland,  for  four  fnips,  to  be  fent  out  to 
Newfoundland,  the  River  o{  Canada,  and  New  Scotland, 
for  fettling  colonies  in  thoie  parts,  and  for  other  lawful 
affairs. 

On  the  23d  of  April,  of  the  fame  year,  a  coL->miflion  was 
iffued  to  flieriffs,  bailiffs,  and  other  officers,  to  apprehend 
and  bring  to  puniflmrient  fuch  perfons  as  had  entered  into 
engagements  with  Sir  William  Alexander,  to  be  tranfported 
for  the  plantation  of  New  Scotland,  but  had  "abandoned 
that  fervice  and  runne  away." 

In  a  petition  to  the  King,  relating  to  New'Scotland,  by 
certain  Lords,  dated  the  i8th  November,  1628,  they  fay, 
"  we  ar  verie  hopefull  that  as  the  faid  Sir  William  Alexan- 
der has  fent  furth  his  fonne  with  a  colonic  to  plant  there 
this  laft  yeere,  fo  it  fall  be  fecunded,"  &c. 

In  a  letter  of  the  King  to  the  Council,  on  the  17th  of 
0(5lober,  1629,  he  afks  them  to  take  meafures  to  raife  volun- 
tary 


Sir  William  Alexander. 


65 


tary  ccntributi'ons  to  aid  in  fending  out  feltlers  for  New 
Scotland,  from  fome  of  the  Highland  clans,  and  he  approves 
of  this  method  of  advancing  the  plantation,  "and  for  dcbor- 
dening  that  our  kingdome  of  tha^  race  of  people  which,  in 
former  tiines,  hade  bred  foe  many  ti -rubles  ther."^'' 

On  the  17th  of  November  of  the  fainc  year  the  King,  in 
a  communication  to  the  Cou  'cil  in  relation  to  a  badcj:e  to  be 
worn  by  the  Knights  Baronets  of  New  Scotland,  and  other 
matters  relating  to  them,  fays.  Sir  William  Alexander,  our 
principal  fecretary,  "  whoe  thefe  many  yeirs  bygone  has 
been  at  great  charges  for  the  difcoverie  thareof,  hath  now 
in  end  fetled  a  Colonic  thare,  where  his  fone.  Sir  Williame, 
is  now  refident." 

The  Kins:  alfo  addreffed  the  following:  letter  to  Sir  Wil- 
Ham,  the  younger,  while  governor  of  New  Scotland,  bearing 
date  May  13,  1630:  — 

"  Truftie,  &c.  Heaving  wnderftood  by  your  letter,  and  more  ample 
by  report  of  others,  of  the  good  fuccefs  of  your  voyage,  and  of  the 
careful!  and  provident  proccedhig  for  planting  of  a  colonie  at  Port 
Ro)^all,  which  may  be  a  means  to  fettle  all  that  cuntrie  in  obedience. 
We  give  you  hartlie  thanks  for  tlie  fame,  anc'  doe  wifh  you  (as  wee 
are  confident  you  will,)  to  contincw,  as  you  havj  begune,  that  the  wai-k 
may  be  brought  to  the  intendit  perfedlione  ;  which  wee  will  efteem  as 
one  of  the  moft  fmgulare  fervices  done  vnto  ws,  and  of  you  accordinglie, 
and  of  everie  one  of  your  company,  that  have  been  good  inltrumcnts  in 
the  fame,  as  wee  fhall  luive  a  t'litimonie  of  them  from  you.  Soe  rec- 
ommending vnto  you  that  you  have  a  fpecial  care  before  you  return,  to 
tak  a  good  coarfo  for  government  of  the  Colonie  during  your  abfence 
Wee  bid  you  farewell.     Whitehall,  the  13  day  of  May  1630." 

The 

"  See  Royal  Letters,  Charters,  and  Tra<5ls,  Edinburgh,  1867,  p.  48. 

S 


J 


■!    i 


'1 


^(1 


1'  -iiJ 


„,/l 


""».»  J    jl^V"' 


66 


(•' 


I  ;•,' 


i  ^ 


I- 


i*i 


'  i  w ; 


ir 


r 


Me77toir  of 


The  colony  referred  to  in  thefe  paffages  was  fent  out 
in  the  fummcr  of  1628,  under  the  charge  of  Sir  WilHam 
Alexander,  junior,  as  Governor,  and  fettled  at  Port  Royal. 
A  few  of  the  old  French  colonifts,  who  had  not  been  tranf- 
ported  to  France  after  Captain  Argall  had  broken  up  the 
fettlement  in  161 3,  were  found  in  poffeffion.  Claude  La 
Tour  was  in  chief  command,  who  appears  to  have  received 
the  Scotch  with  cordiality  and  to  have  yielded  readily  to  the 
newadminiflration.  The  Indians  of  that  region  alfo  entered 
into  a  friendlv  alliance  with  the  Governor,  fele6lin2:  one  of 
their  number.  Sagamore  Segipt,  to  vifit  England  and  crave 
from  the  King  prote6lion  againfl:  the  French.  This  embaffy 
was  accomplifhed  in  1630,  and  the  King's  protecftion  af- 
fured.'"' 

We  prefume  the  colony  was  not  numerous  or  com:^ofed 

A 


^  The  Rev.  Jofeph  Alead,  in  a  letter 
dated  Chrilt  College,  Feb.  12,  1629-30, 
to  Sir  Martin  Stuteville,  fays  :  "Tliere 
came  lart  week  to  Loiidon,  the  kinj^, 
queen  and  young  j^rince  of  New  Scot- 
land, wliich  is  tiie  wcf,  ,Tic)  part  of  that 
tracl  wliicii  was  in  tlie  patent,  wliich  Sir 
Fcrdinando  (lorges  had  for  New  ICn^:- 
land  ;  but  lie  confented  tliat  Sir  Wil- 
liam Alexander,  a  Scot,  (liould  have  a 
patent  thereof  from  Kinj;  James,  anno 
162 1,  but  to  be  governed  by  the  laws 
and  depend  upon  tlie  King  of  England. 
.  .  ,  This  king  comes  to  be  of  our 
king's  religion,  and  to  fubmit  his  king- 
dom to  him,  and  to  become  his  hom- 
ager for  the  fame,  that  he  may  l)e  pro- 
tcfted  againfl  tlie  Frencii  of  Canada. 
Thofe  fav.iges  arrived  at  Plymoutli 
were  a  wliile  entertained  at  my  Lortl 
Poulet's,  in  Somerfetfhire,  much  made 
of,   efpecially  my  lady  of  the  favage 


queen  :  fhe  camew'ith  her  to  the  coach, 
when  they  were  to  f  ome  to  Londcm, 
put  a  ciiain  about  lier  neck  with  a  dia- 
mond valued  by  fome  at  near  ^20.  The 
favages  took  all  in  good  ])art,  but  for 
tlianks  or  acknowledgment  made  no 
fign  or  expreffion  at  all."  —  Court  and 
Tillies  of  Charles  /.,  by  Thomas  Birch, 
D.D.,  London,  1849.  Vol.  II.  p.  60. 

The  following  letter  of  Charles  I. 
was  addrelTed  to  the  Governor  of  Plym- 
outh, England,  in  December,  1629,  — 
which  evidently  relates  to  this  em- 
balfy  :  — 

I'Charles  R.] 

"Wliereas  Wee  haue  dire61:ed  Sam- 
uell  Jude,  poft  of  our  toune  of  Plim- 
moutli,to  repair  thither  for  condu6ling, 
and  bringing  liitlier  to  our  Court,  one 
of  the  commanders  of  Cannada,  attend- 
ed by  fome  others  of  tliat  countree, 
whoe  is  direded  to  ws,  in  name  of  the 

reft, 


S^r  miliam  Alexander  ^ 

thcrcontraa  by  the  aid  ofXriff  ''"''f"' '°  ^"'^^  «'e  "  to 
contrbutions  were  nee  ffLy  to  1"'  .  f 'f '  ■''^"'""^-T 
Highlanders  as  the  King  defcribo  °  .5''  ™"°^-"-i"'ed 
mates  that  if  thev  left  ,1°  '''■  '""'^  °f  «'''o.n  ',e  int; 

-nntry,,ood,wr,:fL:^r~;':;-"'''  ""^  '°-'-> 
to  J0.n  the  expedition  were  n«re  1  If  """^  •'•Pl^lications 
=":«  .nformed  that  feven  y  s't,  ^' '^  '^'"^'-  ^"rt-  We 
w,nter  tl,ere,  Probably  ,7,6  ott™"''''^  '"'"""'^'^■d  to 

ft.-'tioned  at  Port  Roya   \t^^  T""  "^  "^<^  colonifts  were 
''"?t  the  fort  at  Gran^i  L  tL'l'f^u/'^'  ^"-Po"^  "^ 
Pnmanly  to  prevent  tlie  ent  'n  °"'^"^''"g  Pol,  defigned 
AnnapohsBay.     Howe^e.-     "  ,  :  "^'^  f--'>  Aeetlnto 
Alexander  gave  the  neceffarv  diS  '""'  ^'^  William 

Forrefler,  who  was  at  that  t  me   n^™'  '°  ^^P^'-""  Andrew 
-JHe  whoie  co,ony  was  ^^^r^rL^Zf::'!:? 

four 


reft,  Wee  doe  heirlw  «r;ii       j 

you   to   irive  vntn  1,^  ^^il    and  requfre 

"t'ler,  with  alYA^h'urovS'"''^""''''^"^ 
liaue  to  brino-  ni^    P'^OY"'"»e.s  as  thev 


^'^•w,^p.  63.  ^'"'^   Indians,   fee 

rapport  qu'il^e'ftoit''mnr^T°"'■  ^^  '-^"^i 
[^'«.  cle  leptante  nu?l  eft?"'"  ^^'-•°^- 
Jiyvernemelu,  qui  ^.1  !S?"'"\  ^n  cet 
modez.''--F'  .  M  y?^/  "-  '"'^^  ■'^^•com- 
1830,  Vol.  lP?'':f'^^''^^^'/^^^«, Paris, 

^^^,  1829,  Vol.  I.  p.°4j_  S-^of'^^   Hali- 


r' 


ll 


m 


h  .1!  (t ; ! 


6S 


Memoir  of 


four  years  after  their  arrival,  and  thus  terminated  all  adiual 
plantation  by  Sir  William  Alexander  within  the  bounds  of 
New  Scotland."^ 

But  while  the  removal  of  the  colony  was  conceded  by 
Charles  I.,  and  acquiefced  in  by  Sir  William  Alexander  as 
a  neceffity,  they  by  no  means  regarded  this  conceffion  as 
carrying  with  it  their  right  to  the  foil  of  New  Scotland. 

The  treaty  of  St.  Germain  en  Laye,  of  the  29th  of  March, 
1632,  ftipulated  that  the  King  of  Great  Britain  fliould  "give 
up  and  reflore  all  the  places  in  New  France,  La  Cadie,  and 
Canada,  occupied  by  the  fubje6ls  of  his  Majefly  of  Great 
Britain,  and  to  make  them  withdraw  from  the  faid  places."^'' 

In  feveral  letters  of  Charles  I.,  of  fubfequent  date,  he 
repeatedly  dates  that  he  fimply  purpofed  to  reflore  and  put 
things  a  they  were  before  the  war,  that  he  never  had  any 
intention  of  quitting  his  right  or  title  to  New  Scotland,  and 
gives  the  llrongcft  alTurances  that  he  would  protect  his 
fubjeds,  who  fliould  undertake  to  eflablifli  colonies  there, 
or  engage  in  trade. 

There  is  evidence,  diflincl  and  conclufive,  that  it  was 
mutually  undeiftood  by  the  French  and  Englifli,  that  tlie 

latter 


*^  Ferland,  as  quoted  by  Mr.  Mur- 
doch, rcprcrents  that  there  were  a  hio!- 
dred  Scotch  colonics  left  at  Port  Rc.yal 
at  one  time,  pioliably  in  i'''-29;  he  alfo 
fay?  that  the  colony,  tinatly  recei^  intf 
no  liiccor,  wore  beleaguered  by  ti.o  In- 
dians, and  all  t'e.11  viftims  to  the  lavages 
or  difeafe,  one  iaaiily  only  efcaping. 
This  latti'i  ihUement  may  refer  to  a 
rem.nant  which  may  not  ha^e  been  re- 
movetl  by  Sir  VVdliam  Alexander. — 
Murdoch  s  A'oi'ii  Scoiia,  Halifax,  '865, 
Vol.  1.  pp.  76,  79. 


*•*  Treaty  of  St.  Germain  en  Laye, 
29th  March,   1632  :  — 

"Art.  III.  De  la  part  de  fa  Majeftt< 
de  la  Crande  Eretagne,  le  dit  .Sieur  Aia- 
baffadeur,  en  vertu  du  pouvoir  qu'il  a 
lequel  fera  infcrd  en  tin  des  prefentes, 
a  proniis  et  promot,  pouv  et  au  nom  de 
fadite  Majelle,  de  nndre  et  reftituer  a 
fa  M.ijelle  tres  Chrctienne  tons  les 
lieux  occupees  en  la  Nuuvelle  France, 
!a  C.iiiie  et  Canatla  par  le.s  fujets  de  fa 
Majell(5  de  la  (J -ande  IJretagne,  iccux 
faire  retirer  defdits  lieux,"  &c. 


Sir  William  Alexander. 


69 


latter  did  not  by  the  furrendcr  of  Port  Royal,  or  the  re- 
moval of  the  Scotch  colony,  invalidate  any  previous  right 
or  title  which  they  may  have  had  to  the  foil.  This  is 
plainly  apparent  in  the  manifefto  of  Charles  I.,  iffued  at  the 
palace  at  Greenwich  on  the  28th  July,  1631,  in  which  the 
reafons  and  conditions  for  delivering  up  Port  Royal,  not 
including  Canada  or  any  other  territories,  are  fpeciall}' 
ftated,  and  in  which  he  declares  that  the  furrendcr  is  to  be 
made  without  prejudice  to  his  own  right  c  title,  or  that  of 
his  fubje6ls  for  ever. 

The  language  of  the  treaty  is  harmonious  with  this  man- 
ifefto, and  entirely  confiflent  with  the  King's  oft-repeated 
and  emphatic  ftatements."^  The  giving  up  and  rcftoring 
all  places  in  La  Cadie,  occtipicd  by  the  Englifli,  was  not 
giving  up  La  Cadie  itfelf.  It  is  to  be  obfervcd  that  the 
boundaries  of  the  territories  claimed  by  the  French  and 
Englifli,  on  our  north-eaftcrn  coafl,  were  at  that  time  wholly 
undefined.  Patents  had  been  granted  by  both,  covering 
the  fame  territory. 

The    patent   of    La    Cadie,  granted   by   Henry   IV.  of 

France, 


'^  The  following:  excerpt  from  the 
manifefto  or  patent  of  Cliarles  I.,  pro 
rci^c  Galloruiit^  al)ove  referred  to,  will 
fliow  that  he  intcntled  Louis  XIII.  to 
underftand  full)-,  that  in  rcniovinjj;  the 
occupants  of  Port  Royal  he  did  not 
furrendcr  Iiis  ri<;ht  to  the  tcrriton,-;  — 

"  Confenfimus  defertionem  facere  for- 
talicii  feu  caftrl  et  hnbitatio.iis  Portus 
l^egalis,  vulijo  Port  KoycJI^  in  Nova 
Scotia,  qui  flagrante  adhuc  hello  vigore 
diplomatis  ecu  commiffionis  ful)  rcgni 
Scotiai  figillo  pro  dcreliclo  captus   et 


occupntus  fuerat,  et  illud  tamen  fine 
vllo  ]iri,'iudicio  juris  aut  titu'i  noflri  aut 
fulxlitorum  nollrorum  inpoltt-rum."  — 
Royal  Letters,  Charters,  and  Trails, 
Edinburgh,  1S67.  p.  60. 

In  the  warrant  of  Charles  I.  to  Sir 
William,  lie:i ring  date  July  10,  1631,  to 
have  tiie  colony  rcm<Aed,  he  fays  : 
"We  haue  condcfcendcnd  that  Port 
Royall  fhall  be  putt  yw.o  thee  ffate  it 
was  befor  the  beginnijig  of  the  late 
warre.  that  no  paiitie  may  have  any 
advaulage  iher  dureing  the  continuance 

of 


\\ 


m 


70 


Memoir  of 


v% 


f 

n:^ 


France,  to  De  Monts,  in  1603,"''  dcfcribcs  it  as  included 
between  the  40th  and  the  46th  degrees  of  north  latitude, 
confequently  embracing  the  whole  territory  on  our  Atlantic 
coaft,  from  a  point  as  far  fouth  as  Philadelphia,  and  extend- 
ing to  the  northern  limit  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy. 

The  patent  of    New  England,  granted   by  James   I.  of 

England, 


f,  1 


of  tlie  fame  and  without  derogation  to 
any  preceidint;;  right  or  title  be  virtue 
of  anytliing  done,  other  then  or  to  l)e 
done  by  tlie  doeiny;  of  tliat  which  we 
command  at  this  tyme  ;  "  &c.  —  Idem, 
p.  6,S. 

Tlie  above  ftatement  of  the  King  was 
reiterated  on  Feb.  19,  1632,  in  which  he 
fays  the  fignature  for  ^10,000  Iterling, 
which  he  had  granted  to  Sir  William, 
was  in  no  ways  for  quitting  his  title  or 
polTeffion  of  New  Scotland  or  any  part 
of  it,  but  fimply  to  indemnify  him  for 
his  lotTes  in  removing  his  colony  in  ful- 
filment of  the  King's  treaty  with  the 
Sovereign  of  France.  —  Idem,  ]).  72. 

Again,  on  the  14th  June,  1632,  nearly 
three  months  after  the  date  of  the  treaty 
of  St.  Germain,  the  King,  in  a  commu- 
nication to  the  Advocate  for  New  Scot- 
land, directs  him  to  draw  up  a  warrant 
to  pafs  under  the  great  feal,  tor  Sir  Wil- 
liam to  go  on,  and  that  "  he  may  have 
full  a.fi'urance  from  ws  in  7'erbo  prinei- 
pis,  t'.iat  as  Ave  have  never  meaned  to 
relinquiih  our  title  to  anj  part  of  thcfe 
countrcys  which  he  hath  by  ])atents 
from  ws,  fo  we  thall  ever  heirefter  be 
readie  by  our  gracious  favour  to  pro- 
ted  him  and  all  fuch  as  have  or  fliall 
heirefter  at  aney  tyme  concurre  with 
him,  for  the  advancement  of  the  planta- 
tions in  thefe  boundis."  —  Idem,  p.  76. 

On  die  i6th  of  June,  1632,  two  months 
anf'  a  half  after  the  figning  of  the  Treaty 
of  St.  Germain,  Sir  William  Alexander, 
in  anticipation  of  the  deligns  of  tiie 
French  in  New  Scotland,  wrote  as  fol- 


lows :  "  The  poffeffing  of  it  by  the 
French  immediatelie  vjjon  the  late  Trea- 
tie,  though  it  bee  not  warranted  by  the 
Treatie,  if  fome  f])eidie  aft  do  not  dif- 
proue  it,  will  be  held  to  be  authorifed 
by  it."  — Idem,  p.  77. 

He  proceeds  to  flate  that  the  French 
had  that  very  year  fent  300  men  to  New 
Scotland,  and  that  the  next  year  they 
intended  to  fend  ten  Ihips  with  planters. 
He  fuggells  that  a  commifiion  be  ap- 
pointed to  devife  means  for  advancing 
his  Majeily's  interells  in  thofe  parts. 

m  "  Pour  rdprefenter  notre  perfone 
au  pais,  territoires,  cotes  ct  confins  de 
la  Cadie,  h  commencer  dis  le  quaran- 
tieme  degrd  jufques  au  quarante-fix- 
ienie." — Letires  Patejites  pour  le 
Sieiir  De  Monts;  I/i/h>/re  de  lei  Xou- 
velle-I'ranec,  par  M.  Lelcarbo,  Paris, 
1866,  Vol.  II.  p.  410. 

The  bounds  of  New  France,  as  de- 
fined in  the  following  excerpt,  indicate 
liotli  the  indcfinitenefs  and  extent  of  the 
claim  to  American  territory  let  up  by 
the  French  more  than  thirty  years  after 
the  treaty  of  St.  Germain  :  — 

"  Nova;  Francia;  nonien  immenfos 
illos  traclius  defignat  America',  qu.\  ad 
Septentrioncs  obuerlitur,  a  Florida 
ulque,  hoc  cit  a  gradu  fecundo  et  tri- 
ceiinio,  ad  Circulum  Polarein,  in  latum ; 
in  longum,  ab  Infula  Terrace-Nonce^ 
quam  vocant,  ad  Magnum  Lacum, 
vulgo  Mare  diilce,  et  vltra  :  qui  ambi- 
tus vtrinque  maior  eft.  qjiam  tot.:  vetus 
Francia  pateat." — Creuxttis,  Ilijloria 
Canadeiijisy  Paris,  16C4,  p.  46. 


Sir  Williain  Alexander, 


71 


England,  to  the  Council  of  Plymouth,  on  the  3d  Novem- 
ber, 1620,  embraced  the  territory  from  fea  to  fea  lying  be- 
tween the  40th  and  the  48th  degrees  of  north  latitude,  that 
is,  from  the  latitude  of  Philadelphia  to  the  middle  of  the 
Bay  of  Chaleur,  on  the  northern  limits  of  the  province  of 
New  Brunfwick. 

It  is  plain  from  thefe  two  patents,  to  fay  nothing  of  ear- 
lier and  lefs  definite  ones,  that  the  territory  in  queflion  was 
claimed  both  by  the  French  and  the  Englifh. 

As  the  treaty  of  1632  did  not  eflablifh  the  boundary 
between  the  two  nations,  or  refer  to  it  in  any  way,  but 
fimply  provided  for  the  furrcnder  of  the  places  taken  in 
the  late  war,  and  the  removal  of  the  colonics  who  had  fet- 
tled in  them,  that  every  thing  might  be  as  it  was  before 
hoflilities  commenced,  it  is  obvious  that  it  left  the  claim 
w^hich  each  put  forth  to  the  territory  precifely  where  it  was 
before. 

Whether  the  French  or  the  Englifli  w^ere  right  in  the 
claim  which  they  laid  to  this  territory,  is  a  queftion  which 
we  need  not  at  thi  j  time  decide,  or  even  difcufs.  It  is 
a  problem  which,  at  that  period,  the  two  nations  had  not 
themfelves  folved  to  their  mutual  fatisfa61ion,  and  it  is  moft 
likely,  if  the  fame  points  fliould  arife  at  this  day,  touching 
the  nature  and  limitations  of  difcovery  and  occupation,  and 
the  right  conferred  by  them,  there  would  be  in  any  given 
cafe  fubmitted  to  arbitration  a  great  diverfity  and  conflict 
of  opinion. 

But  the  wdthdrawment  of  the  Englifli  from  the  territory 
gave  a  great  advantage  to  the  French.     They  immediately 

took 


,i  a 


72 


Memoir  of 


took  poffeffion;  and,  as  they  were  quite  able  to  hold  it,  the 
treaty  gave  them,  even  under  the  Englifli  interpretation, 
nearly  all  they  could  defire.  Once  in  occupation,  the  terri- 
tory could  only  be  wrefled  from  them  at  the  point  of  the 
fword.  This  was  not  attempted  for  many  years.  Confe- 
quently  Sir  William  Alexander's  rights  remained  in  abey- 
ance, but  were  by  no  means  furrendered." 

Under  thefe  circumflances,  all  that  Sir  William  and  his 
Knights  Baronets  were  able  to  do,  for  feveral  years,  did 
not  extend  far  beyond  promifes  and  hopeful  predidlions  on 
paper;  while  Louis  XIII.,  through  the  pow^erful  agency  of 
the  Company  of  New  France,  under  the  wife  counfels 
of  the  aflute  Richelieu,  at  once  planted  feveral  colonies  on 
the  difputed  domain,  accompanied  with  adequate  means  for 
their  maintenance  and  protedlion. 

While  the  hope  was  entertained  by  the  Englifli,  that  at 
fome  favorable  moment,  not  far  diftant,  they  fliould  be  able 
to  take  poffeffion  of  the  territory  which  they  claimed  and 
believed  to  be  theirs  by  right,  the  difpofltion  of  the  foil  in 
conne6lion  with  the  creation  of  Knights  Baronets  was  flill 
continued ;  and  from  the  date  of  the  treaty  of  St.  Ger- 
main en  Laye  in  1632,  to  near  the  clofe  of  the  year  1638, 
tw^entv-nine  new  names  were  added  to  tiie  lift  of  Knisrhts 
Baronets. 

On  the  30th  day  of  April  1630,  Sir  William  Alexander 

granted 


®'  The  French,  Kwing  held  polTefflon 
of  New  Scotland  for  a  feries  of  years, 
affumed,  as  Sir  William  Alexander 
fugj^efled  thoy  would  do,  that  they 
held  it  by  virtue  of  the  treaty  of  St. 
Germain  ;    and  this  appears   to  have 


been  conceded  by  the  Englifli  Comif- 
fnries,  when  it  had  ceafcd  to  be  for 
their  interel't  to  refill  this  interpreta- 
tion.—  Memorials  of  the  Em^/iJ/i  and 
French  Conimijfarics,  London,  1755, 
Vol.  1.  p.  401. 


-i.. 


Sir  William  Alexander. 


n 


granted  a  part  of  the  territory  of  New  Scotland  to  Sir 
Claude  de  Saindl  Eftienne  or  Etienne,  Knight,  Lord  of  La 
Tour  and  of  Vuarre,  and  to  Charles  de  Sain6l  Eflicnnc, 
Efq.,  Lord  of  Saindl  Denifcourt,  his  fon,  they  to  hold  on 
the  condition  that  they  fliould  be  good  and  faithful  fubjeds 
of  the  King  of  Scotland.*"^  This  grant  covered  an  area 
extending  from  the  fea  inland  from  thirty  to  forty-five  miles, 
and  reaching  from  near  the  prefent  fite  of  Yarmouth,  north- 
eafterly  to  that  of  Luncnburgh,  comprifing  about  the  fame 
territory  that  is  now  included  in  the  Counties  of  Shclburne, 
Queens,  and  about  half  of  the  County  of  Lunenburgh. 
This  was  but  a  fracSlion  of  the  vaft  tra6l  covered  by  Sir 
William's  original  patent,  which  includes  not  only  the  pref- 
ent Provinces  of  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunfwick,  but  all 
of  that  part  of  Canada  Eafl  lying  fouth  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence, north  of  New  Brunfwick,  and  eafl  of  a  \u,2  drawn 
from  the  head  waters  of  the  river  St.  Croix,  northerly  to 
the  river  St.  Lawrence. 

It  is  not  known  that  any  record  of  this  grant  to  the  T  .a 
Tours  was  made  in  Scotland,  nor  is  there  any  hint  of  its 
exiflence  in  any  of  Sir  William's  correfpondance.''^ 

The  French  came  into  adlual  poffeffion  about  this  time ; 
and  the  next  year,  Feb.  ii,  1631,  Louis  XIII.  of  France 
commiffioned  Charles  de  Sain6t  Etienne,  the  younger  La 
Tour,  one  of  the  grantees,  as  Lieutenant-General  of  La 
Cadie.^"  The  territory  which  he  had  received  from  Sir  Wil- 
liam 

^  The  grantees  are  generally  known  '"  JMSS.  from  archives  of  the  marine 

as  Claude  and  Charles  La  Tour.  at  Paris,  as  referred  to  by  Jlr.  Mur- 

"^  Royal  Letters, Charters,  and  Tracts,  doch.  —  Hijl.   No7'a    Scotia,    Halifax, 

by  David  Laing,  Edinburgh,  1867,  p.  24.  1865,  Vol.  L  p.  79. 


-'•     19 


vT 


74 


Memoir  of 


Ham  Alexander  was  confequently  within  his  civil  jurifdidlion 
as  the  viceroy  of  the  King  of  T^^ance ;  and  he  appears, 
moreover,  to  have  obtained  at  a  later  period  a  confirmation, 
by  the  King  of  France,  of  aiiy  grant''  which  he  had  pre- 
vioudy  received  fron\  the  Englifli.  So  that  he  was  quite 
fecure  in  his  poffeffions,  and  fo  far  forth  it  mattered  little 
to  him  whether  the  fovereignty  of  the  territory  was  in  the 
French  or  the  Englilh.  But  the  validity  of  his  deed  from 
Sir  William  Alexander  was  conditioned  upon  his  loyalty  to 
Charles  I.,  containing,  as  it  did,  a  promife  of  fealty  to  the 
King  of  Scotland,  a  claufe  in  the  inftrument,  which,  if 
known  in  France,  would  doubtlefs  not  only  have  rendered 
his  claim  nugatory,  but  otherwife  have  endangered  his  inter- 
efts  while  he  was  holding  the  high  office  of  Lieutenant 
under  the   French  King. 

A  record  of  this  grant  to  the  La  Tours  is,  however, 
found  in  the  Regiftry  of  Deeds  in  the  county  of  Suffolk, 
MalTachufetts,  where  it  was  recorded  Auguft  24,  1659, 
Lib.  3,  folio  276.'-     At  the  time  that  this  entry  was  made, 

the 


ijl 


"  Charles  la  Tour  cmjoyed  a  divided 
authority  in  La  Cadie  tor  many  years. 
—  Memorials  of  Eiis^/iJ/i  and  French 
Conunijfaries,  London,  1755,  Vol.  L 
p.  337.  et p(j(Jlni.  Louis  XIV.  in  165 1 
ai)[«)inted  iiini  Governor  of  that  terri- 
tory, confirmin<;  to  him  his  ])erfonal 
polleffions  there  in  the  tol lowing  words  : 

"  Voulons  et  entendons  que  le  dit 
Sieur  de  Saint  Etienne  fe  relerve  et 
ajiproprie  et  jouiffe  pleinement  et  pai- 
fiblement  de  toutes  les  terres  ;\  lui  cide- 
vani  eoncedees,  et  d'icelles  en  donner 
et  departir  telle  parte  qu'il  advifera 
lant  a  nofdirs  iujets,  qui  fe  habitueront 


qu'aux  dits  originaires,  ainfi  qu'il  ju- 
gera  bon  etre."  —  /lieni,  Vol.  L  p.  43. 

"  The  following  is  a  defcription  of 
the  grant,  as  laid  down  in  the  inltru- 
ment  reeorded  as  above :  "  All  the 
Country,  CoalLs  and  Klands,  from  the 
Cape  and  River  of  Ingogon,  nere  vnto 
the  Clouen  Cape,  (")  in  the  faid  New 
Scotland,  called  the  Countrey  and  Coaft 
of  Accadye,  following  the  Coall  and 
I  Hands  of  the  faid  Countrey  towards 
the  Ealt  vnto  Port  de  la  Tour,  (*)  for- 
merly 

(a)  Caije  Fourcliu  {/ourc/iii,  cloven),     (b)  Near 
thi;  river  Clyde. 


Sir  William  Alexander. 


75 


the  whole  coafl:  of  La  Cadie,  from  Canfo  to  New  England, 
was  in  the  ijofreffion  of  the  Englilh. 

In  1654,  an  expedition  under  the  command  of  Major 
Robert  Sedgwick,  of  Charleflown,  Mafs.,  authorized  by  the 
General  Court,  with  the  fecret  order  or  connivance,  as  is 
fupi^ofed,  of  tlie  Prote(!:tor  Cromwell,  had  fecured  the  fur- 
render  by  tlie  French,  of  Penobfcot,  Saint  John,  Port 
Royal,  La  Heve,  Cape  Sable,  and  Cape  P"ourchu ;  and  the 
whole  of  La  Cadie,  under  the  wideft  interpretation  of  its 
meaning,  remained  fubjcdl  to  England  for  the  next  thirteen 
years. 

It  now  became  fafe,  and  moreover  expedient,  as  there 
was  a  fair  profpedl  that  the  Englilh  polTeffion  would  be 
permanent,  for  Charles  La  Tour  to  fecure  the  grant  which 
he  had  received  and  which  he  could  now  hold  under  Eng- 
lifli  law,  by  placing  his  title  upon  record ;  and  confec[uently 
his  deed  from  Sir  William  Alexander  was  entered,  as  we 
have  already  flated,  in  the  Suffolk  regiflry,  twenty-nine 
years  after  the  date  of  its  execution. 

By  the  treaty  of  Breda,  in  1667,  La  Cadie  was  again 
reftored  to  France,  and  this  and  all  other  Englifli  grants 
within  that  territory  became  inoperative,  if,  indeed,  they 
were  not  wholly  extinguiflied. 

It 


merly  named  Uomeroy,  and  further  be- 
yond the  f;iid  Port,  following  along  the 
laid  Coaft  vnto  Mirliquefche,  W  nere 
vnto  and  beyond  the  faid  Port  and  Cape 
of  L'Heue, ('')  drawing  forward  fifteen 
Leagues  within  the  faid  Lands  towards 
the  North." 

To  the  La  Tours  and  their  "  Hcyers 


(c)    Lunenburg. 
Vova  Scotia. 


(J)    See  map  in   H.Uiburton's 


and  Succeffors  and  afllgns  forever," 
was  alfo  granted  the  "  Right  of  Admi- 
raltie  in  all  the  e.xtent  of  their  faid 
Lands  and  Limitts."  They  were  to  be 
good  and  faithful  vaffals  of  the  King  of 
ScoUand,  and  of  his  heirs  and  fuccef- 
fors,  and  to  pay  the  refpeft  due  unto 
Sir  William  Alexander  as  unto  the 
Lieutenant  of  the  King. 


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It  is  remarkable  tliat  feveral  writers  cliflin(5lly  ftatc  that 
Sir  William  Alexander  fold  the  whole  of  his  intcrefl;  in 
New  Seotland,  with,  perhaps,  the  exception  of  a  fmall  terri- 
tory about  /\nnapolis,  to  the  La  Tours.  Of  this  alleged 
fale  we  fail  to  find  any  evidence  whatever."^ 

Judge  Haliburton  fays,  in  his  Hiftory  of  Nova  Scotia, 
Vol.  I.  p.  51,  that  La  Tour,  "in  the  year  1630,  received  a 
conveyance,  from  Sir  William  Alexander,  of  the  whole  of 
Nova  Scotia." 

Chalmers  (Political  Annals,  p.  92)  fays  that  Sir  William 
"fold  almoft  the  whole  of  his  intereft  in  Nova  Scotia,  to 
Saint  Htienne,  a  French  Huguenot,  in  the  year  1630,  upon 
this  condition,  that  the  inhabitants  of  it  Ihould  continue 
fubjc6ts  of  the  Scottifli  crown."  ' ' 

Mr. 


"  Wc  know  not  liow  tlie  report  that 
Sir  William  Alexander  fold  tlie  wliolc 
of  liis  intcrcll  in  New  Scotland  in  1630 
ori;;inatcd,  unk;fs  through  tliL"  lo(iua- 
cioiis  Sir  Thomas  Urcjuliart.  'I'liis  writ- 
er affcrts  in  j^ood  roiUKl  terms,  in  a 
volume  inibliflied  in  1652,  tliat  Sir  Wil- 
liam fold  to  the  Frencli  the  whole  of  his 
interell  in  New  Scotland  for  five  or  fix 
thoiifand  i)oiiiids  Knulilh  money.  The 
reader  who  will  take  tlie  trouble  to  ex- 
amine tlie  piifa^^es  relalinjr  to  Sir  Wil- 
liam Alexaiuler,  whicli  liave  been  too 
often  cpioted  from  this  author,  cannot, 
we  think,  fail  to  fee  that  he  is  amufing 
liimfelf  in  the  rhetoric  of  a  clever  bur- 
leffiue ;  and  whoever  refers  to  it  to 
ellahlifli  a  fact  in  hillory,  mi,i;ht  as  well 
ajipeal  to  the  adventures  of  the  illuf- 
trious  Knij^lit  of  I,a  Mancha,  or  to  the 
Travels  of  Cai)tain  Lemuel  Gulliver, 
for  a  fimilar  purpofe. 

'♦  liouchettc  reiterates  tlie  ftatcment, 


on  the  authority  of  Chalmers,  that  Alex- 
ander lold  almoll  the  whole  intereft  he 
had  in  New  Scotland  to  Sieur  St. 
htienne.  —  liouchettc' s  Ihitijh  North 
Am.,  Vol.  I.  p.  4. 

"  Inlellij;cnce  was  broujjht  this  year 
to  MalTaclnifetts,  that,  in  1630  or  163 1, 
Sir  William  Alexander  had  fold  the 
countrj'of  Nova  Scotia  to  the  French," 
—  Uiitchiiifou's  Uijl.  Majs.,  Hoilon, 
1705,   Vol.'l.  p.  33. 

The  Enj^lifli  CommifTaries  in  1751 
likewife  Hate  that  "In  the  year  iC)3o, 
in  Confderation  of  their  j;reat  Ex- 
penfes,  and  the  Services  done  by  them 
in  promotiiifj  Settlements  within  that 
Country,  he  [Sir  William  Alexander] 
conveyed  by  deed  to  the  fa  id  Claude 
de  la  Tour  and  his  fon,  and  their  Heirs 
for  ever,  all  his  Ki^ht  in  Nova  Scotia, 
excejjtinjr  I'ort-Royal,  to  be  held  under 
the  crown  of  Scotland."  —  Mcttiorials 
of  the  Euglijh  and  French  Comtnijjfa- 

ries, 


Sir  PVillia7Ji  Alexander. 


11 


Mr.  Laing,  in  his  Preface  to  Royal  Letters,  Charters,  and 
Tracfls,  p.  98,  fays  tliat  Sir  William  conveyed  to  La  Tour 
"  his  title  to  the  whole  of  Nova  Scotia,  (with  the  exception 
of  Port  Royal,)  to  be  held  of  the  Crown  of  Scotland." 

None  of  thefe  writers  refer  to  any  authority  for  their 
ftatements.  We  are  fatisfied  that  none  exifls.  The  reafons 
on  which  our  conclufions  are  bafed,  are  briefly  as  follows: 

Firjl.  If  nearly  the  whole  of  New  Scotland  was  fold  or 
transferred  by  Sir  William  Alexander  to  the  La  Tours,  in 
1630,  as  is  alleged,  it  is  not  probable  that  all  the  j)roper 
evidence  of  fuch  a  transfer,  in  the  form  of  a  deed  or  charter, 
cither  recorded  or  depofited  in  the  archives  of  Scotland,  or 
France,  or  any  of  the  Pritifli  Colonies  in  America,  or  any 
where  elfe,  would  have  eluded,  as  it  certainly  has  done,  if 
any  fuch  indrument  exifls,  all  hiflorical  refearch  for  at  leaft 
two  hundred  and  forty  years. 

Second.  If  Sir  William  transferred  nearly  the  whole  of 
New  Scotland  to  the  La  Tours,  as  is  alleged,  in  1630,  with 
the  condition  of  fealty  to  the  King  of  Scotland,  it  is  not 
probable  that  he  would  have  transferred  a  fraction  of  it, 
perhaps  a  fifteenth  or  twentieth  part  of  it,  by  a  feparate 
deed,  the  fame  year,  on  the  fame  conditions  and  to  the  fame 
parties,  as  we  know  he  did  do,  as  is  proved  by  the  deed  to 
which  we  have  referred  in  the  Suffolk  regiftry. 

Third. 

rii's,  London,  1755,  Vol.  I.  p.  41.     The  value.     They  attempt   to  eflahlifh  the 

deed  referred  to  in  this  jjalTane  was  un-  limits  of    La  Cadie,  a   problem   wiiich 

d()ul)tedly  no  other  tlian  tliat  recorded  was  in  its    nature  infoIui)le,  uiafmuch 

in  the  Suffolk  re,i;ilby.  —  Aittea,  |).  74.  ns  its  limits  varied  from  time  ti)  time, 

These    Memorials    partake   necelTarily  accordinjr  to  the  jx-wer  of  its  pollelVur 

fo  much  of  a  partilan  characler  as  to  to  K'-dp  and  hold  more  or  Icfs  tet'ritory 

detract  very  much  from  their  hillorical  under  that  name. 


V  h 


^  I 


/  i 


ii 


78 


Me^noir  of 


Third.  If  Sir  William  transferred  nearly  the  wliolc  of 
New  Scotland  to  the  La  Tours,  in  1630,  it  is  not  probable 
that  the  grantees  would  have  prefented  a  deed  from  Sir 
William  Alexander,  of  a  fmall  fradion  of  the  fame  territory, 
to  b'^  recorded  in  the  Suffolk  regiflry,  twenty-nine  years 
after  the  inflrument  was  executed.  If  they  had  a  title  to 
nearly  the  whole,  they  clearly  would  not  have  put  ujjon 
record  at  that  late  day  the  evidence,  or  what  was  tanta- 
mount to  it,  that  they  had  a  title  to  only  a  very  fmall  part. 
The  fame  reafon  which  induced  the  La  Tours,  or  their 
reprcfentatives,  to  put  upon  record  in  1659  the  conveyance 
which  they  held  from  Sir  William  of  a  fmall  part  of  his 
territory,  would  have  induced  them  to  put  upon  record  the 
inflrument  conveying  the  whole,  if  any  fuch  inftrument  had 
ever  been  executed. 

Fourth.  Sir  William  Alexander  continued  to  reri2:n  from 
time  to  time  his  riirht  to  larcfc  tra61s  of  land  in  New  Scot- 
land  in  conne(5lion  with  the  creation  of  Knights  Baronets 
long  after  1630,  the  period  when  he  is  alleged  to  have  con- 
veyed the  whole  of  it  to  the  La  Tours.  IVIore  than  thirty 
noblemen  became  Knicfhts  Baronets  of  New  Scotland  after 
1630.  This  honor  could  not  be  obtained  except  in  connec- 
tion with  the  furrender  and  transfer  to  them  of  lands  in 
New  Scotland.  Thefe  transfers  by  Sir  William,  amounting 
to  not  lefs  than  540  fquarc  miles,  or  345,600  acres,  are 
therefore  wholly  inexplicable,  indeed  we  may  add  impoffible, 
on  the  fuppofition  that  he  had  fold  or  conveyed  his  intcrcft 
to  the  La  Tours  in  1630,  as  is  alleged. 

Wc  may  add  alfo  that  on  the  14th  of  September,  1633, 

three 


^1 


Sir  William  Alexande;: 


79 


three  years  after  the  alleged  fale  to  La  Tour,  a  commiffion 
was  granted  under  the  great  feal,  to  the  Lord  High  Chan- 
cellor of  Scotland,  and  {<:\^\\  other  dillinguiflied  officials 
and  gentlemen,  for  paffing  of  enfeoffments  in  New  Scotland, 
and  that  they  accepted  the  commiffion  with  all  the  rccjuifite 
forms  on  the  15th  of  February,  1634.  It  was  the  office 
and  duty  of  this  commiffion  to  convey  to  the  Knights 
Baronets  the  lands  furrendered  by  Sir  William  to  the 
Crown,  fo  that  they  held  their  lands  not  from  Sir  William 
Alexander,  but,  through  this  commiffion,  virtually  from  the 
King.  This  appointment  would  therefore  have  been  a 
mockery  and  a  farce  if  Sir  William  had  at  that  time  no 
lands  in  New  Scotland  to  furrender  into  their  hands. 

In  view  of  all  the  facts  in  the  cafe,  we  are  fully  fatisfied 
that  Sir  William  Alexander  did  not  ceafe  to  hold,  to  the 
clofe  of  his  life,  a  very  large  part  of  the  territory  of  New 
Scotland,  which  became  vefled  in  him  in  1621  by  virtue 
of  his  charter  or  grant  from  James  I.  This  grant  covered 
in  general  terms  about  the  fame  territory  now  included 
in  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunfwick,  and  the  department 
of  Rimoufki,  Bonaventure,  and  Gafpe.  The  area  of  the 
whole  grant  could  not  have  been  lefs,  we  prefumc,  than 
54,000  fquare  miles.  If  Sir  William  conveyed  even  one- 
fifteenth  of  it  to  the  La  Tours,  and  if  he  had  fuccceded  in 
obtaining  150  Knights  Baronets,  and  had  refigned  in  favor 
of  each  of  them  twenty-four  fquare  miles  on  an  a\'erage,  he 
would  ftill  have  had  left  more  than  45,000  fquare  miles 
in  his  own  right.  Hence  Sir  William  very  properly,  as  we 
have  already  intimated,  continued  to  make  fales  of  baronies 

iu 


^  t^^iCC^.-^-^  ^—  tf  angfjTjBW.., 


8o 


Memoir  of 


in  his  American  territory  till  within  about  two  years  of  his 
death.  It  is  clearly  abfurd  to  fuppofe  that  he  could  have 
done  this,  except  on  the  theory  that  by  the  refignation  of 
his  own  rights  the  Knifjhts  Baronets  could  obtain  as  tjood 
a  title  to  the  lands  included  in  the  baronies,  as  Sir  William 
had  himfelf  received  by  his  charter  under  the  great  feal. 

The  transfer  of  the  large  tra(51:  of  land,  though  but  a  frac- 
tion of  the  whole  territory  included  in  his  patent,  made  by 
Sir  William  to  the  La  Tours,  father  and  fon,  in  1630,  as 
recorded  in  the  Suffolk  regiflry  of  deeds,  was  undoubtedly 
the  foundation  of  the  rumor  that  prevailed  a  few  years  after 
his  death,  that  he  had  fold  to  them  the  whole,  or  nearly  the 
whole,  of  his  interefl:  in  New  Scotland.  Havinq;  once  gained 
a  place  in  the  pages  of  refpectable  writers,  it  appears  to 
have  been  reiterated  by  nearly  every  hiflorian  who  has  had 
occafion  to  refer  to  the  fubje61,  for  the  lafl  two  hundred  years, 
yet  no  one  of  them  has  ever  pointed  out  the  fainteft  ray  of 
evidence  on  which  the  ftatement  could  reft,  nor  expreffed  a 
doubt  of  its  truth. 

In  the  circumftances  which  we  have  juft  recounted,  we 
have  an  example,  not  altogether  uncommon,  of  the  manner 
in  which  rumor  fometimes  forces  itfelf  into  the  place  of 
fa6l,  and  thereby  the  truth  of  hiftory  becomes  diftorted,  the 
motives  of  men  are  mifintcrpreted,  and  the  innocent  are 
loaded  with  imaginary  crimes. 

On  the  i8th  of  July,  1622,  foon  after  Sir  William  Alex- 
ander obtained  his  grant  of  New  Scotland  from  James  I.,  the 
Lords  of  the  Privy  Council  direded  "  Charles  Dikkiefoun, 
finkair  of  his  Maiefteis  Irnis,"  to  grave  and  fink  a  feal  to  be 

ufed 


I  4 


Sir  William  Alexander. 


8i 


ufed  by  Sir  William  in  the  office  of  Lieutenant  of  Juflicc 
and  Admiralty,  conferred  upon  him  in  the  terms  of  his 
charter.  The  following  is  the  defcription  of  the  feal  given 
in  the  diredlions  to  the  die-finker :  — 

"  On  the  anc  fydc  his  Majeflcis  armcs  within  a  flieikl,  the  Scottis 
armes  being  in  tlio  firil  phicc,  with  a  clofc  crowne  ahoue  the  amies, 
with  this  circomefcriptioun  Sigillum  Rkgis  Scotia:  AxglivE  Fran- 
cis ET  HiBERNi^E ;  and,  on  the  otlicr  lyde  of  the  feale,  his  Maicfleis 
portrait  in  armour,  with  a  crowne  on  his  heade  ane  fcoptour  in  the  ane 
hand,  and  ane  globe  in  the  other  hand,  with  this  circomefcriptioun 
Pro  Nou^  Scoti.e  locim  texknte."'^ 

Six  years  later,  when  a  colony  was  about  to  be  eflabliflied 
in  New  Scotland,  and  the  time  was  apparently  arrived  for 
the  immediate  ufe  of  a  feal,  the  Lords  of  the  Privy  Council 
direfled,  on  the  i8th  day  of  March,  1628,  "Charles  Dickie- 
fon,  finkear  of  his  Majefteis  yrnes,  to  make  grave  and  finke 
ane  Seale  of  the  office  of  Admiralitie  of  New  Scotland,  to 
be  the  proper  Seale  of  the  faid  office." 

"The  faid  Seale  having  a  Ibippe  with  all  her  ornaments  and  appar- 
ralling,  the  mayne  faile  onelie  difplayed  with  the  armes  of  New  Scothuul 
bearing  a  Saltoire  with  anc  fcutcheon  of  the  ancient  armes  of  Scotland, 
and  vpon  the  head  of  the  faid  (liippe  careing  ane  vnicorne  fittand  and 
ane  lavage  man  ftanding  vpoun  the  ftcrne  both  bearing  St  Androes 
Croce  And  that  the  great  Seale  haue  this  circumfcriptioun,  Sigii,i.um 

GULIELMI  AlEXANDRI  MILITIS  MAGNI  AdMIRALLI  No VI  SCOTI^E." 

We  may  here  add  that  the  Lieutenant  and  each  of  the 
Knights  Baronets  were  authorized  by  royal  mandate  to 
wear  a  badge,  as  a  diftincflion  and  a  mark  of  honor,  and 

any 

''  Royal  Letters.  Charters,  and  Trails,  Edinburgh,  1867,  p.  15, 

6 


82 


Meinoir  of 


11 


any  infrinc^cnicnt  upon  this  right  was  punifliablc  by  fine  or 
im])rifonmcnt. 

The  order  was  communicated  by  Charles  I„  in  a  letter  to 
the  Privy  Council,  bearing  date  Nov.  17,  1629,  in  the  fol- 
lowinc:  terms :  — 

"  Wc  l;;ivc  been  plcafcd  to  authorife  aiul  allow,  as  be  theis  prcfents 
for  ws  and  our  fiicccllbrs  we  aiitliorife  and  allow,  the  faid  Lewetcnnent 
and  Haroiiettis,  and  evcric  one  of  them,  and  thare  heirs  male,  to  weare 
and  carry  about  their  ncckis  in  all  time  cominpf,  ane  orantje  tauncv-fdk 
ribbane,  whairon  lliall  hinp^  pendant  in  a  fcutchion  ars^oit  a  faltoire 
azcuc)%  thairon  ane  infcutciieeinc  of  the  armes  of  Scotland,  with  ane 
imperiall  crounc  above  the  fcutchone,  and  incircled  with  this  motto, 
Fax  Mentis  IIonkstve  Glokia." 

In  a  letter  of  Charles  I.  to  Sir  James  Balfour,  Lyon  King 
at  Arms,  dated  the  15th  of  March,  1632,  he  was  ordered  to 
marshal  the  arms  of  Sir  William  Alexander,  who  had  then 
recently  been  made  a  peer  of  Scotland  under  the  title  of 
Vifcount  Stirling,  as  follows:  — 

[CirArsi.KS  R.] 
"Trnflic,  itc.  We  bane  bene  latelic  pleafed  to  confer  vpon  our 
right.  &c  Sir  William  Alexander  Kny'  our  principall  Secretarie  for 
Scotland  the  title  of  Viscount  Stirling  as  ane  dejjrie  of  honour  which 
we  haue  eflomed  due  to  his  merite  And  to  the  eHecl  ther  be  nothing 
wanting  which  is  vfuall  in  this  kynd  tliat  this  our  favour  and  the  re- 
membrance (f  his  good  and  faythfull  ferviccs  done  vnto  ws  may  be  in 
record  Our  plcafur  is  and  We  doc  heirby  requyre  yow  according  to  the 
dewtie  of  your  place  to  marfball  his  Coate  Armour  alloweing  it  to  him 
quiutercd  with  the  Armcs  of  Clan  Allaftcrwho  hath  acknowledged  him 
for  chcilV  of  their  familic,  in  whois  armes  according  to  the  draught 
which  we  fend  you  heirwith,  quartered  with  his  coat,  We  ar  willing  to 
coufnme  them  Requyreing  yow  to  Regiller  them  accordinglie ;  and  we 

doe 


%\ 


Sir  William  Alexander. 


^Z 


<loo  f„rl!,er  allow  1„  the  |-.,i,T  rir  ..  "^ 

;;f  Nc.  ,Sc„„a„.,  ,„  .Z ;       ,  ,   X',:'  .^■■■'■"S  ".o  a,.,,,.,  of  .„.  ,„„„„,„ 

'"  "'"■.  '»"»'"■  "".I  ll,c  l,,„,,u„        'f  ■'.""""  "■'"'■■l'  <loo  t.,„|  f„  ,„„, 
•'  ""K  of  ,„is  warn,,,.:  a,u,  l.i/c^  ^  :  "'  ''  ■'-">.'^'  »'.-rof,  a„,i  fl   Z 

'»vo  the  am,.,  of  Now  Scohnd  "'''''''  »"thority  to 
;i".-.rtcr  with   hi,  „,,,^^       -'If'-      quartered  in  tl,e  Lt 

Uaronets  were  to  be  allowed  to  ''°"'  "^  ""•'  '<»'gl>ts 

fame  manner.  '"'  ''"'  'i"'-""-'--  their  arms  i„  the 

a  2if 5  tSnrTs  :i  t-  ""■^•^'•^  «"^-'^. 

ago  of  Seotland.  by  Sir  K^D::^;Zf -Z"''  '''^'- 
Arms  OP  THE  Faut  ^    o 

between  three  eroft  comets  I  h-l'    '"''•;'■"'  ">=  f-ils  furled  „„  1, 
''■^'IS-^  of  a  baronet  of  is'evt  s     ,T  ^,"'"'  "'"'  °™'- ••>"  ">  ft  to.f  tf 

c.own,  proper.  ™''S"«I  O"  (!.<=  to,>  with  an  imperi  J 

^^oiTo;  Per  marc  per  terras. 

In 


^1 


84 


Memoir  of 


In  addition  to  the  charter  of  New  Scotland,  Sir  William 
Alexander  received,  on  the  fecond  day  of  T'ebruary,  1628, 
a  grant  of  the  River  and  (iulf  of  Canada. 

This  charter,  a  tranllation  of  which  may  be  found  in  an- 
other part  of  this  volume,  covered  an  area  of  fifty  leagues 
on  each  fide  of  the  river  St.  Lawrence  and  the  ureat  Lakes, 
including  all  the  idands  within  thefe  waters,  and  extending 
to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  conflituting  a  belt  of  land  i'  roe  hun- 
dred Hnglilh  miles  wide,  not  including  in  the  meafurement 
the  river  and  lakes  lying  in  its  centre,  reaching  from  the 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  to  the  fliores  of  California.  If  we 
caft  our  eye  upon  a  map  of  the  United  States,  we  fliall  fee 
that  this  charter,  by  the  fmallell  eftimate,  covered  half  of 
the  State  of  Maine,  a  third  of  New  Hampfliire,  nearly  the 
whole  of  Vermont,  more  than  three-fourths  of  New  York, 
half  of  Pennfylvania,  more  than  half  of  Ohio,  all  of  Michi- 
gan, half  of  Indiana,  and  fo  fweeping  on  and  embracing  an 
important  feciion  of  all  the  north-weftern  States  of  the 
Union. 

It  will  be  obferved  that  this  grant  was  obtained  at  the 
time  when  the  French  and  Englifli  were  at  war,  and  when 
Sir  William  Alexander,  in  connedlion  with  Sir  David  Kirk, 
was  putting  forth  all  his  energies  in  fending  out  armed 
veffels  to  break  up  the  French  fettlemer  's  on  our  northern 
coafls,  and  to  plant  colonies  of  his  own  countrymen, 
agreeably  to  the  provifions  of  his  charters.  He  had  ex- 
pended large  fums  in  his  various  undertakings,  in  providing 
fliips,  ordnance,  and  munitions  of  war,  in  tranfporting  col- 
onics, and  in  exploring  and  taking  poffeffion  of  the  country. 

And 


Sir  William  Alexander, 


8  s 


And  he  was  now  on  the  very  eve  of  fuccefs.  In  Icfs  than 
fix  months  after  the  date  of  this  charter,  Kirk  had  fwept 
away  every  vcftige  of  French  jiowcr  on  our  northern  coalls. 
It  was  undoubtedly  in  anticipation  of  this  event  that  this 
charter,  covering;  all  the  territory  hitherto  occu|)ied  by  the 
French,  was  obtained.  It  was  obvioufly  a  matter  of  the 
greatefl  importance  to  the  fuccefs  of  Scotch  colonization 
that  this  territory,  reclaimed  or  conquered  by  Hritilh  arms, 
fhould  be  occupied  by  colonies  at  once ;  and  there  was  a 
fair  profpcc!^,  fhould  the  war  continue,  that  this  object  would 
be  fpeedily  achieved.  But  the  articles  of  jieace,  fii;ned  a  little 
before  or  about  the  time  that  Kirk  had  completed  his  con- 
queft,  fnatched  from  the  grafp  of  Sir  William,  by  a  fmi^lc 
flroke  of  the  royal  pen,  all  the  fruits  of  his  unremitted  efforts 
and  exhaufling  expenditures,  which  had  now  been  continued 
for  the  fpace  of  three  years.  By  thefc  articles,  the  jjlaces 
which  had  been  occupied  by  the  French  were  all  reflored, 
and  they  loft  no  time  in  taking  immediate  poffeffion ;  and, 
after  this,  we  arc  not  aware  that  Sir  William  attempted, 
within  the  limits  of  this  grant,  any  aflual  colonization. 

At  a  parliament  held  at  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  in  June, 
1633,  the  fevcral  charters  of  New  Scotland,  and  that  of  the 
River  and  Gulf  of  Canada,  granted  to  Sir  William  Alexan- 
der, with  all  the  privileges  therein  contained,  together  with 
the  dignity  and  order  of  Knights  Baronets,  and  of  the  a(5ts 
of  the  Convention  of  Eflates  relating  to  them,  were  fol- 
cmnly  ratified  and  confirmedJ^ 

At 

™  A(5ls  of  the  Parliament  of  Scotland,  Vol.  V.  p.  43.     Copies  are  in  the  Li- 
brary of  the  Bofton  Athennf^um. 


w 


86 


n 


w 


Memoir  of 


At  a  meeting;  of  tlic  Circat  Council  for  New  I'!in;land,  on 
Nov.  I,  1638,  at  the  houfe  of  Lord  Stirlinir,  in  London,  the 
following;  entry  was  made  in  their  records:  — 

"  This  day  y"  ICarle  of  Sterline's  proportion  was  aug- 
mented and  granted  to  y''  ICarle  liimfelf,  the  boundary  to 
begin  at  St.  Croix,  next  adjoining  to  New  I'jigland,  and  fo 
to  pafs  along  y*"  Tea  coafl  of  y'"  I^ad  fide  of  y"  Hay  or  River 
called  Sagadahocke,  and  foe  up  y'  ICall  fide  of  y"  River 
thereof  to  y*"  furthefl  he  vd  of  y*  fame,  as  it  tendeth  North- 
wards, and  fro  thence  at  the  neereft  Northwards  to  y"  River 
of  Canada  and  hereunto  is  to  belong  y°  Illand  called  Mat- 
toax  or  Long  Ifland."'^ 

The  territory  here  defcribed,  except  the  augmentation, 
which  confiiled  of  the  comparatively  fmall  territory  lying 
between  the  Kennebec  rid  the  waters  of  Pemacpiid,  to- 
gether with  all  illands  lying  within  five  leagues  of  the  main, 
oj)porjtc  and  bordering  u|)on  Long  I  (land,  had  been  granted 
by  ti-.c  Council,  and  a  ]xitent  ilTued  on  the  22d  of  Ajjril,  1635, 
to  Lord  William  Alexander,  the  fon  of  Sir  William,  the 


Earl  of  Stirling."^ 


Lord 


"  Sec  Record  of  tin-  Council  for  New  In  tlic  patent  of  April  22,  i<')35.  the  or- 

En.!il;iii(!,  printed  by  the  Annriian  An-  th()^raphy  of  the  Indian  name  of  I-onp; 

ti(|iiarian    Society   ii.    its  proceediniis,  Kland  is   Matowack,  and  it  was  ftated 

1867,  p.    131;   alfo,   Calendar  of   State  in  the  jiatent  that  it  fliould  hereafter  he 

Papers,  Col.  Series,  \r,]\-\(\('0.    Sainf-  called  the  "Hie  of  Starlin<,fe." 

bury,  p.   204.     Tiie  furrender  of  their  '"  The  j^rant  was  ordered  by  ^  vote 

charter  by  tlie  Council  tor   New  Kntr-  of  the  Council,  Feb.  3.  \(^■x,^.--Rl'col■<h 

land  took  place  in  1^)35:  but  as  meet-  of  tlic  Council  in  Procccdii^s  of  Am. 

intjs  continued  to  be  held  for  the  t ran f-  Anliif.    Socir/y,    I1S67,   p.    llS.     It  has 

adlion  of  bufinefs.   it  is  c|uite  poffd)le  f:;enerally  been  rcL^arded  as  having  lieen 

that  tlie  furreiKJer  was  not  legally  com-  made  to  the  Earl  of  Stirlini^.     15ut  the 

plete  till  fome  time  fnbfec|uent  to  this  title  aj)plied  to  the  lirantee  in  the  Patent 

meeting  on  the  ift  of  Novemljcr,  1638.  printed  in  this  volume,  in  the  records 

of 


,...  ...lA. 


Lord  Alexander  In.?  I  ^^ 

.635.     ^ ''■'^'*^"^'''-'>.m..  of  u::  £;::;; '!2: 

"  '«  to  Ix.  Inf^reci   tint  I,       r 

^'■'^  »o  the  f„n      '  ,7^  "'•-'  Arrant  was 
"^••i^Ie  came        ',    '"'  '"""  ^^^^^r  it  was 

-^^  A;1:;S;!  jP/-'n/ecI  hy  Sir 

.^'^^^•^'■^  I'lK  it  docs  n<  '^''■-   <^^''>'-^'e 

•]<^<--omp|in,ef|  inv  .1  •       .•■•PPt'ar  (|,at  j.e 

'^*?53.  Vol.  I.  p/<;-/^;?^  >;^;'C.,   lio/ton, 

;^^i//.  aw..  J-,;;  vV  7'"^''  '"^''^  ^"^. 


f-"'-'!   Ale^^,„dcr    So    ;:'"  '"  '•'"'^  'i'". 

.^'^I'y  wl,c'n'  tl.o  /     H       /'/r  "'l'^'  *^'P^- 
/^nne  proper  nan  e    J,:       '^".   '"''^  ^''e 

"^ac!e\:ft!l"i?[;r'''f>^^""n,inanv 

^^">''d  have  hee     .     ""x>'   ^'^"'''  W^ 
])hi(h;.a..  ''''■"  -^n  act  of  j)»re^L-' 

«"u,ld  he  ",r7nt    .     "'^  ^'"'^.  tJiat  if 


88 


Memoir  of 


i; 


The  agent,  Mr.  James  Farrett,  continued  fevcral  years  in 
his  fervice,  effecting  numerous  fales  of  land,  and  fo  far  forth 
laying  the  foundations  of  feveral  plantations.  The  firft 
fettlers  of  Eafthampton,^"  Southampton,^'  Southold,  Green- 
port,"-    Gardiner's    Ifland,*^^   Shelter    Ifland    and     Robin's 

Ifland, 


""  Thompfdii's  Hiftory  of  Lon.ij  Ifl- 
and, Now  York,  1.S43,  \'oI.  1.  p.  311. 

•*'  Tl^.e  firft  fettlers  of  Soutliampton 
were  tVom  Lynn,  Mafs.,  wlio,  liaving 
made  a  purcliafo  of  Mr.  Farrett,  tlie 
agent  of  Sir  William  Alexander,  and 
having  a])peafed  the  Indians  by  a  piu"- 
chafe  alio  from  them,  landed  at  or  near 
the  prefent  fite  of  ManlialTet,  with  a  view 
of  making  tiieir  fettlement  at  that  place, 
but  having  been  driven  otTby  the  Dutch, 
they  finally  eftabliflied  themfelves  at 
Southampton. 

"  Divers  of  the  inhabitants  of  Linne," 
fays  Winthrop.  "finding  themfelves 
flrai toned,  looked  out  for  a  new  plan- 
tation, and  going  to  Long  Ifland,  they 
agreed  with  the  Lord  Stirling's  agent 
tliere,  one  Mr.  For  tt,  for  a  parcel  of 
the  illo  near  die  weft  end.  and  agreed 
with  the  Indians  for  their  right."  After 
giving  fomo  account  of  their  difficulties 
with  the  Dutch,  Winthrop  proceeds  to 
fay.  that  they  "defertod  that  place  and 
took  another  at  the  eaft  end  of  the  fame 
ifland  ;  and  i)eing  now  about  forty  tam- 
ilies,  they  proceeded  in  their  plantation, 
and  called  one  Mr.  Pierfon,  a  godly 
learned  man,  and  a  member  of  the 
church  of  Borton,  to  go  with  them,  who, 
with  fome  fevon  or  eight  more  of  the 
Company,  gathered  into  a  church  borly 
at  Linne,  (before  they  went.)  and  the 
whole  company  entered  into  a  civil 
combination  (with  the  advice  of  fome 
of  our  magiftrates,)  to  become  a  corpo- 
ration."—  Winthrop'' s  Hijl.  A'cio  Eti;y., 
Borton,  1853,  Vol.  II.  p.  5.     See,  alio, 


Doc.  Col.  Ilijt.  N.  }'.,  Vol.  II.  p.  146: 
Huhhinfotrs  HiJl.  Mafs.,  Vol.  I.  p.  XS. 

Dr.  I'altrey  refers  to  this  palTage  in 
Winthrop,  and  fays  that  the  purchafe 
by  the  Lynn  Company  was  made  of 
the  Indians  ;  but  omits  the  more  prom- 
inent rtatoment  of  Winthrop,  that  the 
purchafe  was  made  of  Lord  Stirling's 
agent.  —  J\ilfny\\-  Ilijl.  Aciu  Eiig., 
Bofton,   1859,  Vol.  I.  p.  604. 

"■•*  "James  Farrett,  as  the  agent  of 
Sir  William  Alexander,  Earl  of  Stir- 
ling, gave  a  deed,  dated  15th  Auguft, 
1640,  conveying  150  acres  of  land  to 
Ricliard  Jackfon.  at  a  place  long  known 
as  Stirling,  now  Greenport,  Long  Ifland. 
The  original  deed  from  Farrett,  with 
regular  transfers  of  title  by  deeds  and 
wills,  is  now  in  the  poffeffion  of  the 
I\Ioore  family." —  MS.  Letter  of  Charles 
n.  Moore,  Efy.,  New  York, '20  Feb., 
1872.  For  evidence  that  the  Southold- 
ers  derived  their  title  from  tlie  Earl  of 
Stirling,  fee  Doc.  Col.  HiJl.,  New  York, 
Vol.  HI.  p.  197. 

"•'  This  valuable  ifland,  containing 
about  3,300  acres,  was  purchafed  of  Sir 
William  Alexander,  Earl  of  Stirling, 
by  Lyon  Gardiner,  March  10,  1639.  the 
claim  of  the  Indians  having,  as  ufual, 
been  previoufly  extinguiflied.  The  foe 
of  this  ifland  has  remained  in  the  fam- 
ily, defcending  ftriclly  in  accordance 
with  the  Englifli  law  of  primogeniture, 
down  to  the  prefent  time,  and  is  now 
owned  by  Samuel  B.  Gardiner,  Efq., 
of  the  eighth  generation,  but  the  tenth 
proprietor,  his  two  elder  brothers  hav- 
ing 


t;  .1 


Sir  William  Alexander, 


80 


Ifland,  obtained  their  titles  to  their  lands  from  the  Earl 
of  Stirling,  through  his  agent,  Mr.  James  Farrett.  The 
iflands   of    Nantucket  and    Martha's  Vineyard   were   alfo 

conveyed 


ing  poiTofTed  it  in  turn,  but  predeceafed 
him  witliout  ilVue.  We  do  not  know  of 
ajiy  ellate  in  tliis  country,  fo  lar<;e  as 
tiiis,  wliicli  lias  remained  fo  Ions;  in  tlie 
fame  family.  The  oriy;inal  df.'ecl  from 
the  Earl  of  Stirlinj;^,  executed  Ijy  James 
Farrett,  his  auent,  is  ilill  in  exillence 
on  Gardiner's  Ifland,  and  in  the  polTef- 
fion  of  the  prefent  proprietor.  Tiiis 
family  has  been  diilintjuiflied  throun'I. 
all  the  generations,  and  fo  continues. 
The  wife  of  tlie  Hon.  Jolin  Tyler,  the 
tenth  Preiident  of  the  United  States, 
was  a  lineal  defccndant  of  Lyon  Gar- 
diner. An  intercrting  and  humorous 
letter,  fliowing  the  tone  and  quality  of 
the  original  grantee,  hearing  date  June 
12,  i6(3o,  may  he  fecn  in  Thompfon's 
Hillory  of  Long  Ifland,  Vol.  I.  p.  306. 

In  16S6,  Thomas  Dongan,  Lieutenant- 
Governor  and  Vice-Admiral  of  New 
York,  iiTued  a  Patent  creeling  this  ifland 
into  a  Lordfliip,  entitled  the  ^Llnor  of 
Gardiner's  Ifland.  In  this  inilrument 
tlie  title  is  traced  to  James  Farrett, 
Gentleman  and  Deputy  to  the  Right 
Honorable,  the  Earl  of  Stirling,  Secre- 
tary for  the  Kingdom  of  Scotland,  and 
late  Proprietor  of  Long  Ifland.  —  See 
Chronicles  of  Eajlhaiiipton,  by  David 
Gardiner,  New  York,  1S71,  p.  117. 

Lyon  (Gardiner,  the  patentee  of  Gardi- 
ner's Ifland,  was  an  expert  engineer, 
and  had  feen  fervice  in  Holland.  He 
arrived  in  Boflon  on  the  2Sth  of  No- 
veml)er,  1635,  on  his  way  to  the  Con- 
nedicut,  where  he  had  been  engaged 
to  conflruifl  a  fortrefs  by  ti.e  younger 
John  Winthrop,  who  had  then  recently 
been  appointed  governor  of  rhe  planta- 
tion about  to  be  eilabliflied  at  the  mouth 
of  that  river.  During  his  brief  ftav  in 
Bofton,  the  citizens  availed  themfelves 


of  his  (kill,  as  an  engineer,  in  comjilet- 
ing  the  fortrefs  already  begun  by  Gov- 
ernor Winthrop  on  Fort  Hill.  It  was 
agreed  in  tt)wn-moetingthat  tiiere  fliould 
be  a  contribution  of  about  tburteen  days' 
work  for  each  citizen  ;  and.  to  carr\-  out 
the  orders,  an  aljle  commitlee  was  ap- 
])ointed,  which  confifled  of  tiie  de|)Uty 
governor,  Mr.  Beliingliam.  the  cele- 
brated Sir  Henry  \'ane.  Governor  John 
Wintlirop,  John  Winthrop,  junior,  .Mr. 
William  Ooddington,  Captain  John 
Underhiil,  and  Mr.  William  Prenton. 
Under  tlie  diredlion  of  tliis  energetic 
committee,  and  Lieutenant  Gardiner's 
(kill,  the  work  foon  alTumed  the  dignity 
and  j)roportions  of  a  fort.  It  was  a 
fimple  flruclure,  eminently  adapted  to 
its  purpofe,  and  continued  in  ufe  till 
after  the  war  of  the  Revolution.  Sir 
Edmund  Andros  fought  protectioii 
within  its  walls  in  16S9  (Hutchinfon's 
Hift.  Mais.,  \'ol.  I.  J).  335),  and  it  is 
faid  that  it  was  the  contemi)lated  lite 
for  a  hofpital  for  children  in  1713.  Put 
Fort  Hill  has  ceafed  to  be  a  landmark 
in  the  city  of  Pofton.  Its  removal,  pro- 
je6led  in  1865,  has  lieen  confummated. 
This  eminence,  lifting  itfelf  upaljruptly 
eighty  feet  above  the  furrounding  neigh- 
borhood, has  entirely  difappeared.  The 
level  area  on  wliich  it  refled  was  occu- 
pied immediately  after  the  great  fire, 
on  the  9th  and  loth  of  November  lalt 
(1872),  by  temporary  warehoufes,  and 
from  them  our  thriving  merchants  are 
now  difpenfing  their  goods  beneath  the 
fpot  where  the  (kilful  Gardiner  planned, 
and  the  joint  wifdom  of  the  Winthrops, 
Sir  Henry  Vane,  Belli ngham,  and  their 
compeers,  furniflied  the  material  and  fu- 
perintended  the  llrufture  of  the  firlt 
military  work  ere£led  in  Bofton. 


I! 


90 


Memoir  of 


\ 


R  '• 


i 

m 

conveyed  by  Sir  William  Alexander's  agent  to  Thomas 
Mayhew  and  his  fon,  Thomas,  junior,  in  1 64 1 .  The  fales  thus 
made  appear  to  have  cov^cred  the  whole  eaftern  end  of  the 
ifland,  from  Lltde  Peconic  Bay  to  Montauk  Point,  and  the 
titles  of  many  of  the  eflates  in  that  vicinity  m.ay  be  traced 
back  to  the  Earl  of  Stirling  as  the  original  proprietor. 

The  deeds  executed  by  Mr.  Farrett  were  conditioned  on 
the  payment  of  an  annual  rent,  or  "acknowledgment,"  to 
Sir  William  Alexander,  or  his  heirs ;  and  in  mofl:  inftances, 
if  not  in  all,  the  amount  to  be  fo  paid  was  rcff^rred  to 
Governor  Winthrop,  fenior,  to  be  fixed  by  him,  or  by  fuch 
magiflrates  of  Maffachufetts  Bay  as  fliould  be  chofen  by 
Sir  William,  or  his  deputy,  for  that  purpofe. 

It  was  alfo  ftipulated  that  the  government  to  be  eflab- 
liflied  fliould  be  fuch  as  already  exiftcd  in  the  colony  of 
Maffachufetts,  and  the  purchafers  were  guaranteed  all  the 
privileges  enjoyed  by  the  patentees  of  that  province.  Soon 
after  the  death  of  the  Earl,  in  February,  1 640-1,  Mr.  Farrett's 
agency  ceafed.  In  1647,  Mary,  the  widowed  Countefs  of 
Henry,  the  third  Earl  of  Stirling,  fent  over  Captain  Andrew 
Forrcfler,  as  her  agent,  to  take  charge  of  her  eflates  on 
Long  Ifland,  but  the  Dutch  gave  him  an  unfriendly  recep- 
tion. Governor  Stuyvefant  placed  him  on  board  the  fliip 
"  Falconer,"  bound  to  Holland,  but  the  veffel  forced  by  a  flonn 
into  Spithead,  he  was  relieved  from  his  imprifonment  by  the 
commander  of  an  Englifli  man-of-war.  For  fome  years  after 
this,  little  attention  was  given  to  this  inheritance  by  Sir 
William's  heirs,  until  they  finally  entered  into  a  contra6t, 
about  the  year  1663,  to  fell  the  property  to  the  Duke  of 

York, 


.  ^'"^  '^^'^^^n^  Alexander. 

York,-  who   rcccVed   the  ^I 

In  the  year  16-7  '^^^ 

'712,  when  the  T7n„.-i 
amounted  tn  /■   ^         ""paid  annuities  iv.-fi    .,    . 

Lord  H  .h  T,-^';  °°'  "'^  ^°--"-d  of  Tndl        ''"""  ''"'^'•'^ft 
had  belr  n    ''"^'"^'■"'••'t  they  did  not         '''P°"'^  '-^  'he 

With  Ml"  ^^^^-^  ^n- 

ference  .H  '  '''""^""^^'^ent  of  officii!  ; 

As 


Andrew' 


92 


Memoir  of 


\<\ 


As  early  as  the  autumn  of  1629,  meafurcs  were  taken  to 
form  a  Society  for  conducting  the  bufmefs  of  fifliing  on  a 
large  fcale  on  the  weft  coaft  of  Scotland.  It  was  propofed 
to  eftablifli  a  ftock  company;  to  furnilli  two  hundred  veffels 
of  between  30  and  50  tons  each,  which  were  to  be  properly 
equipped  with  men  and  material  for  carrying  on  the  bufi- 
nefs.  The  Ifle  of  Lewis  was  to  be  the  head-quarters  or 
centre  of  the  enterprifc,  while  the  fifliing-grounds  were  to 
extend  along  the  whole  weftern  line  of  the  Scottifli  coaft. 

It  was  important  to  Britifli  interefts  in  forming  the 
Company  that  the  fchcme  fliould  be  well  adjuftcd,  and 
particularly  in  reference  to  the  Dutch,*^"'  who  were  powerful 
competitors  in  the  development  of  this  fource  of  national 

wealth. 


"Andrew  Forrefter  is  an  odd  perverfion 
of  James  Forrctt."  The  editor  of  Win- 
tlirop  lias  liere  fallen  into  an  "odd" 
millake.  Andrew  Forn  Iter  and  James 
Forrett  (or  more  correctly  Farrett)  are 
two  quite  diftintl  perfons.  James  Far- 
rett. and  not  Andrew  Forrefler,  as  er- 
roneoufly  Hated  by  Mr.  Savage,  was 
the  agent  of  Sir  William  Alexander 
on  Long  Ifland,  although  Captain  For- 
rerter  appears  to  have  been  his  agent 
at  Port  Rojal  fifteen  years  before  this, 
and  was  in  command  there  when  the 
Scotch  colony  was  removed  from  that 
place.  —  See  aiitea,  j).  67;  alfo  Micr- 
<ifli/i''s  A'^ox'ii  Scotia,  Ilalifa.v,  1S65,  Vol. 
II.  p.  90. 

If  the  conveyance  of  Nantucket  and 
Martha's  Vineyard,  by  Farrett  to  the 
Mayhews,  was  in  virtue  of  the  Earl  of 
Stirling's  jxitent  of  1635,  from  the  (ireat 
Council  of  New  England,  it  mull  have 
been  by  a  liberal  interpretadoi.  of  that 
inilrument.  Thefe  iilands  were  plainly 
not  widiin  five  leagues  of  the  main 
between  the  Hudfon  and  Connecticut 


rivers,  the  limitation  laid  down  by  the 
patent.  But  the  right  of  Stirling  to 
thefe  iflands  does  not  ajijicar  to  have 
been  qucfiioned,  ii  leedit  feems  to  have 
been  conceded,  ami  was  included  in  the 
grant  of  Long  Ifland  and  the  other  pof- 
leffions  of  the  Earl  of  Stirling,  made  by 
Charles  II.  to  his  brother,  tiie  Duke  of 
York,  March  12,  1C64.  It,  is,  however, 
to  be  obferved  that  thefe  iflands  are 
embraced  in  the  royal  grant  of  the 
Pro-ince  of  Maine  to  Sir  Ferdinando 
Gorges,  April  3,  1639.  Mayhew,  poffi- 
bly  not  fatisfied  with  his  title  from  the 
Earl  of  Stirling,  obtained  a  deed  like- 
wife  from  Gorges  through  his  agent, 
Richard  Vines,  and  when  he  fold  the 
ifland  of  Nantucket  to  the  Salifbury 
company  in  1659,  he  ftatcd  his  title  to 
be  in  the  patents  which  he  held  both 
from  Stirling  and  (Gorges. 

^^  "The  Ilollanders  yearly  tooke 
worth  300000  pounds  of  Fifli  vpon  our 
fea  coafis,  and  in  our  liberties."  — 
l'anglian''s   Golden  Fleece,   part  3,   p. 


Sir  William  Alexander. 


93 


wealth.  Sir  William  Alexander's  influence  and  opinion 
were  fought,  and  had  great  weight  in  forming  their  plans; 
he  was  commiffioned  by  the  King  to  prefent  and  advocate 
the  fcherne  of  an  affociation  among  his  countrymen  in 
Scotland,  which  he  did  with  great  fucccfs. 

The  company  was  eflablilhed  on  the  19th  of  July,  1632, 
by  letters  patent  under  the  title  of  "  The  Counfell  and 
Commountie  of  the  fifliing  of  his  Majefty's  dominions  of 
Great  Britane  and  Ireland." 

The  Council  was  compofed  of  twelve  gentlemen,  fix  of 
whom  were  required  by  the  charter  to  be  of  the  Scottifli 
nation,  and  fix  were  to  be  of  Englifli  or  Irifn  anceftry. 
They  held  the  office  by  royal  appointment ;  and  they,  as 
well  as  the  fellows  of  the  corporation,  of  whom  one  hundred 
and  thirty-eight  were  mentioned  by  name  in  the  charter, 
were  members  for  life,  fubjecft  only  to  removal  for  good 
caufe. 

To  the  Council,  of  which  Sir  William  Alexander  was  a 
member  from  the  beginning,  all  queftions  and  controver- 
fies  relating  to  this  important  interefl:  were  referred,  and 
tlieir  decifions,  or  thofc  of  the  referees  appointed  by  them, 
were  final. 

The  corporators  were  noblemen  and  gentlemen  of  influ- 
ence and  wealth,  and  the  King  himfelf  regarded  the  Society 
with  great  favor,  as  an  inftitutio  of  national  importance, 
and  cordial'^,  gave  to  it  his  royal  patronage.  To  enhance 
its  interells,  he  is  faid  by  fome  writers  to  have  reforted  to 
the  unworthy  expedient  of  exacting  from  his  fubje(5fs  an 

unufual 


i   ^< 


)       *     3    1 


\i 


I  i 
i 


'A  ' 


94 


Memoir  of 


N 


unufual  llri6\ncfs  in  the  obfei-vance  of  Lcnt,^"  in  which, 
through  a  blind  fuperflition,  fifli,  as  an  article  of  food,  was 
more  largely  iifcd  to  the  exclufion  of  meats. 

The  affairs  of  the  Company  were  adminiflcred  with 
vigor  for  feveral  years,  encountering  oppofition  more  or 
lefs  embarraffmg  both  from  the  Highlanders  and  others; 
but  when  the  whole  kingdom  became  diflra6\ed  by  civil 
broils,  this  enterprife,  like  many  others,  came  to  a  difaftrous 
termination. 

Sir  William  Alexander,  himfelf  an  accompliflied  fcholar, 
was  always  the  friend  and  patron  of  learning.  He  was 
deeply  interefled  in  the  formation  of  a  Royal  Academy,  a 
fcheme  inaugurated  in  i6 1 6,  thoroughly  canvaffed  by  men 
of  learning  and  influence,  brought  into  Parliament,  approved 
by  the  King,  and  finally  after  years  of  difcuffion  advanced 
to  fuch  a  degree  of  ripenefs  and  perfe6lion  that  it  was  on 
the  eve  of  incorporation  by  royal  charter,  when  the  fudden 
death  of  James  I.,  in  1625,  proved  fatal  to  its  eftablifliment. 
This  inftitution  was  intended  to  promote  the  national 
honor  and  virtue,  to  encourage   learning,  to  improve  the 

literature 


i  ; 


^  Before  the  eftablidiment  of  this 
Company,  it  was  the  facrilcgious  cuf- 
tom  to  fend  out,  from  time  to  time, 
Royal  Proclamations,  "reltrainincj  the 
killing,  dreffmg  and  eating  Fle(h  in 
Lent,  or  on  Fifli  day?  appointed  by 
law."  —  Rvmer's  Fcvdcra,  1626,  Vol. 
XVIII.  fol.  822. 

The  names  of  the  Council  for  Fi(h- 
ing,  as  given  in  the  Charter,  are  as 
follows  :  For  the  Scots  :  William,  Earl 
of  Morton  ;  William,  Earl  of  Strath- 
ern  ;  Robert,  Earl  of  Roxburgh  ;  Wil- 
liam, Vifcount  of  Stirline  ;  John  Hay, 
Efq. ;  and  George  Fletcher,  Efq.     For 


the  English  :  Richard,  Lord  Weflon  ; 
Thomas,  Earl  of  Arundell  and  Surry  ; 
Philip,  Earl  of  Pembroke ;  Thomas, 
Vifcount  Savage  ;  P'rancis,  Lord  Cot- 
tington  ;  and  Sir  John  Cooke.  —  AHs 
Pari.  Scotland.,  Charles  /.,  Vol.  V. 
p.  239. 

Some  changes  took  place  foon  after ; 
but  the  name  of  Sir  William  Alexan- 
der, as  Earl  of  Stirling,  ftill  appears, 
as  one  of  the  Council,  four  years  later. 
—  Calendar  of  State  Papers,  June  23, 
1636;  idem,  Aug.  31,  1638;  Penny 
Cyclopcedia,  Vol.  X.  p.  284. 


Sir  William  Alexander. 


95 


literature  of  the  age,  to  quicken  the  zeal  and  reward  the 
exertions  of  thofe  who  had  attained  diftincftion  as  poets, 
icholars,  philofophers,  antiquaries,  and  artifts.  The  project 
engaged  the  favor  of  the  ablefl  men  and  tlie  moll  brilHant 
fcholars  of  Great  Britain.  To  it  Sir  William  gave  his  cor- 
dial fympathy,  and  lent  his  counfel  and  influence  to  advance 
its  interefls.  He  contributed  a  poem  in  approbation  of  its 
defign,  and  was  one  of  Q\g\\iy  fava us,  who  were  felected  to 
be  its  founders,  and  to  be  attive  workers  in  its  adminif- 
tration.®^ 

He  was  likewife  at  various  times  appointed  on  Commif- 
fions  for  the  better  execution  of  the  laws. 

In  1 63 1,  with  Archbifliop  Abbot  and  Archbifliop  Harf- 
net,  and  over  thirty  other  noblemen  and  perfons  of  diflinc- 
tion,  he  was  appointed  to  inquire  into  the  execution  of  the 
laws  relating  to  the  relief  of  the  poor,  the  binding  out  of 
apprentices,  the  employment  of  the  indigent,  the  mainte- 
nance of  houfes  of  correcSlion,  payments  for  the  relief  of 
foldiers  and  mariners,  the  punilhment  of  vagabonds,  the 
repreffing  of  drunkennefs,  and  to  exercifc  a  general  watch- 
fulnefs  over  the  execution  of  the  laws. 

In  1633,  he  was  on  a  Commiffion  for  the  exercife  of 
ecclefiaflical  jurifdi6lion  in  England  and  Wales. 

In  1638,  he  was  appointed  with  others  to  inquire  into 
the  breach  of  the  law  againft  exceffive  ufury,  fcriveners, 

brokers, 


"  On  the  17th  December,  1846,  the 
Rev.  Jofeph  Hunter  prefented  to  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London 
the  original  paper  fetting  forth  the  plan 
of  the  propofed  Royal  Academy.    This 


paper  had  been  prepared  and  laid  be- 
fore James  I.  for  his  fpecial  informa- 
tion, and  contained  the  poem  by  Sir 
William  Alexander,  which  has  proba- 
bly never  been  in  print. 


I 


!4 


96 


Memoir  of 


VK 


w 


brokers,  an.d  frippcrs,  for  taking  too  great  lums  for  money 
loaned. 

He  was  alfo  intruded  witli  other  refponfible  duties  relat- 
ing to  the  adniiniflration  of  the  government  both  in  Scotland 
and  En<'"land. 

Sir  William  was  the  a^jcnt  of  the  Kinsf  for  the  manu- 
facflure  and  ilTue  of  copper  coins  or  "  farthing  tokens  "  in 
Scotland. 

On  the  30th  of  June,  1631,  Charles  I.  direded  Nicholas 
Briot,  chief  graver  of  the  mint  in  England,  to  repair  to 
Edinburgh  and  fet  up  a  mint  for  coining  copper  into 
farthings. 

The  weight  and  value  of  the  farthings  were  to  be  the 
fame  as  thofe  current  in  England.  But  it  was  afterwards 
ordered  by  the  King,  at  the  fuggeflion  of  Sir  William,  that 
the  coins  Ihould  be  in  three  denominations.  One  weighing 
32  grains,  another  weighing  16  grains,  and  a  third  weighing 
8  grains ;  the  latter,  he  adds,  "  being  the  weight  formerlic 
allowed  by  yow  to  the  farthings." 

In  payment  of  ^6,000  flerling,  granted  by  James  I.,  and 
of  ^10,000,  by  Charles  I.,  to  Sir  William  Alexander,  the 
latter  fum  for  the  lolTcs  fuflained  in  the  removal  of  his 
colony  from  Port  Royal,  as  is  prefumed,  the  King  ordered 
that  Sir  W' illiam  ihould  receive  his  fliare  or  royalty  arifmg 
from  this  coinage  for  the  fpace  of  nine  years.  Arrange- 
ments were  made  for  coining  75,000  ftone  weight,  and  more 
if  it  Ihould  be  required.  The  work  was  commenced  in  1632, 
but  how  long  it  was  continued,  and  with  what  fuccefs  in  the 

payment 


Sir  William  Alexander. 


97 


payment  of  the  King's  indcbtcdncfs  to  Sir  William,  wc  are 
not  informed. 

The  devices  and  mottoes  were  prefcribed  by  the  King,  in 
a  communication  to  the  P'-ivy  Council,  Dec.  13,  1631,  and 
were  as  follows  :  — 

On  one  fide,  a  figure  to  indicate  the  value,  under  an  im- 
perial crown,  with  the  Royal  infcription. 

On  the  other,  the  Thiflle,  with  the  motto,  A^cwc  mc  impune 
laccffce"" 

By  the  politenefs  of  Mr.  Henry 
F.  Brown,  of  Liverpool,  England, 
Librarian  of  the  Liverpool  Numif- 
matic  Society,  we  are  able  to  fur- 
nifli  illuftrations  of  the  fmallefl  and  the  largefi:  of  the  fcrics 
authorized  by  the  King.  The  coins,  accurate  engravings 
of  which  we  here  prefent,^^  belong  to  Mr.  Brown's  private 
colle6lion,  and  were,  very  kindly  and  at  fome  rifle,  fent  to 
the  writer  by  mail  to  be  engraved  for  this  work.  The 
fmallefl  weighs  exactly  eight  grains ;  and  the  1 1,  under 
the  imperial  crown,  indicates  its  value  to  be  two  farthings. 
The  largefi  weighs  precifely 
thirty-two  grains,  and  the  value 
is  indicated  to  be  two  pennies, 
or  four  times  that  of  the  fmall- 
efl coin.     It  will   be  obferved 

that 

•"  Royal  Letters,  Cliarters,  and  Trafbs,  Traditions  of  Ediuburt^h,  by  Robert 
Edinburjrh,  1867,  p.  72.  For  a  defcrip-  Chambers,  Edinbur!j;h,  1856,  p.  248. 
tion  of  the  old  Scotch  Mint,  or  Cunyie  *'  We  are  indebted  to  thefkilful  pen- 
Iloii/e,  where  Alexander's  coins  were  cil  of  Mifs  Louife  M.  Hill,  of  Boilon, 
ftruck,  and  which  is  ftill  Handing,  fee  for  the  very  delicate  and  accurate  draw- 
ings 


98 


Aleinoir  of 


I 


sii 


*  1 


I 


that  tlicy  conform  in  type?  and  wcij^ht  flri6lly  to  the  K inch's 
direction.  Tlic  value  placed  upon  them  was  probably 
greater  than  their  intrinfic  worth,  and  they  confequently 
became  exceedingly  unpopular,  and  were  denounced  under 
the  fignificant  title  of  "  Hlack  IMoney.""" 

Hefidcs  the  refponfibilities  growing  out  of  his  relations, 
both  public  and  private,  to  which  we  have  already  alluded, 
we  may  add  that    Sir  William  Alexander  was  appointed 

Keeper 


injjs  from  wliirh  tlic  cngraviiiixs  were 
made.  We  (lelirc  liere  to  ex|)refs  our 
til, inks  to  Mr.  Ileywootl  Cliapnian,  and 
other  ottlcers  of  tlie  Liver|K)ol  Niimif- 
m  itie  Soeiety.  tor  many  courtefies,  and 
el'pei  ially  for  a  valuable  corrcfpotideiicc 
relating  to  the  copper  coinage  of  Scot- 
land. 

•*'  Black  money  was  a  fynonymc  of 
hafe  money,  or  money  llriick  from  the 
lets  e\i)enlive  metals.    The  evils  allend- 


the  whole  of  Scotland  againfl  his  ad- 
minillration.  The  following  e.xccrpt 
from  S|)al(ling's  Memorials,  A. I).  16.14- 
1645,  indicates  how  imjiortant  and 
necelVary  thefe  coins  were  in  the  tranf- 
aclions  of  hufincfs,  and  how  the  eflorts 
to  i)revent  their  circulation  refuited  in  a 
great  inconvenience  to  the  people,  and 
a  calamity  to  tlie  whole  kingdom  :  — 

**  Nov. "2,  1639.     King  Charles's  turn- 
ers  stricken    l)y   the   Kari  of  Stirling, 


ant  upon  the  iffue  of  co])per  coins,  fuch    was,  by  iM-oclamalion  at  the  Crofs   of 

as  were  under  weight,  were  not  conlined    lulinlnirgli,  cryitdown  frae  twa  pennies 

to  anc  i^enny  ;  King  James's  turners  to 
pafs  for  twa  pennies,  bccaufe  tiiey  were 
no  lefs  worth  ;  and  the  caird  turners 
limpliceter  difchargcd  as  falle  cunyie. 
lUit  this  proclamation  was  fliortly  re- 
called, becaufe  there  was  no  other 
money  pafilng  to  make  change." 

"April,  1640.     You  fee  I  efore  fome 
order  taken  with  the  paffing  of  turners, 

to  pay  to  the  King  a  yearly  fum  of  one    whereof  fome  was  appoint! t  to  pafs  for 

hundred  marks.     The  fmallnels  of  thefe 

tokens  caufed  them  to  be  counterfeited, 

and  encouraged  other  great  abufes. — 

7\v/)irrs  Fa'i/i'ra,  Vol.  XVTII.  p.  143; 

A  iiiials  of  the  Coinai:^c  of  Great  lintaiii, 

by  /\!ii/in<;;,  \o\.  I.  ])p.  381,  393.     It  is 

not  unlikely  that  the  great  hollility  of 

the  Scots  to  Sir  William  Alexander's 

coins,  which  were  called  turners,  arofe 


to  Scotland.  In  the  firll  year  of  the 
reign  of  Chr.rles  I.,  letters  i'«atent  were 
granted  to  the  Duchefs  of  I^ichmond 
and  Lennox,  and  to  Sir  Francis  Crane, 
for  the  exclulive  right  of  making  farth- 
ing tokens  in  England,  for  the  term  of 
fe\enteen  years,  to  weigh  fix  grains 
apiece,  or  more  at  the  dilcretion  of  the 
patentees.     For   this    right    they   were 


ane  penny.  Now  they  would  give  noth- 
ing, penny  nor  half-penny  for  King 
Charles's  "turners  ;  but  King  James's 
turners  only  fliould  pafs.  Whereby  all 
change  and  trade  was  taken  away 
through  want  of  current  money,  be- 
caufe thir  flight  turners  was  the  only 
money  almoll  paffing  through  all  Scot- 
land."'—  Douiejlic  Aiutals  of  Scotland^ 

largely  out  of  their  hatred  to  Charles  I.    by  Robert  C/ia/zibers,  Edinburgh,   1858, 

and  the  intenfe  excitement  throughout    Vol.  II.  p.  12S. 


sir  William  Alexander. 


99 


Keeper  of  the  Signet,  in  1627;  a  Com miffi oner  of  tlic  Hx- 
cheqiicr,  in  162S;  an  Extraordinary  Judge  of  the  Court  of 
Seffion,  in  163 1  ;  Conmiirfioner  of  Surrenders,  and  ^hlller 
of  Minerals  and  Metals  in  Seotland,  the  lafl  in  eonneclion 
with  John  iMexandcr,  his  Ton.  He  was  alfo  admitted,  on 
the  29th  of  Janunry,  1634-5,  ^  Councillor  and  Patentee  of 
the  Corporation  for  "the  Planting,  Ruling,  Ordering,  and 
Governing  of  New  England,  in  America." 

Each  of  thefe  offices  and  enterprifes  brought  its  own 
weight  of  care  and  refponfibility,  and  fome  of  them  were 
exceedingly  cngroffing. 

His  refidence  was  for  the  mofl  part  in  London,  at  leafl 
after  the  acccffion  of  James  I.  to  the  throne  of  England, 
while  he  vifited  Scotland  froni  time  to  time  to  attend  to 
public  affairs,  and  to  look  after  the  cftate  which  he  had 
inherited  at  Menftrie.  His  intercfts  were  all  identified 
with  Scotland,  and  when  he  had  paffed  the  meridian  of 
life  he  began  to  look  to  it  as  the  more  confiant  home  of 
his  declining  years.  He  ere6led,  as  a  refidence  for  himfelf, 
a  baronial  edifice  on  the  eaft  fide  of  the  Cafile  Wynd  at 
Stirling.  It  was  in  the  French  flyle  of  architecture  of  that 
period,  with  round  towers  having  conical  fummits,  dormc. 
windows  richly  ornamented  with  profufe  mouldings  and 
other  decorations.  Its  fituation  was  happily  chofen  on  a 
commanding  fite,  furrounded  by  fcenery  of  great  beauty. 
Over  its  principal  entrance  were  the  arms  of  the  Earl,  and 
"  1632  "  was  engraved  upon  the  wall,  indicating  the  year  of 
its  ere6lion.  This  was  the  refidence  of  his  family,  and  his 
own  when  not  occupied  with  public  bufinefs  in  England. 

He 


«n 


L\ai«',' 


lOO 


Memoir  of 


b' , 


ii 


Ho  dill  retained  his  refidcncc  in  London  in  tlic  lafl  years 
of  his  hfc  ;  and,  after  his  death,  in  1640-1,  this  eltatc  at 
Stiriini;  palled  into  the  poiTeffion  of  tlie  family  of  Argyle, 
by  whom  the  arms  of  StirHng  were  removed,  and  their 
own  fubllituted.'"  The  ])roperty,  fometimes  denominated 
Argyle's  Lodging,  was  ftill  in  the  polTeflion  of  the  Argyles 
i'"*  '759'''"^  Subfequently,  about  the  beginning  of  tlie  prefent 
century,  it  i)arred  to  the  crown,  and  this  once  elegant  man- 
fion  is  now  ufed  by  the  government  as  a  military  hofpital. 

After  the  death  of  his  Ton,  Lord  William  Alexander,  the 
heir  of  his  titles  and  eftates,  which  occurred  in  1638,  Sir 
William  does  not  appear  to  have  entered  upon  any  new 
enterprifes,  although  he  continued  his  efforts  to  effe6l  fet- 
tlements  on  Long  Illand,  to  which  we  have  already  referred. 
The  difappointments  which  he  had  met  in  his  colonial 
undertakings,  the  melancholy  afpedl  of  the  civil  affairs  of 
the  nation,  cfpecially  the  dark  and  menacing  cloud  that 
hung  over  his  native  Scotland  threatening  all  the  horrors 

of 


*'  In  Hillint^'s  Antiquities  of  Scot- 
l.ind.  Vol.  IV'.,  is  an  engraving  of  the 
lioiife,  as  it  exilled  in  Sir  William's 
ilay,  with  the  arms  of  the  Karl  of  Stir- 
ling, and  tlie  date,  1C132.  For  a  cheap 
wood-cut  of  the  fame,  fee  Chambers' s 
CvilopiTiiia  of  Eiii^liyJi  Literature,  Vol. 

i:  p.  15.S. 

*'  The  Rev.  James  Porteousof  Mony- 
vard,  in  Perthfliire,  Scotland,  in  a  let- 
ter hearing  date  April  21,  1759,  to  Mr. 
William  Alexander,  of  New  York,  who 
claimed  and  aflumed  the  title  of  Earl 
of  Stirling,  and  at  that  time  propofed  to 
take  up  his  refidence  in  Scotland,  and 
who  was  at  a  later  period  a  Major-Gen- 
eral  in  the  war  of  the  American  Revolu- 
tion, referred  to  this  houfe  as  follows  : 


"  I  have  been  this  week  in  Stirling,  and 
took  a  particular  infpe<5^ion  of  thelioufe 
of  the  firll  Karl  of  Stirling,  which  now 
belongs  to  the  Duke  of  Argyle  —  where- 
of he  makes  nothing,  and  never  vifit3 
it.  It  is  a  fine  fituation,  and  has  a 
grand  profpecSil  over  the  mod  beautiful 
country  and  river  in  the  kingdom.  A 
perfeft  trifle  would  furnifli  therein  a 
fmall  lodging,  which  would  anfwer 
your  purpofe,  until  you  propfifed  to  re- 
fidc  with  us  in  Perthfhire  :  and  if  you 
intended  a  grand  houfe,  the  materials 
would  fave  two  thoufand  pounds.  I 
am  perfuaded  his  Grace  would  fell  it 
for  a  trifle."  —  Duer''s  Life  of  IVilliatn 
Alexander,  New  Jerfey  Hill.  Soc,  New 
York,  1847,  p.  27. 


Sir  Williavi  A/cxa/idc 


r. 


lOI 


of  a  civil  conflict,  the  fiulden  death  of  his  cldcfl  Ton,  in  whom 
were  wrapt  up  his  chief  hopes  for  maintaininj^  the  dillinc- 
tion  of  the  family  for  which  he  had  affiduoudy  labored  fo 
many  years,  the  financial  embarraffments  that  had  been 
gradually  accumulating,  and  were  now  overwhelming  his 
private  fortune,  all  thefe  burdens,  concentrating  as  it  were 
with  a  combined  and  renewed  weight,  were  more  than  he 
could  well  fuflnin,  and  were  be^inninu;  to  make  ferious  and 
vifible  inroads  upon  his  phyfical  conllitution.  I  lope,  how- 
ever, did  not  defert  him  ;  and,  fullained  by  an  indomitable 
will,  for  a  few  months  longer  he  continued  his  efforts  to 
redeem  his  fortunes,  with  the  fame  zeal,  energy,  and  mod- 
eration which  had  diftinouiflied  his  whole  career. 

He  died  at  London  in  February,*"  1 640-1.  Mis  body 
was  embalmed,  and  foon  after  tranfported  by  fea  to  Scot- 
land. On  the  12th  of  April  he  was  privately  buried  by 
night  in  the  family  tomb  commonly  known  as  "  Bowie's 
lyle,"  in  the  Grey  Friars'  Church  at  Stirling.^' 

The  reader,  who  has  followed  the  narrative  of  Sir  Wil- 
liam Alexander's  life  from  the  beginning,  will  not  fail  to 
recognize  in  him  a  conibination  of  extraordinary  and  even 
rare  qualities.  The  firfl  decade,  after  he  had  arrived  at  his 
majority,  he  devoted  to  profound  fludy,  and  made  himfelf 

m  after 


'•■'  !\Ioft  contemporary  writers  do  not 
give  the  exatl  date  of  his  death,  thougii 
all  agree  that  it  was  February,  i6;o-i. 
Granger  fays  he  died  on  the  I2th  Feb- 
ruary. —  ■'^''V^C-  Jli/l-  Eltt.^-i  London, 
1769,  Vol.  II.  p.  500.  Tills  date  is 
alio  introduced  into  a  pedigree  of  the 
Family  publiflaed  in   1S36. 

"^  The  Grey  Friars'  Church  was 
ere6led  in  1494.     It  is  a  large  building, 


of  Gothic  architeflure,  conftru(5tcd  of 
hewn  Hone,  with  an  arched  roof  fup- 
ported  by  two  rows  of  pillars,  and  has 
a  lofty,  malTive  tower.  In  1656  it  was 
divided  by  a  partition-wall,  and  now 
conrtitutes  two  churches.  James  \'I.  of 
Scotland,  afterwards  James  I.  of  Eng- 
land, was  here  crowned  in  15C7,  when 
he  was  thirteen  months  old. 


I02 


Memoir  of 


■  \\ 


mafter  of  the  whole  circle  of  claffical  learning,  which  was 
greatly  eileemed  and  cultivated  by  men  of  letters  at  that 
period.  From  thefe  fources  he  drew  largely  to  illiiflrate 
and  adorn  w'hat  he  wrote  both  in  profe  and  in  poetry.  The 
prevailing  charadlcriftic  of  his  mind  was  fpeculative  and 
mctaphyfical,  and  King  James  is  faid  to  have  called  him  his 
philofophical  poet.  While  he  aimed  to  pleafe,  his  ultimate 
and  controlling  purpofe  was  to  inflru6l ;  and  his  tendency 
to  "  moralife,"  efpecially  in  his  poetry,  is  fo  prominent  and 
conftant,  as  to  afford  little  opportunity,  even  if  he  had  them 
at  his  command,  for  that  lively  flow  of  fancy  and  wit,  which 
conftitute  attra(5live,  if  not  neceffary,  elements  in  this  fpecies 
of  compofition.  What  Pliny  faid  of  Silius  Italicus  may 
doubtlefs  be  juflly  applied  to  Alexander :  "  Scribebat  car- 
mina  majore  cura  quam  ingenio."  But  if  he  had  not 
genius,  he  had  at  leaft  the  higher  graces  of  talent.  While 
his  poetry  is  obvioufly  the  emanation  of  a  profound  and 
highly  cultivated  mind,  we  can  hardly  conceive  that  it  could 
be  popular  in  any  age ;  but  that  it  was  widely  read  by  the 
fcholars  of  his  own  time  is  attefted  by  the  numerous  editions 
through  which  fome  of  it  paffed,  and,  efpecially,  in  that  it 
was  deemed  expedient  to  publifli  it,  in  an  elegant  and  fump- 
tuous  folio,  in  the  laft  years  of  his  life. 

In  the  many  official  ftations  which  he  occupied,  fome  of 
them  through  a  long  feries  of  years,  he  difcharged  his  duties 
with  univerfal  fatisfaction.  He  was  Secretary  of  State  for 
Scotland  from  1626  to  the  day  of  his  death.^^     The  lafl  three 

years 

''  Robert  Chanil)ers  in  bis  Biogra-    45,  fays  that  Sir  William  Alexander's 
pliies  of  Eminent  Scotfmen,  Vol.  I.  p.    falary,  as  principal  Secretary  of  State 

for 


11!  2; 


Sir  William  Alexander, 


\o\ 


years  of  this  period  were  filled  with  mad  excitement  and 
hoftilc  conflict,  the  Kincj  llru2;Q:linc:  to  maintain  an  arroe;ant 
prerogative,  and  the  Scots  raving  in  a  cic'irium  of  indigna- 
tion and  fenfe  of  wrong.  It  is  hardly  probable  that  a  fcholar 
of  the  dignity,  culture,  and  refinement  of  Sir  William  Alex- 
ander, imbued  likewife  with  the  fentiments  of  moderation 
and  juftice  which  pervade  all  his  writings,  could  look  with 
entire  complacency  upon  cither  of  the  contending  parties. 
And,  accordingly,  we  fail  to  find  from  any  public  documents, 
or  private  journals  or  letters  of  that  period,  which  have  come 
to  our  notice,  that  he  took  any  part  whatever  in  the  contro- 
verfy,  certainly  not  after  the  coercive  mcafurcs,  adopted 
by  the  King,  had  fairly  taken  Ihape.  The  verfion  of  the 
Pfalms,  which  Sir  William  had  made,  or  at  leaft  perfe6led, 
to  accompany  the  Scotch  Service  Book  of  1637,  and  for 
which  he  had  a  copyright  for  twenty-one  years,  furnifhed 
an  all-fufficient  reafon  why  he  ihould  defire  the  adoption  of 
the  Book  by  the  Scots.  There  was  indeed  no  intrinfic  rea- 
fon to  a  moderate  Englifli  Churchman,  as  he  undoubtedly 
was,  againfl  its  adoption.  It  was  nearly  an  exact  tranfcript 
of  the  Englilh  fervice,  and  any  theological  obje(5tions  which 
could  be  made  to  the  one  would  ftand  equally  againft  the 
other.  While  it  continued  to  be  a  matter  into  which  the 
Scots  were  to  be  perfuaded,  he  doubtlefs  urged  it  with  all 
the  fkill  and  power  of  argument  which  he  poffelTed.     But 

we 


for  Scotland,  was  ^'loo  per  annum. 
From  this  we  infer  that  his  pubhc 
offices  were  fcarcely  remunerative. 

Sir  Archil)ald  Achefon,  of  (ilcncairn, 
was  eiglit  years  conjunct  Secretary  witli 
him.     He  died  in  1634,  and  we  do  not 


learn  that  any  fucceffor  was  appointed. 
For  fome  account  of  the  ceiol)rated 
Houfe  in  Edinburgh  occupied  by  Sir 
Archibald,  fee  Robert  CluDitbcs'' n  Tra- 
ditions of  Edinburgh,  p.  288. 


I04 


Memoir  of 


we  have  no  evidence  that  he  fiiggefled  or  coiinfellcd  any 
meafures  beyond  this.''"'  That  he  had  no  fympathy  with 
the  ^cclcfiafticifm  taught  and  exempHfied  by  Archbifliop 
Laud,  is  fufficiently  evident  from  the  fa(^  that  no  trace  of 
it  is  found  in  his  writings,  and,  moreover,  his  agent  was 
authorized  by  him,  while  the  controverfy  was  at  its  height, 
to  eflabhfh  colonies  on  Long  Ifland,  "  with  as  full  and  free 
liberty,  both  in  church  order  and  civil  government,  as  the 
plantations  in  Maffachufetts  enjoyed." 

His  colonial  enterprifes  covered  a  period  of  twenty  years, 
reaching  from  the  date  of  its  firfl;  cha;ter  to  the  day  of  his 
death.  Thefe  enterprifes  belong  to  that  clafs  of  efforts, 
relating  to  difcovery  and  plantation,  flretching  from  John 
Cabot's  time  through  a  hundred  and  twenty-five  years,  of 
which  it  has  been  cuflomary  to  fay  that  "  they  accompliflied 
nothing."     Such  a  verdidl  as  this,  however,  is  as  unphilo- 

fophical 


1^'  f' 


"*  The  following,  written  by  Sir  Wil- 
liam Alexander  to  Bifliop  Maxwell  of 
Rofs,  indicates  the  general  direction 
of  liis  fympathies,  and  at  the  fame  time 
tlie  moderation  whicli  appears  to  have 
characiterized  liis  whole  courfe  touch- 
injr  the  ecclefiaftical  affairs  of  Scotland. 
His  reference  of  the  matter  of  the 
Pfalms  to  the  judgment  of  his  fon  and 
the  Bifhop  of  Rofs  fhows  tliat  he  had  no 
plan  of  his  own  to  urge,  but  was  willing 
to  leave  its  whole  management  in  the 
hands  of  his  friends. 

"  I  thank  you  heartily  for  your  Book 
of  the  Cannons,  I  received  yeflernight. 
I  was  prefent  in  the  morning  when  my 
Lord  of  Canterbury  delivered  the  Book 
to  the  King,  wiiich,  as  foon  as  his 
Majerty  had  read  fome  of  it,  he  deliv- 
ered unto  me,  and  I  was  glad  to  hea- 
him  fo  well  pleafed  therewith.     I  find 


fome  errors  in  the  printer  by  miflaking 
or  reverfing  of  letters,  and  therefore 
have  the  more  care  in  looking  to  that 
in  printing  of  the  Service-Book,  for 
Young,  the  printer,  is  the  greatefl  knave 
that  I  ever  dealt  with ;  and  therefore 
truft  nothing  to  him  nor  his  fervants 
but  what  of  neceffity  you  muft.  [Since] 
the  writing  hereof  I  received  a  letter 
from  my  Lord  of  [Canterjiniry,  figni ty- 
ing his  Majefty's  plealure  for  two  letters 
that  fliould  lie  [drawn]  up  for  his  hand 
concerning  the  authorifing  of  the  Book 
[of  Ca]nons,  wliich,  God  willing,  fliall 
come  home  with  the  ne.ct  packet.  I 
hope  my  fon  will  take  fuch  courfe,  with 
your  advice,  concerning  the  l^lalms,  as 
ihall  l)e  fit,  to  whom  I  refer  the  fame."  — 
J.c.zi'f oil's  Epifcopal  ChurJi  of  Scot- 
land, Edinburgh,   1844,  p.  492. 


Sly  William  Alexander, 


105 


fophical  as  it  is  untrue  to  the  fa6ls  of  hiftory.  All  thefe 
attempts  were  a  neceffary  feries  of  experiments,  evolving 
jufl  that  empirical  wifdom  out  of  which  alone  could  come 
the  permanent  and  fuccefsfui  plantation  of  colonies. 

In  New  Scotland,  where  he  put  forth  prolonged  and 
flrenuous  efforts,  and  where  he  muft  have  expended  large 
fums  of  money  in  planting  a  colony  and  maintaining  it 
there  from  two  to  four  years,  Sir  William  Alexander  did 
not  reap  fuch  fruits  of  his  labors  as  they  feemed  to  deferve. 
The  removal  of  his  colony,  in  conformity  to  certain  articles 
of  peace,  entered  into  unadvifedly  or  elfe  from  neceffity,  was 
a  blow  from  which  no  opportunity  of  recovery  was  offered 
during  his  life.  It  opened  the  way  for  the  occupation  of 
the  territory  by  the  French,  whom  nothing  but  war  could 
difplace.  And  while  he  hopefully  awaited  the  period  when 
the  invaders  would  be  driven  off,  it  did  not  come  till  fome 
years  after  his  death. 

The  moft  obvious  and  infuperable  difficulty  which  he 
met  at  every  ftage  of  his  enterprife,  and  which  was  common 
at  that  time  to  all  others  who  engaged  in  colonial  under- 
takings, whether  private  gentlemen  or  corporations,  was  the 
want  of  funds  adequate  to  carry  forward  the  work. 

The  fcheme  which  he  devifed  of  dividing  up  a  portion  of 
the  territory  into  baronies,  which  were  to  be  fold  to  gentle- 
men of  family,  the  purchafe  to  carry  with  it  the  right  to 
affume  a  diftinguiflied  title  of  fuperiority,  has  fomething  in 
it  which  at  this  day  we  can  hardly  contemplate  without  a 
feeling  of  ftrong  difapprobation,  not  to  fay  contempt. 

The  perfonal  vanity  and  felf-conceit,  which  (loop  to  pur- 
chafe 


< 

■ 

1 

1 

\ 

1 

mKw 

io6 


1^      ' 


tv! 


frlf 


m 


M 


Memoir  of 


chafe  or  to  fell  what  has  no  value  iinlefs  it  be  voluntarily 
beflowccl,  arc  repulfive  to  a  noble  mind.  But  we  fliall  doubt- 
Icfs  do  injuflicc  both  to  the  grantor  and  grantees  of  thefe 
baronies,  if  we  fail  to  remember  that  there  was  nothing  in 
this  fcheme  of  conferring  honors  which  was  not  entirely 
harmonious  with  the  fentiments  that  prevailed  in  the  civil 
and  focial  life  of  that  period.  We  do  not  learn  that  any 
hoftility  was  entertained  to  the  principle  on  which  they  were 
conferred,  although  very  decided  oppofition  was  made  to 
them  by  a  minor  clafs  of  titled  gentlemen  in  Scotland,  who 
had  themfelves  obtained  their  titles  in  virtue  of  their  landed 
eflates.  Their  oppofition  was  made  fimply  on  the  ground 
that  the  recipients  of  the  new  honors  were  to  have  the 
precedency  over  themfelves,  and  not  to  the  principle  on 
which  the  honors  were  conferred.  Had  there  been  a  per- 
manent plantation  eftabliflied  in  New  Scotland,  of  which 
there  was  a  fair  profpe6l  if  there  had  been  no  interference 
by  the  French,  the  twenty  fquare  miles,  or  thereabouts,  of 
land  to  which  each  of  the  Knights  Baronets  was  entitled, 
would  perhaps  have  proved  in  the  end  a  remunerative 
inveflment.  The  money  was  doubtlefs  regarded  as  paid 
for  the  real  eftate  conveyed,  while  the  Baronial  honors  were 
conferred  in  virtue  of  the  royal  prerogative,  and  were  necef- 
farily  fubjc6f  to  caprice,  as  honorary  titles  are  at  the  prefent 
day.  If  the  King  faw  fit  to  reward  the  patriotic  zeal  ^^^hich 
he  recognized  in  thofe  who  were  willing  to  inveft  fome  part 
of  their  wealth  in  colonial  enterprife,  no  one  had  any  right 
to  obje6l  to  it,  and  we  do  not  find  that  any  one  did.  It  muft 
be  admitted  that  the  fcheme  itfelf,  however  unfuited  in  mofl 

refpecfts 


Sir  William  Alexarider, 


107 


ii 
t 
t 


refpedls  to  all  our  modern  notions,  was  eminently  adapted 
to  create  a  wide  and  permanent  intercfl  in  the  advancement 
of  the  colony.  The  proprietorfliip  of  a  hundred  and  fifty 
gentlemen  of  chara6ler  and  wealth  in  the  foil,  to  which 
there  was  moreover  attached  a  heritable  intereft  and  honor, 
was  very  certain  to  fecure  their  perfonal  co-operation  in  all 
meafures  and  enterprifes,  in  any  way  and  at  any  future  time, 
connected  with  the  profperity  and  fuccefs  of  the  plantation. 
And  it  may  well  be  fuppofed  that  the  defire  to  fecure  this 
important  advantage  to  the  colony  had  much  to  do  in  origi- 
nating and  didlating  the  fcheme  itfelf. 

But  when  we  confider  the  large  powers  granted  by  the 
Charter  to  the  Lieutenant  and  Knights  Baronets,  we  can 
hardly  conceive  it  poffible  that  a  colony  fliould  have  been 
fuccefsfully  planted  on  a  diftant  continent,  and  advance  in 
a  healthy  growth  on  fuch  a  bafis,  certainly  not  unlefs  the 
refources,  in  the  fliape  of  money  for  the  inveftment,  were 
far  greater  than  at  that  day  were  at  the  command  of  either 
private  gentlemen  or  ^corporate  bodies.  The  power  con- 
centrated fo  largely  in  the  original  grantees  might,  'J-,  is 
true,  have  become  gradually  diftributed  among  the  colonics, 
and  doubtlefs  it  would  have  been  eventually,  either  from 
neceffity  or  under  the  didlatcs  of  a  broader  pradlical  wifdom. 
But  the  Charter  contains  no  fore fliado wing  of  any  fuch 
latent  purpofe  in  the  grantees.  The  whole  fyftem  of  civil 
government,  propofed  by  Sir  William  Alexander  for  New 
Scotland,  was  in  harmony  with  the  fentiments  generally 
prevailing  at  that  period,  and  in  this  refpe6l  he  was  not  in 


advance  of  the  age  in  which  he  lived. 


H' 


Lord 


io8 


Memoir  of 


\i    :  i 


¥.      I 


i: 


Lord  Bacon,  in  his  effay  on  colonies,  gives  us  what  was 
doubtlcfs  the  foundefl  opinion  of  that  age.  He  was  himfelf 
a  grantee,  and  with  others  held  a  patent  of  Newfoundland, 
and  what  he  fays  in  the  following  lines  was,  we  may  prefume, 
his  beft  practical  view  of  the  fubje6l. 

"  Let  not  the  government  of  a  plantation  depend  upon 
too  many  counfellors  and  undertakers  in  the  country  that 
planteth,  but  upon  a  temperate  number ;  and  let  thofe  rather 
be  noblemen  and  gentlemen,  than  merchants  ;  for  they  look 
ever  to  the  prefent  gain." 

Again  he  adds :  "  For  government  let  it  be  in  the  hands 
of  one,  affifted  with  fome  counfel,  and  let  them  have  com- 
miffion  to  exercife  martial  laws,  with  fome  limitation."  °' 

Had  Sir  W  illiam  Alexander  propofed  a  plan  of  civil  gov- 
ernment, containing  the  popular  element,  with  the  modifi- 
cations and  limitations  of  power  fuch  as  have  gradually 
grown  up  and  are  now  univerfally  approved,  it  would  at 
that  time  have  been  looked  upon  as  extravagantly  Utopian, 
and  have  been  as  difficult  to  reduce  to  pra6lice  as  it  would 
be  at  the  prefent  day  to  introduce  the  fyftem  which  he 
devifed  for  New  Scotland  into  one  of  our  modern  free 
States.  While  from  his  education,  affociations,  and  tem- 
perament even,  he  had  doubtlefs  a  ftrong  attachment  to 
the  inftitutions  of  his  country  as  they  then  exifled,  we  may 
infer  that  he  did  not  defire  to  put  any  limit  upon  human 
freedom  which  would  be  inconfiflent  with  the  greatefl 
happinefs  and  the  higheft  degree  of  profperity.  In  his 
efforts  at  colonization  on  Long  Ifland  he  had  no  political 

views 

"  Bacon's  Eflays,  London,  1625. 


Sir  William  Alexander. 


109 


views  or  fyftem  of  government  which  he  wiflicd  to  urge, 
much  lefs  to  force  upon  the  fettlers,  but  he  freely  guaran- 
teed to  them  as  much  liberty  in  church  and  flate  as  was 
enjoyed  in  the  colony  of  Maffachufetts  Bay. 

The  motives  which  controlled  and  gave  characfter  to  the 
colonial  enterprifes  in  which  Sir  William  Alexander  en- 
gaged were  undoubtedly  complex,  and  fuch  as  were  common 
to  all  the  adventurers  who  either  preceded  or  followed  him 
in  fimilar  undertakings.  The  objedl  of  inverting  money 
was  then,  and  at  later  periods,  and  is,  we  may  add,  even 
in  this  enlightened  age,  to  fecure  good  pecuniary  returns. 
And  we  prefume  the  inveflments  in  colonial  enterprifes, 
with  him  as  with  others,  formed  no  exception  to  the  general 
rule.  He  undoubtedly  hoped  that  his  inveflments  would 
enable  his  family  in  after  generations  to  maintain  a  mode  of 
life  fuitable  to  the  high  rank  to  which  it  had  by  his  efforts 
been  elevated. 

He  was  alfo,  we  may  well  believe,  influenced  more  or 
lefs  by  a  pure  and  lofty  ambition  to  connedl  his  own  name 
with  the  honor  and  glory  of  eflablifhing  a  colony  in  the 
New  World.  "  Where,"  he  exclaims,  "  was  ever  ambition 
baited  with  greater  hopes  than  here  or  ever  had  virtue  fo 
large  a  field  to  reap  the  fruits  of  Glory,"  where  one  may 
leave  a  fair  inheritance  to  his  poflerity,  who  fliall  look  back 
to  him  as  the  author  of  their  nobility  ? 

But  we  muft  not  fail  to  include,  among  other  prominent 
and  controlling  motives,  his  defire  to  promote  the  growth 
and  extenfion  of  the  Chriftian  faith.  This  might  be  inferred 
from  the  fmiple  and  devout  piety  that  runs  through  all  his 

writings 


-1I 


no 


Memoir  of 


writings;  but  it  is  more  amply  and  warmly  exprcffed  in  his 
fumming  up  of  the  advantages  offered  by  American  col- 
onization. "  The  greatefl  encouragement  of  all,"  he  fays, 
"  for  any  true  chriftian  is  this,  that  here  is  a  large  way  for 
advancing  the  Gofpel  of  Jefus  Chrift,  to  whom  Churches 
may  be  builded  in  places  where  his  name  was  never  known; 
and  if  the  Saints  in  Heaven  rejoice  at  the  converfion  of  a 
Sinner ;  what  exceeding  joy  would  it  be  to  them  to  fee 
many  thoufands  of  Savage  people,  who  do  now  live  like  brute 
beafts,  converted  unto  God,  and  I  wifli  (leaving  thcfe  dreams 
of  Honor  and  Profit,  which  do  intoxicate  the  brains,  and 
impoifon  the  mind  with  tranfitory  pleafures,)  that  this  might 
be  our  chief  end  to  begin  a  new  life,  ferving  God  more  fin- 
cerely  than  before,  to  whom  we  may  draw  more  nere,  by 
retiring  ourfelves  further  from  hence." 

The  mofl  interefling  chapter,  in  the  hiflory  of  a  public 
man,  is  ufually  that  which  relates  to  his  focial  and  domeflic 
life.  But,  after  the  lapfe  of  two  hundred  years,  this  chapter 
cannot  be  fatisfa6lorily  written,  unlefs  the  neceffary  material 
exifls  in  the  form  of  diaries  and  journals,  and  more  partic- 
ularly of  a  private  correfpondence,  where  the  pulfations  of 
the  real  life  are  daguerreotyped  and  tranfmitted  more  dif- 
tindlly  than  in  any  other  way.  No  fources  of  information 
of  this  charadfer  relating  to  Sir  William  Alexander  exift,  or, 
if  fo,  they  do  not  lie  within  the  reach  of  ordinary  inveffi- 
gation.  There  is,  however,  fome  general  information  relat- 
ing to  hisfamily,"^  which  may  flied  an  imperfedl  light  upon 

his 

*"  What  we  here  give  has  been  taken  rative  of  Law  Proceedings  publiflied  in 

from  Sir  Robert  Doii<',l:'.s's  Peerage  of  Edinburgh  in  1836,  with  many  incidents 

Scotland,  corrected  mainly  by  the  in-  and  ilhillrations   gathered   from  other 

fertion  of  dates,  obtained  from  a  Nar-  fources. 


Sir   William  Alexander. 


1 1 1 


his  home  life,  and  a  brief  reference  to  it  falls  therefore 
within  the  fcope  of  our  prefent  purpofe. 

Of  his  wife,  the  firfi;  Countefs  of  Stirling,  we  fcarcely  know 
more  than  that  Ihe  was  the  mother  of  at  leafl  eleven  chil- 
dren, that  fhe  was  the  daughter  of  Sir  William  lirfkine, 
Knight,  and  the  great-grand-daughter  of  the  fourth  Earl  of 
Mar,  one  of  the  moft  diflinguiflied  and  influential  families 
of  the  Scottifli  nobility,  that  fhe  furvived  her  hufband,  and 
died  in  1655.  Many  circumflances  indicate  that  the  family 
refidence  was  in  Scotland,  at  Menftrie  at  firft,  but  in  Stirling 
after  1632.  Sir  William  himfelf  was  much  of  his  time  at 
court  in  the  difcharge  of  his  official  duties,  while  his  family, 
doubtlefs,  divided  their  time  between  London  and  their 
home  in  Scotland. 

I.  William,  the  eldefl  fon,  was  a  man  of  rare  accom- 
plifliments,  of  whom  Robert  Baillie  fays,  that  "befide 
the  gallantnefs  of  his  perfon,  he  was  both  wife,  learned, 
and  very  well  fpoken."  He  was  a  flanch  loyalifl,  but 
he  held  his  views  with  fuch  dignity  and  firm  moderation 
that  he  was  greatly  refpe6ted  even  by  the  enemies  of  the 
royal  caufe.  At  his  death  the  King  profeffed  his  lofs 
of  a  "  fervant  of  great  hopes."  He  went  to  New  Scot- 
land, as  governor  of  the  colony  planted  by  his  father  at 
Port  Royal  in  1628,  where  he  remained  from  one  to  four 
years. 

He  had  a  patent,  granted  Feb.  4,  1629,  for  a  voyage 
and  the  fole  trade  of  "  Beaver  Wools,  Beaver  Skins,  Furrs, 
Hides,  and  Skins  of  Wilde  Beafts,"  in  the  Gulf  and  River 

of 


w 


mmm 


I  12 


Memoir  of 


\ 


of  Canada  and  the  parts  adjacent,  with  power  to  eftabHfli  a 
plantation  and  to  keep  out  all  intruders."'' 

After  his  father  became  Vifcount  of  Stirling  in  1630, 
he  received  the  title  of  Lord,  by  courtefy,  and  was  ftyled, 
in  public  documents.  Lord  William  Alexander.  He  was 
appointed  one  of  the  Extraordinary  Lords  or  Judges  of  the 
Court  of  Seffion  on  the  27th  of  January,  1635,  and  a  Com- 
miffioner  for  Surrenders  about  the  fame  time.  He  was  alfo 
a  member  of  the  Great  Council  for  planting  New  England, 
from  1634  till  his  death,  and  its  meetings  were  not  unfre- 
quently  held  at  his  houfe  in  London.  He  married  Lady 
Margaret  Douglas,  the  eldefl  daughter  of  William,  the  elev- 
enth Earl  of  Angus,  the  firfl;  Marquis  of  Douglas,  by  whom 
he  had  a  fon,  William,  who  fucceeded  his  grandfather,  and 
was  the  fecond  Earl  of  Stirling,  but  died  foon  after,  w^hile  yet 
a  child.  He  had  three  daughters :  viz.,  Catharine,  married 
to  AValter,  Lord  Torphichen  ;  Margaret,  married  to  Sir 
Robert  Sinclair;  Lucy,  married  to  Edward  Harrington, 
Efq.,  page  of  honor  to  the  Prince  of  Orange  in  1630.  Lord 
William  Alexander  died  in  London,  of  a  fever  of  three  or 
four  days'  (landing,  in  March,  or,  as  a  late  writer  in  the 
fir  ft  volume  of  the  Colle6lions  of  the  Hiftorical  Society  of 
Great  Britain  has  perhaps  more  corre6lly  given  it,  on  the 
1 8th  of  May,  1638.  His  body,  having  been  embalmed,  was 
taken  to  Scotland  and  interred  "  priually  in  the  night "  in 
the  family  tomb,  "  Bowie's  lyle,"  in  the  Grey  Friars'  Church, 
at  Stirling.  Having  predeceafed  his  father,  he  failed  to 
fucceed  to  his  titles  and  eflates.  His  wife  furvived  him, 
and  died  Jan.  i,  1660. 

2.  Anthony, 

*'  Calendar  of  State  Papers,  Colonial  Series,  p.  96. 


&.< 


Sir  William  Alexander. 


113 


2.  Anthony,  the  fccond  fon,  who  was  Sir  Antliony, 
Knight,  married  a  daughter  of  Sir  Henry  Wardlaw,'""  of 
Pitrcavie,  or  Maflertown,  in  Fifefliirc,  Hart.  He  was  IMaf- 
ter  of  his  IMajerty's  Works  for  the  kingdom  of  Scotland. 
He  died  in  London,  without  ilTue,  on  tlie  17th  of  Septem- 
ber, 1637.  Mis  body  was  cmlDahiied  and  tranfported  by 
fea  to  Scotland,  and  by  torchlight  privately  interred  in 
Bowie's  lyle,  in  the  Grey  Friars',  at  Stirling. 

Drummond  of  Hawthornden  wrote  a  Paftoral  Elegy""  on 
his  death  in  140  verfes.  Had  he  not  polTerfed  many  excel- 
lent qualities,  this  accompliflied  poet  could  not  have  fpoken 
of  him  as  he  does  in  the  following  lines  :  — 

"  Thou  waft  all  virtue,  courtefy,  and  worth, 
And  as  Sun's  lij^ht  is  in  the  Moon  fet  forth, 
World's  fupreme  excellence  in  thee  did  (liine  ; 
Nor,  though  eclipfed  now,  flialt  thou  decline. 
But  in  our  memories  live,  while  dolphins  ftreams 
Shall  haunt,  while  eaglets  ft.ire  on  Titan's  beams, 
Whilrt  fwans  upon  their  cryftal  tomlxs  fliall  fmg, 
Whillt  violets  with  purple  paint  the  fpring. 
A  gentler  fliepherd  flocks  did  never  feed 
On  Albion's  hills,  nor  fing  to  oaten  reed." 

3.  Robert,  the  third  fon,  was  matriculated  a  ftudent  of  the 
Univerfity  of  Glafgow  in  1634.  He  predeceafed  his  brother. 
Lord  William  Alexander,  who,  as  we  have  already  feen,  died 
in  1638.  He  is  not  mentioned  by  Sir  Robert  Douglas,  in 
the  Peerage  of  Scotland,  nor  in  any  of  the  printed  pedigrees 

of 

'*'*'  Sir  Henry  Wardlaw,  of  Pitreavie,  '"'  It  was  printed  under  the  follow- 

founded  and  endowed  in  1676  alios-  ing  title:    "To  the   Exequies  of   the 

PiTAL   for   the   maintenance   of   four  Hnnovrable   Sr.    Antonye    Alexander, 

WIDOWS,  who   are   entitled  to  receive  Knigiit,  &c.   A  PaftoraU  Elegie.    Edin. 

6  bolls  of   oatmeal   (equivalent   to  36  1638.  4to." 
buflaels)  and  40  fliillings  annually. 

8 


\H 


■'■■    I    r 


114 


Memoir  of 


n\ 


of  the  family;  but  Robert  BailliL',  who  was  an  intimate  ac- 
quaintance, and  indeed  a  relative  of  the  family,  fpeaks  of 
his  death,  and  alfo  eflablilhes  the  fa(5l  that  he  was  the  third 
fon.'"» 

4.  Henry,  the  fourth  fon,  was  the  third  Earl  of  Stirling. 
His  nephew,  the  fecond  Marl,  having  died  about  three  months 
after  the  firll  I''arl,  he  fucceedcd  immediately  to  the  eftates 
of  the  Earldom,  which  he  found  greatly  embarraffed.  In 
fa(5l  they  appear  to  have  been  entirely  fwept  off,  at  leafl  thofe 
in  Scotland,'"''  leaving  fcarcely  any  thing  except  his  Ameri- 
can territories,  which  in  thofe  diftemjK'red  times  were  wholly 
unavailable.  He  eftabliflied  his  refidence  in  London,  and 
joined  the  court  as  a  peer  of  Scotland.  Douglas  informs 
us  that  he  always  \'oted  by  proxy  at  the  ele6lion  of  Scotch 
peers.  He  married  Mary,  daughter  and  co-heir  of  Sir 
Peter  Vanlore,  of  Tylehurft,  Co.  Berks,  Bart.,  from  whom 
he  received  a  confiderable  eflate.  He  died  Aug.  16,  1644, 
leaving  a  fon,  Henry,  who  became  the  fourth  Earl  of  Stir- 
ling,'"'' and  two  daughters,  Mary  and  Jane.     His  widow,  the 


'"^  Baillie's  Letters  and  Journals, 
Edinhurnh,  1841,  Vol.  I.  p.  76.  Notes 
and  Queries  (Englifli),  4th  Series,  Vol. 
II.  p.  35. 

"^  Sir  William  Alexander  obtained 
c'uirters  of  the  followinu;  l)aronies  in 
Scotland:  viz.,  the  barony  of  MenRrie 
in  1628;  Lari^is  and  Tulliiiody  in 
1629;  Tullicultre  in  1634;  (iartmore 
in  1636.  —  Pcnnv  Cyciopcrdia,  Vol. 
XXIII.  p.  60. 

'"■'  Henry,  the  fourth  Earl  of  Stirlinji;, 
was  fucceeded  by  his  fon,  Henry,  tiie 
fifth  Earl,  who  died  on  the  4th  of  Decem- 


Countefs 

bcr,  1739,  and  with  him  the  male  line 
became  extinct. 

In  1757,  William  Alexander  of  New 
York,  afterward  a  ( jenera!  ir  the  Revo- 
lutionary war,  laid  claim  :o  the  vacant 
Earldom.  He  was  dck  ended  from  John 
Alexander,  an  uncle  of  th  :  t'.-rt  Earl  of 
Stirlinji;:  he  is  ufually  ll\  ii-.i,  in  Ameri- 
can hillory.  General  Stirling,  or  Gen- 
eral Lord  Stirling. 

In  183 1,  Alexander  Humphrys,  a  de- 
fcendant,  in  the  female  line,  of  John, 
the  fifth  fon  of  the  lirll  Earl,  claimed 
the  title  and  eftates. 

The 


Sir  IVilllam  Alexander. 


IIS 


Countefsof  Stirling,  married,  as  her  fccond  hufband,  Colonel 
John  Blount. 

5.  John,  the  fifth  fon,  was  Mafler  of  Minerals  in  Scotland, 
in  connection  with  his  father.  He  obtained  a  charter  of  the 
lands  of  Over-Ifgall  in  1642.  He  married  Agnes,  a  daugh- 
ter of  Robert  Graham  of  Gartmorc,  Kfq.,  by  whoni  he  had  a 
fon,  John,  and  a  daughter,  Janet.     He  died  in  1666. 

6.  Charles,  the  fixth  fon,  received  a  charter,  under  the 
great  feal,  of  the  lands  of  Tullybody,  in  1642.  He  married 
Ann  Drurie,  and  had  an  only  fon,  Charles,  who  died  with- 
out iffue. 

7.  Ludovick,  the  feventh  fon,  died  in  infancy. 

8.  James,  the  eighth  fon,  married  Grizel  Hay,  and  had 
two  daughters,  Margaret  and  Jean.  The  latter  was  married 
to  the  Rev.  Henry  Scrymgeor. 

Jean,  the  cldeft  daughter  of  Sir  William  Alexander,  was 
married  firft  to  Hugh,  Lord  Vifcount  Montgomery,  of  Ire- 
land, and  fecond  to  Major-General  Robert  Munroe.  Her 
fon,  Hugh,  by  her  firfl  hufband,  was  created  Earl  of  Mount 
Alexander,  in  1661.  The  title  was  affumcd  in  honor  of  his 
mother's  furname. 

Mary, 


The  hiftory  and  nature  of  the  claims 
feverally  fet  up  may  be  learned  from  the 
following  works  :  viz.,  The  Life  of  Wil- 
liam Alexander,  Earl  of  Stirling,  by  Wil- 
liam Alexander  Duer,  LL.D.,  New  Jer- 
fey  Hi  ft.  Soc,  1S47  ;  Notes  and  (2ueries 
(English),  3d  Series, \'()1.  X.  p.123  ;  idem, 
4th  Series,  Vol.  IV.  pp.  38,  1 19  ;  Gentle- 
man's Magazine,  1776,  p.  505  ;  Peerage 
of  Scotland,  by  Sir  Robert  Douglas  ; 
Analetta  Scotica,  Edinburgh,  "1834, 
p.  169 ;  Turnbull's  Report  on  the  Stir- 


ling Peerage  Trial,  Edinburgh,  1839  i 
Modern  State  Trials,  ])y  William  C. 
Townfend,  2  vols.,  Longman  &  Co., 
1850  ;  Swinton's  Report  of  tlie  Trial 
of  Alexander  Humphrys,  or  Alexander, 
Edinburgh,  1839;  Narrative  of  Op- 
preffive  Law  Proceedings,  &c.,  Edin- 
burgh, 1836  ;  Blackwood's  Edinl)urgli 
Magazine,  1S51,  pp.  461-605:  Vindi- 
cation of  the  Rights  and  Titles  of  Alex- 
ander, Earl  of  Stirling  and  Dovan,  by 
John  L.  Hayes,  Wafliington,  1853  ;  Sir 

T.  C.  Banks's 


ii6 


Me7noiy  of 


Mary,  the  fecond  daughter,  was  married  to  Sir  William 
Murray,  of  Clermont,  Bart.,  who  was  created  a  baronet  in 
1626. 

Elizabeth,  the  third  daughter,  died  unmarried. 

This  brief  record  of  the  family  alliances,  the  near  kinfliip 
of  his  wife  to  one  of  the  mofl  prominent  families  in  Scot- 
land, his  intimate  relations  from  a  very  early  period  with 
the  Duke  of  Argyle,  his  friendfliip  with  the  poets,  Drayton, 
Aytoun,  Drummond,  Ben  Jonfon,^"^  John  Murray,  Dr.  Ar- 
thur Johnflon,  and  others,  render  it  eafy,  with  a  very  flight 
exercife  of  the  imagination,  to  form  a  very  diftincl  pidlure 
of  Sir  William  Alexander's  focial  and  domeftic  life. 

From  the  beginning  to  the  end  of  his  career,  in  public 
and  in  private,  he  was  infpired  by  a  wholefome  and  gener- 
ous ambition.  Enterprifmg,  energetic,  and  induftrious,  his 
whole  life  was  filled  with  cares  and  inceffant  labors. 

If  any  line  written  by  him,  either  in  poetry  or  profe,  con- 
tains a  queftionable  morality,  or  a  fentiment  of  which  a 
great  or  good  man  need  to  be  afliamed,  it  has  efcaped  our 
notice. 

His  fchemes  of  colonization  were  fliaped  and  moulded 

by 

T.  C.  Banks's  Caronia  Anglica  Con- 
centrata,  Ripon,  1843 ;  Fiflieries,  Pri- 
vate Property,  by  Cliarles  L.  Alexander, 
1872,  4to,  pp.  5. 

"•'  The  relation  between  Sir  William 
Alexand  x  and  Jonfon  was  probably 
not  very  intimate,  though  they  were 
often  thrown  together  in  literary  circles. 
In  ])erfonal  charafter  tliey  had  scarcely 
any  thing  in  common.  The  one  was 
grave,  ferious,  and  dignified :  the  other 
was  gay,  convivial,  and  a  thorough  man 
of   the  world.      It  was  doubtlefs  this 


natural  incongruity,  as  much  as  Sir 
William's  friendship  for  Drayton,  that 
extorted  from  Jonfon  the  following, 
among  his  celebrated  criticifms  of  the 
poets,  in  his  converfations  with  Drum- 
mond, viz.,  that  "  Sir  William  Alexander 
was  not  half  kind  to  him,  and  neglefted 
him,  becaufe  a  Friend  to  Drayton."  — 
Works  of  WilUatit  Dniiiuitond  of 
Hawthonideti,  Edinburgh,  171 1,  folio, 
p.  225 ;  idem.  Life  of  Dnimmond, 
p.  ix. 


Sir  Williaiii  Alexander. 


117 


by  the  age  in  which  he  lived.  The  time  was  not,  however, 
fully  ripe  for  the  achievement  of  that  to  which  he  had  put 
his  hand.  The  toils  of  twenty  years  and  his  whole  private 
fortune,  which  he  freely  beflowed,  conflituted,  ncverthelefs, 
a  noble  contribution  to  the  experience  which  wa'-.  dcftined 
to  be  unfruitful  for  a  period,  but  which  was  demanded,  in 
the  order  of  human  progrefs,  before  American  colonization 
could  be  crowned  with  fuccefs. 


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BIBLIOGRA 


PHY. 


Canada  :6.8,  by  King  Ch.Zfj,'^'"'''^  *'^<=  barter  of 
ti'e  Seals,  were  ratified  in  a  krifJ  f^  P''""'"^''  f''™"?h 

'".per on  in  the  Caftle  of  Edinb  ^7'  ''"^  '^^  "'^  ^i"? 
ongmals  were  i„  L^tin,  and  "S'i""'  '''  '^33-  ^e 
Reg,fter.  They  were  p  i„ted  Tn  it  '"  • ''"  ^^^^'  S^=" 
•^on,  m  the  colleflion  of  the  Ba"  V  '^™"'°"'  ?""«"«- 
''!;^-'-e  in  a  Narrative  of  Law  p!'"'.'^'"'^'  '"  '^^y,  and 
™"'  a:,  E„gh-fl,  tranflation  TuM-r;^'"^' '"  *^  '••'tter 
'«36.     T!.,.  Charter  of  xt:     „d  St^'  j^^-l^-gh,  in 

and  French  Commifmrlel      4    ""-'^'""-k  of  the  En<dim 
*^  Charter  ,s  in   Pu^,,^r^  "'^^  compendiu,ro 
.^"    excerpt,   defcribing    th      bnf  T"'  '''"°"  "^  '6.5. 
■nto  the  Nows  Orbis  °of    fohn   d  "^r'"''   ''^    '"''•"^"^d 

^•°-  ^"'^■^---«-rd^ci:;,K::;H^' 

land, 


I20 


Sir  William  Alexander. 


\K. 


0 


land,  of  the  County  of  Canada  and  of  Loig  Ifland,  wu^ 
printed,  we  think,  for  the  lirlt  time,  in  the  Bannatyne  Col- 
le6lion  in  1867. 

The  tra6l  entitled  an  Encouragement  to  Colonies, 
reproduced  verbatim  et  literatim  in  thefe  pages,  was  firfl 
publiflied  in  London  in  1624,  printed  by  William  Stanfby, 
and  dedicated  to  Prince  Charles.  Some  copies  bear  the 
date  of  1625. 

In  1630,  a  new  title-page  was  prefixed  to  the  tra61,  the 
dedication  to  the  Prince  was  '••\'^flled,  and  the  fame  im- 
preffion  was  fent  forth,  and  has  generally,  but  errone- 

oufly,  referred  to  as  a  fecond  edition.  The  new  title-page 
was  as  follows  :  — 

The  I  MAPP  AND  I  DESCRIPTION  OF  |  New-England  ;  I 
Together  with  |  A  Difcourfe  of  Plantation,  and  |  Colonies  : 
I  ALSO  I  A  relation  of  the  nature  of  the  Climate  \  and  how 
it  agrees  with  our  owne  Country  \  England.  |  Mow  neere 
it  lyes  to  New- Found-Land^  Virginia,  \  Noua  Francia,  Can- 
ada, and  other  parts  of  |  the  West-Indies.  |  Written  by  \ 
S'  William  Alexander,  Knight.  \  London,  |  Printed  for 
Nathaniel  Bvtter.    |    An.  Dom.  1630. 

It  would  be  vain  to  fpeculate  upon  the  reafon  of  the 
reiffue  of  this  tra6t,  under  a  new  title,  fix  years  after  its  firfl 
jDublication.  As  the  laft  iffue  was  printed  for  Nathaniel 
Butter,  it  is  not  unlikely  to  have  been  a  bookfeller's  fpecu- 
lation,  who,  by  cancelling  the  dedication  to  the  Prince, 
who  had  in  the  mean  time  come  to  the  throne,  and  by  an 
attra6live  title-page  and  a  frefli  date,  hoped  to  call  the 
attention  of  the  public  to  it  as  to  a  new  work.  This  prac- 
tice 


Bibliography. 


121 


tice  was  common  at  that  period :  sometimes  an  edition 
received  fix  and  even  eight  title-pages,  before  all  of  it  could 
be  fold. 

The  careful  fludent  of  this  little  treatife  will,  we  think, 
regard  the  writer,  in  point  of  learning,  breadth  of  view, 
and  grandeur  of  conception  touching  the  future  of  coloni- 
zation, as  equal,  if  not  furpaffing  all  other  writers  on  this 
fubje6l  at  that  period. 

The  engraved  Map,  of  which  we  give  a  fac-fimile,  accom- 
panied the  firft  as  well  as  the  fecond  iffuc. 

It  prefents  in  outline  Newfoundland,  the  River  and  Gulf 
of  Canada,  New  Scotland,  and  New  England  as  far  as  Cape 
Cod.  An  attentive  obferver  will  trace  a  clofe  refemblance  in 
this  map  to  that  of  Lefcarbot,  publilhed  in  1612.  Many  of 
its  features  are  fo  flrikingiy  fimilar,  that  their  origin  hardly 
admits  of  a  doubt.  Alexander's  map  is,  however,  in  all  its 
outlines  far  more  accurate,  and  indicates  that  in  the  twelve 
years  that  had  elapfed  fmce  the  pul^lication  of  the  former, 
a  very  great  advance  had  been  made  in  the  topographical 
knowledge  of  the  region  here  delineated.' ""^     The  map  is 

intended 


'"^  Capt.  John  Mafon's  map  of  New- 
foundland was  pul)lifhed  in  1626 ;  but 
as  early  as  1617  he  intimated,  in  a  letter 
to  Sir  John  Scot,  that  it  was  then  in 
preparation  :  and  he  added,  "  I  am  now 
fetting  my  foote  into  that  path  where  I 
ended  laft,  to  difcover  the  wertward  of 
this  land  ;  and  for  two  months  ahfence, 
I  have  fitted  myfelf  with  a  fmall  new 
jjalley  of  15  tonnes,  and  to  rowe  with 
fourteen  oares  (havins;  loft  our  former). 
We  fhall  vifite  the  nnturalls  [naiives]  of 
the  country,  with  whom  I  purpr.fe  to 
trade,  and  thereafter  fliall  give  you  a 


taft  of  the  event,  hoping  that  withall 
To  ra  nova  will  produce  Dona  no7'a,  to 
manifeft  our  gratification.  Untill  which 
tynie,  I  reft  and  ftiall  remayne  tuns 
dum  fuits,  John  IVIasox."  —  Royal 
Letters,  Charters,  and  Trails,  Edin- 
huruh,  1867,  p.  5. 

We  know  not  how  far  this  furvey 
of  Capt.  Mason  extended  ;  hut  it  is  not 
unlikely  that,  during  the  feven  years 
which  he  paffed  at  Newfoundland,  he 
obtained  much  valuable  topograjiliical 
information  relating  to  New  Scotland 
and  New  England,  of  which  Sir  William 

Alexander 


)  -i; 


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1.    *^   ^ 


Sir  William  Alexander, 


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intended  only  as  an  outline,  the  names  arc  all  in  Englifli,  and 
thofe  which-  had  been  laid  down  by  Lefcarbot  in  French 
are  here  of  courfe  entirely  omitted.  The  fouth-weftern 
portion  of  Newfoundland  is  entitled  Alexandria,  and  marks 
a  grant  which  had  been  made  to  vSir  William  in  that 
province.'"'  New  Scotland  is  divided  into  two  provinces, 
the  more  fouthern  denominated  Caledonia,  the  northern 
Alexandria.  The  weflern  extremity  of  the  map  reprefents 
that  part  of  the  coaft  of  New  England  which  lies  between 
the  river  St.  Croix  and  Cape  Cod,  including  a  confiderablc 
territory  lying  due  weft  of  the  latter  point. 

On  the  maps  of  North  America,  anterior  to  this  period, 
New  England,  having  been  imperfe6lly  explored,  appears 
to  have  been  particularly  negle6led,  while  the  northern  and 
fouthern  extremities  of  the  continent  are  more  fully  deline- 
ated. On  fome  of  them  New  England  is  omitted  altogether, 
and  on  others  it  is  reprefented  in  the  mofl  rudimentary 
way. 

Captain  John  Smith's  exploration  of  the  coafl,  in  1614, 
enabled  him  to  con(lru6l  a  map,  which,  though  by  no  means 
noruratc,  was  greatly  in  advance  of  any  that  had  preceded 
it.'"^^    This  was  publiflied  in  1616,  and  although  Sir  William 

Alexander 


Alexander  availed  himfclf  in  the  con- 
flruftion  of  his  map. 

Charles  W.  Tuttle,  Efq.,  of  Bofton, 
has  in  preparation  a  monot^raph  relat- 
\n<f  to  Capt.  John  Mafon,  \vliich  will 
comprife  a  Memoir,  Mafon's  Traft  on 
Newfoundland,  1620,  and  the  feveral 
American  Cliartcrs  in  w-hich  he  was  a 
grantee.  It  cannot  fail  to  he  a  valuable 
contribution  to  our  Colonial  hillory. 

'"'  See  Encouragement  to  Colonies, 
London,  1624,  pp.  25,  26. 


""*  Smith,  deprecating  a  want  of 
knowledge  of  the  coafts  of  New  Eng- 
land, and  the  imperfeftnefs  of  the  majjs 
that  had  been  attempted,  fays,  "  I  hauc 
had  fix  or  feuen  feuerall  plots  of  thofe 
Northerne  parts,  fo  vnlike  each  to 
other,  or  refemblance  of  the  Country, 
as  they  did  me  no  more  good  then  To 
much  walle  jxapcr."  —  Sviit/t^s  Genera// 
J/iJ/orie,  Loudon,  1632,  p.  207. 


Bibliography. 


123 


11 


(.1- 

1)S 


to 
■V, 
iV) 


Alexander  was  undoiibtcdly  familiar  with  it,  and  probably 
obtained  important  hints  from  it,  there  is  not  fuch  a 
marked  fimilarity  in  the  two  maps  as  we  fliould  naturally 
have  anticipated,  or  that  renders  it  obvious  that  the  one 
was,  in  any  proper  fenfe,  taken  from  the  other. 

On  that  part  of  Alexander's  map  which  reprefents  New 
England  are  the  names  of  twenty  diflinguilhed  perfons 
who  appear  at  one  time  to  have  compofed  the  Council  for 
Planting,  Ruhag,  and  Governing  New  England.  A  fchcme 
had  been  put  on  foot  by  the  Council  to  divide  the  territory 
among  themfelves,  and  they  even  advanced  fo  far  as  to  lay 
down  the  feveral  divifions  on  one  of  Smith's  maps,'""  and 
to  affign  them  by  lot,  but  the  contemplated  partition  does 
not  appear  ever  to  have  been  confummatcd. 

The  exacft  time  when  the  lots  were  caft  and  the  divifions 
delineated  does  not  appear.  As  Sir  William  Belafis's  name 
is  on  the  map,  and  as  he  was  admitted  to  the  Council  on 
the  17th  of  June,  1623,''"  the  allotment  mufh  have  taken 
place  fome  time  after  that  date,  and  before  the  publication 
of  the  map  in  1624.  The  names  of  the  patentees,  but  not 
the  delineated  divifions,  are  transferred  to  Alexander's  map, 
and  thus  have  an  hiftorical  fignificance  by  pointing  back  to 
an  inchoate  fcheme,  which,  had  it  been  carried  out,  might 
have  given  to  New  England  a  landed  arifiocracy  not  unlike 
that  ftill  exifl:ing  in  the  mother  country. 

Sir 


"^  Capt.  John  Smith's  General  Hif- 
tory,  Richmond,  1819,  Vol.  II.  p.  263  ; 
alio,  Alexander's  Encouragement  to 
Colonies,  in  this  vol.  p.  31,  according 
to  ]:)agination  of  ed.  1624.  For  a  jiro- 
pofed  divifion  of  the  fame  territory  at 
a  later  period,  fee  Gorges's  Briefe 
Narration,  London,   1658,  pp.  42-44 ; 


Hazard,  Vol.  I.  p.  38S  ;  idem,  pp.  390- 
302  ;  Records  of  the  Great  Council  for 
New  England,  Am.  Antiquarian  Soc, 
1867. 

""  Records  of  the  Council  for  New 
England,  edited  by  Charles  Deane, 
LL.D.,  in  Proceedings  Am.  Ant.  Soc, 
1867,  p.  95. 


1 

Ift 

Mi 

B> 

m 

w 

r^n 

H  \' 

I 


124 


Sir  William  Alexander, 


Sir  William  Alexander's  map  has  appeared  feveral  times 
in  conncdlion  with  other  works. 

The  next  year  after  its  publication  in  his  Encourage- 
ment to  Colonies,  it  was  introduced  by  Purchas  into  the 
fourth  volume  of  his  Pilgrimes,  publiflied  in  London  in 
1625. 

That  part  of  it  which  relates  to  New  England  was  en- 
graved to  illuflrate  the  "Landing  at  Cape  Anne,"  a  work 
by  John  Wingate  Thornton,  Efq.,  publiflied  in  Boflon  in 
1854. 

The  whole  map  was  introduced,  by  Mr.  Samuel  G.  Drake, 
into  the  "  Founders  of  New  England,"  pubhflied  by  him  in 
Boflon  in  i860. 

It  alfo  appears  again  in  a  work  entitled  "  Royal  Letters, 
Charters,  and  Tra6ls,"  edited  by  David  Laing,  LL.D.,  and 
publiflied  under  the  aufpices  of  the  Bannatyne  Clu'  ,  Edin- 
burgh, Scotland,  in  1867. 

Engraved  Portrait.  —  William  Marfliall  executed  a  por- 
trait of  Sir  William  Alexander,  which  was  jDrefixed  to  his 
Recreation  with  the  Mufes,  publiflied  in  1637.  Antea^ 
p.  6.  It  w^as  undoubtedly  engraved  after  one  of  Marfliall's 
own  defigns,  and  is  faid  to  be  among  his  befl  performances. 
It  is  now  exceedingly  rare,  and  is  to  be  found  in  but  few 
of  the  copies  of  that  edition. 

"  It  reprcfents  his  lordfhip  in  a  clofe-bodied  coat ;  a  full  ruff  about 
his  neck,  and  the  badge  of  his  new-created  order  hanging  at  his  breaft. 
Livelincfs  and  gravity  are  well  tempered  in  his  countenance  ;  his  hair 
is  fhort,  and  well  curleu  ;  and  his  beard  tapering  gradually  to  a  point, 
according  to  the  fuftiion  of  the  times.     The  oval  frame  is  encompaffed 

with 


Bibliography. 


125 


with  two  olive  branches;  andthc  infcription  in  it  is :  vkua  kffigies 

GUI.IEI.MI  COMITIS  DE  STEHI.IN.      .ETATIS  SU.E  lAII."  —  Olilys. 

This  was  undoubtedly  the  only  original  likencfs  left  by 
Sir  William,  and  all  later  engravings  appear  to  be  copies 
from  this,  of  which  there  are  feveral.  Granger  informs  us 
that  a  i^rint,  after  the  manner  of  Marfliall,  with  the  motto 
Ant  fpcro  ant  fpcrno,  is  prefixed  to  the  edition  of  the 
Tragedies,  8vo,  161 6. 

Engravings  have  been  executed,  by  C.  Hall,  publiflied  in 
1 781  ;  by  Bocquet,  in  1806;  and  by  C.  Pye,  in  1820.  In 
thefe  the  acceffories,  the  oval  frame,  infcription,  and  olive 
branches,  are  laid  afide. 

In  1795,  William  Richardfon,  of  London,  publiflied  an 
engraved  portrait  to  illuffrate  Granger's  Biographical  Hif- 
tory  of  England.  This  was  evidently  a  fac-fmiile  of  Mar- 
fliall's  celebrated  work  accompanying  the  Recreation  with 
the  Mufes,  to  which  we  have  referred.  From  tliis  plate 
engravings  were  furnifhed  for  the  volume  of  Royal  Letters, 
Charters,  and  Tra(5ls,  iffued  by  the  Bannatyne  Club  in 
1867.  The  plate  is  now  in  the  poffeffion  of  Henry  George 
Bohn,  Esq.,  of  London,  who  has  obligingly  confented  to 
furnifli  impreffions  from  it  for  this  work. 

"  Anacrisis  ;  or,  A  Cenfure  of  fome  Poets  Ancient  and 
Modern."     This  work  requires  a  brief  notice. 

In  the  later  years  of  Sir  William  Alexander's  life,  he 
retired  for  a  fliort  time  to  Menflrie,  the  place  of  his  birth, 
for  repofe  and  recreation,  after  the  fatigues  and  cares  of 
many  years  devoted  to  public  duties.  This  period  of  leifure 
he  gave  to  a  reperufal  of  the  poets,  a  fludy  which  appears 
to  have  afforded  him  great  pleafure,  and  to  have  kindled 

anew 


126 


Sir  Willia7n  Alexander, 


anew  his  early  taflcs.  As  a  refult  of  thcfe  fludics,  he  has 
left  us  a  critique,  in  which  he  offers  remarks,  more  or  Icfs 
extended,  upon  Virgil,  Ovid,  Horace,  Juvenal,  Papinianus, 
Lucan,  Martial,  Scaliger,  and  Taffo.  He  alfo  fpeaks,  by 
way  of  illuflration,  of  Curtius,  and  of  Xenophon,  and  of 
Sir  Philip  Sidney,  and  of  other  writers  in  Englifh,  Italian, 
Spanifh,  and  French.  This  little  effay,  although  but  a 
rough  draught,  cannot  but  challenge  our  refpedt  for  the 
critical  talent  of  the  author,  his  high  culture  and  extenfive 
learning.  It  was  enclofed  to  the  poet  Drummond  of  Haw- 
thornden,  with  an  interefling  note,  which,  with  the  Anacrifis, 
['Jrui<i)tai<,;  examination,  or  critique^  is  inferted  in  the  works 
of  that  poet.'"     We  give  the  note  entire,  as  follows :  — 

To  my  much  honoured  Pricnd, 

j\If.  William  Drummond  of  Hawthornden. 

Sir, 

I  would  have  this  Piece  appear  to  the  World  with  your  Name,  as 
well  for  a  Tcftimony  to  Aftcrtimcs  of  our  Frieiidfliip  and  Love,  as  for 
that  (to  my  knowledge)  there  is  not  any  in  our  Northern  Country  who 
hath  more  diligently  perufcd  the  Authors  cited  in  this  Cenfure,  and  who 
can  fo  univerfally  difcern  of  every  of  them  in  tiieir  own  Language,  as 
your  felf.  !My  daily  Cares  at  Court,  and  Employments  in  Matters  of 
the  State,  have  not  granted  me  Leifure  to  fet  the  laft  Hand  unto  it: 
Neither  have  I  went  fo  through  all,  but  that  you  (if  you  pleafe)  in  that 
Solitarinefs  and  Leifure  which  you  enjoy,  may  proceed  and  fpend  fome 
flying  Hours  upon  this  fame  Subject.  And,  I  am  allured,  our  Pieces 
cannot  but  with  Applaufe  and  Contentment  be  read  and  embraced  by 
the  thankful  Poflerity  ;  who  after  Death  will  render  to  every  Man  what 
is  his  due. 

Tozir  loving  Friend  atid  Brother^ 

Stirling. 

'"  Works  of  William  Drummond  of  Hawthornden,  Edinburgh,  171 1,  folio, 
p.  158. 


CHARTER 


I\   FAVOR   OF 


SIR  WILLIAM  ALEXANDER,  KNIGHT, 

Of  the  Lordsiiii'  and  Barony  of  New  Scotland  in  America, 

lo  Septem!!er,  162 1. 


Traujlated  bv  the  Rev.  Carlos  Slafter,  A.M.,  of  Dcdhaiit. 


\\cX 


lllo, 


I  AMES,  by  the  grace  of  God,  King  of  Great  Rri't- 
ain,  France,  and    Ireland,  and    Defender  of  the 
Faith,  to  all  good  men  clerical  and   lay,  of  his 
entire  realm,  fjreeting. 

Know  ye,  that  we  have  always  been  eager  to  embrace 
every  opportunity  to  promote  the  honor  and  wealth  of  our 
Kingdom  of  Scotland,  and  think  that  no  gain  is  cafier  or 
more  fafe  than  what  is  made  by  planting  new  colonics  in 
foreign  and  uncultivated  regions,  where  the  means  of  living 
and  food  abound:  efpecially,  if  these  places  were  bf i  )p> 
without    inhabitants,   or  were    fettled    by    infidels   whofe 

converfion 

Note.  —  This  tranflation  is  made  le6tion  of  Royal  Letters,  Charters,  and 
from  the  Latin  as  found  in  the  "  Great  Tra(5ls,  l)y  the  Bannatyne  Club,  Edin- 
Seal  Regifter,"  and  printed  in  the  col-    burgh,  1867. 


-  I, 


\m\ 


128  Sir  WiUiavi  Alexander. 

convcrfion  to  llic  Cliriflian  faith  mod  higlily  concerns  tlie 
glory  of  Ciod. 

But  whilft  many  other  Kinf^donis,  and,  not  very  long  ago, 
our  own  I'lngland,  to  their  praife,  have  given  their  names 
to  new  lands,  which  they  have  acquired  and  fubdued ;  We, 
thiid^ing  how  })oi)ulous  and  crowded  this  land  now  is  by 
Divine  favor,  and  how  expedient  it  is  that  it  fliould  be 
carefully  exercifcd  in  fomc  honorable  and  ufeful  difcipline, 
left  it  deteriorate  through  flotii  and  ina6lion,  have  judged 
it  important  that  many  Ihould  be  led  forth  into  new  terri- 
tory, which  they  may  fill  with  colonics  ;  and  fo  we  think  this 
iindertakinii:  moft  fit  for  this  Kinccdom,  both  on  account 
of  the  promptnefs  and  activity  of  its  fpirit,  and  the  ftrength 
and  endurance  of  its  men  againft  any  difficulties,  if  any 
other  men  anywhere  dare  to  fet  themfelves  in  oppofition ; 
and  as  it  demands  the  tranfportation  only  of  men  and 
women,  ftock  and  grain,  and  not  of  money,  and  can  not 
repay,  at  this  time,  when  bufinefs  is  fo  deprel'fed,  a  trouble- 
fome  expenditure  of  the  treafures  of  this  realm ;  for  thefe 
reafons,  as  well  as  on  account  of  the  good,  faithful,  and 
acceptable  fervice  of  our  beloved  counfellor,  Sir  William 
Alexander,  Knight,  to  us  rendered,  and  to  be  rendered,  who 
firft  of  our  fubjeds  at  his  own  expenfe  attempted  to  plant 
this  foreign  colony,  and  felc6led  for  plantation  the  divers 
lands  bounded  by  the  limits  hereafter  defignatcd : 

We,  therefore,  from  our  Sovereign  anxiety  to  propagate 
the  Chriftian  faith,  and  to  fecure  the  wealth,  profperity,  and 
peace  of  the  native  fubjecls  of  our  faid  Kingdom  of  Scot- 
land, as  other  foreign  princes  in  fuch  cafes  already  have 

done, 


Charter  of  162 1. 


129 


done,  with  the  advice  and  confent  of  our  well-bclovcd 
coufin  and  counfellor,  John,  Earl  of  Mar,  Lord  h^rfkine 
and  Gareoch,  &c.,  our  Higli  Trcafurer,  Comptroller,  Col- 
le6tor,  and  Treafurer  of  our  new  revenues  of  this  our 
Kingdom  of  Scotland,  and  of  the  other  Lords  Commif- 
fioners  of  our  fame  Kingdom,  have  given,  granted,  and 
conveyed,  and,  by  the  tenor  of  our  prefent  charter,  do  give, 
grant,  and  convey  to  the  aforefaid  Sir  William  Alexander, 
his  heirs  or  affigns,  hereditarily,  all  and  fingle,  the  lands  of 
the  continent,  and  idands  fituated  and  lying  in  America, 
within  the  head  or  promontory  commonly  called  Cape  of 
Sable,  lying  near  the  forty-third  degree  of  north  latitude,  or 
thereabouts:  from  this  Cape  flretching  along  the  ihores 
of  the  fea,  weflward  to  the  roadflead  of  St.  Mary,  commonly 
called  Saint  Mary's  Bay,  and  thence  northward  by  a  ftraight 
line,  croffmg  the  entrance,  or  mouth,  of  that  great  roadflead 
which  runs  toward  the  eaflern  part  of  the  land  between  the 
countries  of  the  Suriqui  and  Etechemini,  commonly  called 
Suriquois  and  Etechemines,  to  the  river  generally  known 
by  the  name  of  St.  Croix,  and  to  the  remotefi;  fprings,  or 
fource,  from  the  weflern  fide  of  the  fame,  which  empty  into 
the  firfl  mentioned  river ;  thence  by  an  imaginary  ftraight 
line  which  is  conceived  to  extend  through  the  land,  or  run 
northward  to  the  nearefl  bay,  river,  or  ftream  emptying  into 
the  great  river  of  Canada:  and  going  from  that  eaflward 
along  the  low  fliores  of  the  fame  river  of  Canada,  to  the 
river,  harbor,  port  or  fliore  commonly  known  and  called  by 
the  name  of  Gathepe  or  Gafpie,  and  thence  fouth-foutheafl 
to  the  ifles  called  Bacalaos,  or  Cape  Breton,  leaving  the  faid 

ifles 


li 


\ ' 


I 


mi 


I-   "I 


f 


130 


Sir  William  Alexander, 


ifles  on.  the  right,  and  the  mouth  of  che  faid  great  river  of 
Canada,  or  large  bay,  and  the  territory  of  Newfoundland 
with  the  iflands  belonging  to  the  fame  lands,  on  the  left : 
thence  to  the  headland  c"  point  of  Cape  Breton  aforefaid, 
lying  near  latitude  45°,  or  thereabouts;  and  from  the  faid 
point  of  Cape  Breton  toward  the  fouth  and  weft  to  the 
above-mentioned  Cape  Sable,  where  the  boundary  began ; 
including  and  containing  within  the  faid  coafls  and  their 
circumference,  from  fea  to  fea,  all  lands  of  the  continent 
with  the  rivers,  falls,  bays,  fliores,  iflands,  or  feas,  lying  near 
or  within  ^ix  leagues  on  any  fide  of  the  fame,  on  the  weft, 
north,  or  eafl:  fides  of  the  fame  coafts  and  bounds :  and  on 
the  fouth-foutheafl:  (where  Cape  Breton  lies)  and  on  the 
fouth  fide  of  the  fame  (where  Cape  Sable  is)  all  feas  and 
iflands  fouthward  within  forty  leagues  of  faid  fea-fliore, 
thereby  including  the  large  illand  commonly  called  Ifle  de 
Sable,  or  Sablon,  lying  towards  Carban,  in  common  fpeech, 
fouth-foutheaft,  about  thirty  leagues  from  the  faid  Cape 
Breton  feaward,  and  being  in  latitude  44°,  or  thereabouts. 

The  above -d'  ^cribed  lands  fliall  in  all  future  time  bear 
the  name  of  New  Scotland  in  America,  and  alfo  the  afore- 
faid Sir  William  fliall  divide  it  into  parts  and  portions  as 
feemeth  beft  to  him,  and  fliall  give  names  to  tht  fame  at  his 
pleafure : 

With  all  mines,  both  the  royal  ones  of  gold  and  filver, 
and  others  of  iron,  lead,  copper,  tin,  brafs,  and  other  min- 
erals, with  the  power  of  mining,  and  caufing  to  dig  them 
from  the  earth,  and  of  purifying  and  refining  the  fame,  and 
converting  to  his  own  ufe,  or  that  of  others  as  fliall  feem 

befl 


Charter  of  162 1. 


131 


his 


and 
Ibeft 


beft  to  the  faid  Sir  ''"'illiam,  his  heirs  or  afTigns,  or  to 
whomfoever  it  fliall  have  pleafed  him  to  eftablifli  in  faid 
lands,  referving  onl)  to  us  nod  our  fucceffors,  a  tenth  part 
of  the  metal  vulgarly  knov\^n  as  ore  of  gold  and  filver 
which  fliall  be  hereafter  dug  or  obtained  from  the  land : 
leaving  the  faid  Sir  William  and  his  aforefaids  whatever  of 
other  metals  of  copper,  fleel,  iron,  tin,  lead,  or  other  miner- 
als, we  or  our  fucceffors  may  be  able  in  any  way  to  obtain 
from  the  earth,  in  order  that  thereby  they  may  the  more 
eafi'ly  bear  the  large  expenfe  of  reducing  the  aforefaid  met- 
als :  together  with  mr.rgarite  termed  pearl,  and  any  other 
precious  ftones,  quarries,  forefls,  thickets,  moffes,  marflies, 
lakes,  waters,  fiflieries  in  both  fait  and  frefli  water,  and  of 
both  royal  and  other  fifli,  hunting,  hawking,  and  any  thing 
that  may  be  fold  or  inherited  ;  with  full  power,  privilege,  and 
jurifdi6lion  of  free  royalty,  chapelry,  and  chancery  for  ever : 
with  the  gift  and  right  of  patronage  of  churches,  chapels,  and 
benefices  :  with  tenants,  tenancies,  and  the  feraces  of  thofe 
holding  the  fame  freely  :  together  with  the  offices  of  juftici- 
ary  and  admiralty  within  all  the  bounds  refpe6lively  men- 
tioned above :  alfo  with  power  of  fetting  up  states,  free 
towns,  free  ports,  villages,  and  barony  towns :  and  of  eflab- 
l-fliins:  markets  and  fairs  within  the  bounds  of  faid  lands : 
ot  holding  courts  of  juflice  and  admiralty  within  the  limits 
of  fuch  lands,  rivers,  por'  \  and  feas :  alfo  with  tlie  power  of 
improving,  levying,  and  receiving  all  tolls,  cufl^  ms,  anchor- 
dues,  and  other  revenues  of  the  faid  towns,  mnrts,  fairs,  and 
free  ports ;  und  of  owning  and  ufmg  the  fame  as  freely  in 
all  refpeds  as  any  greater  or  leffer  Baron  in  our  Kingdom 

of 


\ 


•  11 


1 1 


m 

m 

IjHjj 

w. 

r ' 


/ 


■!• 


Sir  Willia7n  Alexander, 


of  Scotland  has  enjoyed  In  any  paft,  or  could  enjoy  in  any 
future  time :  with  all  other  prerogatives,  privileges,  immu- 
nities, dignities,  perquifites,  profits,  and  dues  concerning 
and  belonging  to  faid  lands,  feas,  and  the  boundaries  there- 
of, which  we  ourfelves  can  give  and  grant,  as  freely  and  in 
as  ample  form  as  we  or  any  of  our  noble  anceftors  granted 
any  charters,  letters  patent,  enfeoffments,  gifts,  or  commif- 
fions  to  any  fubjedls  of  whatever  rank  or  chara(?ter,  or  to 
any  fociety  or  company  leading  out  fuch  colonies  into  any 
foreign  parts,  or  fearching  out  foreign  lands,  and  in  as  free 
and  ample  form  as  if  the  fame  were  included  in  this  prefent 
charter :  alfo,  we  make,  conflitute,  and  ordain  the  faid  Sir 
William  Alexander,  his  heirs  and  affigns,  or  their  deputies, 
our  Hereditary  Lieutenants-General,  for  reprefenting  our 
royal  perfon,  both  by  fea  and  by  land,  in  the  regions  of  the 
fea,  and  on  the  coafts,  and  in  the  bounds  aforefaid,  both  in- 
feeking  faid  lands  and  remaining  there  and  returning  from 
the  fame ;  to  govern,  rule,  punifli,  and  acqui^  all  our  fub- 
je(5ls  who  may  chance  to  vifit  or  inhabit  the  fame,  or  who 
fliall  do  bufinefs  with  the  fame,  or  fliall  tarry  in  the  faid 
places ;  alfo,  to  pardon  the  fame  ;  and  to  eftablifli  fuch  laws, 
flatutes,  conftitutions,  orders,  inftru6lions,  forms  of  govern- 
ing, and  ceremonies  of  magiflrates  in  faid  bounds,  as  fliall 
feem  fit  to  Sir  William  Alexander  himfelf,  or  his  aforefaids, 
for  the  government  of  the  faid  region,  or  of  the  inhabitants 
of  the  fame,  in  all  caufes,  both  criminal  and  civil ;  also,  of 
changing  and  altering  the  faid  laws,  rules,  forms,  and  cere- 
monies, as  often  as  he  or  his  aforefaids  fliall  pleafe  for  the 
good  and  convenience  of  faid  region :  fo  that  faid  laws  may 

be 


i 


Charter  of  162 1. 


133 


any 
mu- 
[ling 
lere- 
id  in 
inted 
nmif- 
or  to 
0  any 
s  free 
refent 
id  Sir 
rjuties, 
icT  our 


be  cts  confiftent  as  poflible  with  thofe  of  our  realm  of  Scot- 
land. We  alfo  will  that,  in  cafe  of  rebellion  or  fedition,  he 
may  ufe  mardal  law  againft  delinquents,  or  fuch  as  withdraw 
themfelves  from  his  power,  as  freely  as  any  lieutenant  what- 
ever of  our  realm  or  dominion,  by  virtue  of  the  of^ce  of 
lieutenant,  has,  or  can  have,  the  power  to  ufe,  by  excluding 
all  other  officers  of  this  our  Scottifli  realm,  on  land  or  fea, 
who  hereafter  can  pretend  to  any  claim,  property,  authority, 
or  interefl  in  and  to  faid  lands  or  province  aforefaid,  or  any 
jurifdidlion  therein  by  virtue  of  any  prior  difpofal  or  patents ; 
and,  that  a  motive  may  be  offered  to  noblemen  for  joining 
this  expedition  and  planting  a  colony  in  faid  lands,  we,  for 
ourltJ.ves  and  our  hei's  and  fucceffors,  with  the  advice  and 
confent  aforefaid,  by  virtue  of  our  prefent  charter,  do  give 
and  grant  free  and  full  power  to  the  aforefaid  Sir  William 
Alexander  and  his  aforefaids,  to  confer  favors,  privileges, 
gifts,  and  honors  on  thofe  who  deferve  them,  witli  full  power 
to  the  fame,  or  any  one  of  them,  who  may  have  made  bar- 
gains or  contra6ls  with  Sir  William,  or  h*  leputies,  for  the 
faid  lands,  under  his  fignature,  or  that  of  ins  deputies,  and 
under  the  feal  hereinafter  defcribed,  to  difpofe  of  anrl  convey 
any  part  or  parcel  of  faid  lands,  ports,  harbors,  rivers,  or  o!"  any 
part  of  the  premifes ;  alfo,  of  erecting  machines  of  all  forts, 
introducing  arts  or  fciences,  or  pra6lifing  the  fame,  in  whole 
or  in  part,  as  he  fliall  judge  to  be  for  their  advantage ;  alfo, 
to  give,  grant,  and  beflow  fuch  offices,  titles,  rights,  and  pow- 
ers, make  and  appoint  fuch  captains,  officers,  bailiffs,  govern- 
ors, clerks,  and  all  other  officers,  clerks,  and  miniflers  of  roy- 
alty, barony,  and  town,  for  the  execution  of  juflice  within  the 

bounds 


^ 


1 

'^  1  11' 

lil 

41 

i 

il 

!■ 

.TT^'T^ 


I 


ill 


134         Sir  William  Alexander, 

bounds  of  faid  lands,  or  on  the  way  to  thcfe  lands  by  fca,  and 
returning  from  the  fame,  as  lliall  fecm  neceffary  to  him,  ac- 
cording to  the  qualities,  conditions,  and  deferts  of  the  perfons 
who  may  happen  to  dwell  in  any  of  the  colonies  of  faid  prov- 
ince, or  in  any  part  of  the  fame,  or  who  may  rifk  their  goods 
and  fortunes  for  the  advantage  and  increafe  of  the  fame  ; 
alfo,  of  removing  the  fame  perfons  from  office,  transferring 
or  changing  them,  as  far  as  it  fliall  feem  expedient  to  him 
and  his  aforefaids. 

And,  fmce  attempts  of  this  kind  are  not  made  without 
great  labor  and  expenfe,  and  demand  a  large  outlay  of  money, 
fo  that  they  exceed  the  means  of  any  private  man,  and  on 
this  account  the  faid  Sir  William  Alexander  and  his  afore- 
faids may  need  fupplies  of  many  kinds,  with  many  of  our 
fubjeds  and  other  men  for  fpecial  enterprifes  and  ventures 
therein,  who  may  form  contracts  with  him,  his  heirs,  affigns, 
or  deputies  for  lands,  fiflieries,  trade,  or  the  tranfportation 
of  people  and  their  flocks,  goods,  and  effc6ls  to  the  faid  New 
Scotland,  we  will  that  whoever  fliall  make  fuch  contra(5ls 
with  the  faid  Sir  William  and  his  aforelaids  under  their 
names  and  feals,  by  limiting,  affigning,  and  fixing  the  day 
and  place  for  the  delivery  of  perfons,  goods,  and  effeds  on 
fliipboard,  under  forfeiture  of  a  certain  fum  of  money,  and 
fliall  not  perform  the  fame  contracts,  but  ihall  thwart  and 
injure  him  in  the  propofed  voyage,  which  thing  will  not 
only  oppofe  and  harm  the  faid  Sir  William  and  his  afore- 
faids, but  alfo  prejudice  and  damage  our  fo  laudable  inten- 
tion:  then  it  fliall  be  lawful  to  the  faid  Sir  William  and  his 
aforefaids,  or  their  deputies  and  confervators  hereinafter 

mentioned, 


Charter  of  162 1. 


13s 


mentioned,  in  fuch  cafe  to  feize  for  himfclf,  or  his  deputies 
whom  he  may  appoint  for  this  purpofe,  all  fuch  fums  of 
money,  goods,  and  effects  forfeited  by  the  violation  of  thefe 
contra6ls.  And  that  this  may  be  more  eafily  done,  and  the 
delay  of  the  law  be  avoided,  we  have  given  and  granted, 
and  by  the  tenor  of  thefe  prefents  do  give  and  grant,  full 
power  to  the  Lords  of  our  Council,  that  they  may  reduce 
to  order  and  punifli  the  violators  of  fuch  contraiffs  and 
agreements  made  for  the  tranfportation  of  perfons.  And 
although  all  fuch  contrails  between  the  faid  Sir  William 
and  his  aforefaids  and  the  aforefaid  adventurers  fliall  be 
carried  out  in  the  rifk  and  the  conveyance  of  people  with 
their  goods  and  effe61s,  at  the  fet  time  ;  and  they  with  all 
their  cattle  and  goods  arrive  at  the  ihore  of  that  province 
with  the  intention  of  colonizing  and  abiding  there ;  and 
yet,  afterwards,  fliall  leave  the  province  of  New  Scotland 
altogether,  and  the  confines  of  the  fame,  without  the  conf.  kl 
of  the  faid  Sir  William  and  his  aforefaids  or  their  deputies, 
or  the  fociety  and  colony  aforefaid,  where  firft  they  had 
been  colle6led  and  joined  together ;  and  fliall  go  away  to 
the  uncivilized  natives,  to  live  in  remote  and  defert  places : 
then  they  fliall  lofe  and  forfeit  all  the  lands  previouHy 
granted  them  ;  alfo  all  their  goods  within  the  aforefaid 
bounds ;  and  it  fhall  be  lawful  for  the  faid  Sir  William  and 
his  aforefaids  to  confifcate  the  fame,  and  reclaim  the  fame 
lands,  and  to  feize  and  convert  and  apply  to  his  own  ufe  and 
that  of  his  aforefaids  all  the  fame  belonging  to  them,  or 
any  one  of  them. 

And  that  all  our  beloved  fubjeds,  as  well  of  our  kingdoms 

and 


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I|: 


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136         Sir  PVilliam  Alexander, 

and  dominions,  so  alfo  others  of  foreign  birth  who  may  fail 
to  the  faid  lands,  or  any  part  of  the  fame,  for  obtaining 
merchandife,  may  the  better  know  and  obey  the  power  and 
authority  given  by  us  to  the  aforefaid  Sir  William  Alexan- 
der, our  faithful  counfellor,  and  his  deputies,  in  all  fuch 
commiffions,  warrants,  and  contra(5ls  as  he  fliall  at  any 
time  make,  grant,  and  eflablifli  for  the  more  fit  and  fafe 
arrangement  of  offices,  to  govern  faid  colony,  grant  lands, 
and  execute  juftice  in  refpe6l  to  the  faid  inhabitants,  adven- 
turers, deputies,  fadlors,  or  affigns,  in  any  part  of  faid  lands, 
or  in  failing  to  the  fame,  we,  with  the  advice  and  confent 
aforefaid,  do  order  that  the  faid  Sir  William  Alexander  and 
his  aforefaids  fliall  have  one  common  feal,  pertaining  to  the 
office  of  Lieutenant  of  Jufticiary  and  Admiralty,  which  by 
the  faid  Sir  William  Alexander  and  his  aforefaids  or  their 
deputies,  in  all  time  to  come,  fliall  be  fafely  kept :  on  one 
fide  of  it  our  arms  fliall  be  engraved,  with  thcfe  words 
on  the  circle  and  margin  thereof :  "  Sigillum  Regis  Scotire 
Anglian  Francias  et  Hyberniae;"  and  on  the  other  fide  our 
image,  or  that  of  our  fucceffors,  with  thefe  words :  "  Pro 
NoviE  Scotia^  Locum  Tenente  :  "  and  a  true  copy  of  it  fliall 
be  kept  in  the  hands  and  care  of  the  confervator  of  the 
privileges  of  New  Scotland,  and  this  he  may  ufe  in  his 
office  as  occafion  fliall  require.  And  as  it  is  very  important 
that  all  our  beloved  fubje6ls  who  inhabit  the  faid  province 
of  New  Scotland  or  its  borders  may  live  in  the  fear  of 
Almighty  God,  and  at  the  fame  time  in  his  true  worfliip, 
and  may  have  an  earnefl  purpofe  to  cftablifli  the  Chriflian 
religion  therein,  and  alfo  to  cultivate  peace  and  quiet  with 

the 


I  % 


I   1  li 


Charter  of  162 1. 


^n 


the  native  inhabitants  and  favage  aborigines  of  thefe  lands, 
fo  that  they,  and  any  others  trading  there,  may  fafely,  pleaf- 
antly,  and  quietly  hold  what  they  have  got  with  great  labor 
and  peril,  we,  for  ourfelves  and  our  fucceffors,  do  will  and 
decree,  and  by  our  prefent  charter  give  and  grant  to  the 
faid  Sir  William  Alexander  and  his  aforefaids  and  their 
deputies,  or  any  other  of  our  government  officers  and  min- 
ifters  whom  they  fliall  appoint,  free  and  abfolute  power  of 
arranging  and  fecuring  peace,  alliance,  friendfliip,  mutual 
conferences,  affiflance,  and  intercourfe  with  thofe  favage 
aborigines  and  their  chiefs,  and  any  others  bearing  rule  and 
power  among  them ;  and  of  preferving  and  foftering  fuch 
relations  and  treaties  as  they  or  their  aforefaids  fliall  form 
with  them ;  provided  thofe  treaties  are,  on  the  other  fide, 
kept  faithfully  by  thefe  barbarians ;  and,  unless  this  be 
done,  of  taking  up  arms  againft  them,  whereby  they  may  be 
reduced  to  order,  as  fliall  feem  fitting  to  the  faid  Sir  William 
and  his  aforefaids  and  deputies,  for  the  honor,  obedience, 
and  fervice  of  God,  and  the  flability,  defence,  and  preferva- 
tion  of  our  authority  among  them ;  with  power  alfo  to  the 
faid  Sir  William  Alexander  and  his  aforefaids,  by  them- 
felves,  or  their  deputies,  fubflitutes,  or  affigns,  for  their 
defence  and  protection  at  all  times  and  on  all  ]v^  occafions 
hereafter,  of  attacking  fuddenly,  invading,  expelling,  and 
by  arms  driving  away,  as  well  by  fea  as  by  land,  and  by  all 
means,  all  and  fmgly,  thofe  who,  without  the  fpecial  licenfe 
of  the  faid  Sir  William  and  his  aforefaids,  fliall  attempt  to 
occupy  thefe  lands,  or  trade  in  the  faid  province  of  New 
Scotland,  or  in  any  part  of  the  fame ;  and  in  like  manner 

all 


n  J 


il 


138         Sir  William  Alexander, 

all  other  perfons  who  prefume  to  bring  any  damage,  lofs, 
clcfl:ru6lion,  injury,  or  invafion  againfl  that  province,  or  the 
inhabitants  of  the  fame :  And  that  this  may  be  more  eafily 
done,  it  fliall  be  allowed  to  the  faid  Sir  William  and  his 
aforcfaids,  their  deputies,  fadlors,  and  afligns,  to  levy  con- 
tributions on  the  adventurers  and  inhabitants  of  the  fame ; 
to  bring  them  together  by  proclamations,  or  by  any  other 
order,  at  fuch  times  as  fliall  feem  befl  to  the  faid  Sir  Wil- 
liam and  his  aforefaids ;  to  affemble  all  our  fubjefts  living 
within  the  limits  of  the  faid  New  Scotland  and  trading 
there,  for  the  better  fupplying  of  the  army  with  neceffaries, 
and  the  enlargement  and  increafe  of  the  people  and  plant- 
ing of  faid  lands :  With  full  power,  privilege,  and  liberty 
to  the  faid  Sir  William  Alexander  and  his  aforefaids,  by 
themfelves  or  their  agents,  of  failing  over  any  feas  whatever 
under  our  enfigns  and  banners,  with  as  many  fliips,  of  as 
great  burden,  and  as  well  furniflied  with  ammunition,  men, 
and  provifions  as  they  are  able  to  procure  at  any  time,  and 
as  often  as  fliall  fccm  expedient ;  and  of  carrying  all  per- 
fons of  every  quality  and  grade  who  are  our  fubjedts,  or 
who  wifli  to  fubmit  themfelves  to  our  fvv'ay,  for  entering 
upon  fuch  a  voyage  with  their  cattle,  horfes,  oxen,  fliecp, 
goods  of  all  kinds,  furniture,  machines,  heavy  arms,  military 
inltruments  as  many  as  they  defire,  and  other  commodities 
and  neceffaries  for  the  ufe  of  the  fame  colony,  for  mutual 
commerce  with  the  natives  of  thefe  provinces,  or  others 
who  may  trade  with  thefe  plantations ;  and  of  tranfiDorting 
all  commodities  and  merchandife,  which  fliall  feem  to  them 
needful,  into  our  kingdom  of  Scotland  without  the  payment 

of 


>;  I 


Charter  of  1621. 


139 


IP' 


icr 


of  any  tax,  cuflom,  and  impofl,  for  the  fame  to  us,  or  our 
cuftom-houfc  officers,  or  their  deputies ;  and  of  carrying 
away  the  fame  from  their  offices  on  this  fide,  during  the 
fpace  of  feven  years  following  the  day  of  the  date  of  our 
prefent  charter ;  and  to  have  this  fole  privilege  for  the  fpace 
of  three  years  next  hereafter  we  freely  have  granted,  and 
by  the  tenor  of  our  prefent  charter  grant  and  give  to  the 
faid  Sir  William  and  his  aforefaids,  according  to  the  terms 
hereinafter  mentioned. 

And  after  thefe  three  years  are  ended,  it  fliall  be  lawful, 
to  us  and  our  fucceffors,  to  levy  and  exact  from  all  goods 
and  merchandife  which  fliall  be  exported  from  this  our 
kingdom  of  Scotland  to  the  faid  province  of  New  Scot- 
land, or  imported  from  this  province  to  our  faid  kingdom 
of  Scotland,  in  any  ports  of  this  our  kingdom,  by  the  faid 
Sir  William  and  his  aforefaids,  five  per  cent,  only,  accord- 
ing to  the  old  mode  of  reckoning,  without  any  other  im- 
pofl, tax,  cuftom,  or  duty  from  them  hereafter ;  which  fum 
of  five  pounds  per  hundred  being  thus  paid,  by  the  faid 
Sir  William  and  his  aforefaids,  to  our  officers  and  others 
appointed  for  this  bufinefs,  the  faid  Sir  William  and  his 
aforefaids  may  carry  away  the  faid  goods  from  this  our 
realm  of  Scotland  into  any  other  foreign  ports  and  climes, 
without  the  payment  of  any  other  cuflom,  tax,  or  duty  to 
us  or  our  heirs  or  fucceffors  or  any  other  perfons ;  pro- 
vided alfo  that  faid  goods,  within  the  fpace  of  thirteen 
months  after  their  arrival  in  any  part  of  this  our  kingdom, 
may  be  again  placed  on  board  a  fhip.  We  alfo  give  and 
grant  abfolute  and  full  power  to  the  faid  Sir  William  and 

his 


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140  Sir  IVi/iiam  Alexander. 

his  aforcfaids,  of  taking,  levying,  and  receiving  to  his  own 
proper  ufe  and  that  of  his  aforefaids,  from  all  our  fubje6ls 
who  fliall  defire  to  condii(5t  colonies,  follow  trade,  or  fail  to 
the  faid  lands  of  New  Scotland,  and  from  the  fame,  for 
goods  and  merchandife,  five  per  cent  befides  the  fum  due 
to  us;  whether  on  account  of  the  exportation  from  this 
our  kingdom  of  Scotland  to  the  faid  province  of  New 
Scotland,  or  of  the  importation  from  the  faid  province  to 
this  our  kingdom  of  Scotland  aforefaid ;  and,  in  like  man- 
ner, from  all  goods  and  merchandife  which  fliall  be  exported 
by  our  fubje(5ts,  leaders  of  colonies,  merchants,  and  naviga- 
tors from  the  faid  province  of  New  Scotland,  to  any  of  our 
dominions  or  any  other  places ;  or  fliall  be  imported  from 
our  realms  and  elf  jwhere  to  the  faid  New  Scotland,  five  per 
cent  beyond  and  above  the  fum  before  appointed  to  us ; 
and  from  the  goods  and  merchandife  of  all  foreigners  and 
others  not  under  our  fway  which  fliall  be  either  exported 
from  the  faid  province  of  New  Scotland,  or  fliall  be  im- 
ported into  the  fame,  beyond  and  above  the  faid  fum 
affigned  to  us,  ten  per  cent  may  be  levied,  taken,  and  re- 
ceived, for  the  proper  ufe  of  the  faid  Sir  William  and  his 
aforefaids,  by  fuch  fervants,  officers,  or  deputies,  or  their 
agents,  as  they  fliall  appoint  and  authorize  for  this  bufmefs. 
And  for  the  better  fecurity  and  profit  of  the  faid  Sir  Wil- 
liam and  his  aforefaids,  and  of  all  our  other  fubjedts  defiring 
to  fettle  in  New  Scotland  aforefaid,  or  to  trade  there,  and 
of  all  others  in  general  who  fliall  not  refufe  to  fubmit  them- 
felves  to  our  authority  and  power,  we  have  decreed  and 
willed  that  the  faid  Sir  William  may  conflrudl,  or  caufe  to 

be 


•     if 


Charter  of  162 1. 


141 


be  built,  one  or  more  forts,  fortreffcs,  caftles,  (Irongholds, 
watch-towers,  block-houfes,  and  other  buildings,  with  ports 
and  naval  flations,  and  alfo  fliips  of  war ;  and  the  fame 
fliall  be  applied  for  defending  the  faid  places,  as  fliall,  to  the 
faid  Sir  William  and  his  aforefaids,  feem  necelTary  to  ac- 
complifli  the  aforefaid  undertaking:  and  they  may  eftablilh, 
for  their  defence  there,  garrifons  of  foldiers,  in  addition 
to  the  things  above  mentioned ;  and,  generally,  may  do 
all  things  for  the  acquifition,  increafe,  and  introdudlion  of 
people,  and  to  preferve  and  govern  the  faid  New  Scotland 
and  the  coafts  and  land  thereof,  in  all  its  limits,  features, 
and  relations,  under  our  name  and  authority,  as  we  might 
do  if  prefent  in  perfon ;  although  the  cafe  may  require  a 
more  particular  and  flridl  order  than  is  prefcribed  in  this 
our  prefent  charter ;  and  to  this  command  we  wifli,  dire(5l, 
and  mofl  flri6lly  enjoin  all  our  juftices,  officers,  and  fub- 
je6ls  frequenting  thefe  places  to  conform  themfelves ;  and 
to  yield  to,  and  obey,  the  faid  Sir  William  and  his  afore- 
faids in  all  and  each  of  the  above-mentioned  matters,  both 
principal  and  related ;  and  be  equally  obedient  to  them  in 
their  execution  as  they  ought  to  be  to  us  whofe  perfon  he 
reprefents,  under  the  pains  of  difobedience  and  rebellion. 
Moreover,  we  declare,  by  the  tenor  of  our  prefent  charter 
to  all  Chriftian  kings,  princes,  and  flates,  that  if,  hereafter, 
any  one,  or  any,  from  the  faid  colonies,  in  the  province  of 
New  Scotland  aforefaid,  or  any  other  perfons  under  their 
licenfe  and  command,  exercifmg  piracy,  at  any  future  time, 
by  land  or  by  fea,  fliall  carry  away  the  goods  of  any  perfon, 
or  in  a  hoftile  manner  do  any  injuflice  or  wrong  to  any  of 

our 


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142         Sir  Wi/liavi  Alexander, 

our  fubjccts,  or  thofe  of  our  heirs  or  fucccffors,  or  of  other 
kings,  princes,  j^ovcrnors,  or  ftates  in  alliance  with  us,  then, 
upon  fuch  injury  offered,  or  jufl  complaint  thereupon,  by 
any  king,  prince,  governor,  flate,  or  their  fubje6ts,  we,  our 
heirs  and  fucceffors,  will  fee  that  public  proclamations  are 
made,  in  any  part  of  our  faid  kingdom  of  Scotland,  jufl;  and 
fuitable  for  this  purpofe,  that  the  faid  pirate  or  pirates,  who 
fliall  commit  fuch  violence,  at  a  flated  time,  to  be  deter- 
mined by  the  afore  faid  proclamation,  fliall  fully  rcflore  all 
goods  fo  carried  away;  and  for  the  faid  injuries  fliall  make 
full  fatisfa(51;ion,  fo  that  the  faid  princes  and  others  thus 
complaining  fliall  deem  themfelves  fatisfied.  And,  if  the 
authors  of  fuch  crimes  fliall  neither  make  w^orthy  fatisfac- 
tion,  nor  be  careful  that  it  be  made  within  the  limited  time, 
then  he,  or  thofe  who  have  committed  fuch  plunder,  neither 
arc  nor  hereafter  fliall  be  under  our  government  and  pro- 
tedlion;  bit  it  fliall  be  permitted  and  lawful  to  all  princes, 
and  others  whatfoever,  to  proceed  againfl  fuch  offenders, 
or  any  of  them,  and  with  all  hoflility  to  invade  them. 

And  though  it  is  appointed  that  no  nobleman  and  gen- 
tleman may  depart  from  this  country  without  our  confent, 
yet  we  will  that  this  our  prefent  charter  be  a  fufficient 
permiffion  and  affurance  to  all  engaging  in  the  faid  voyage, 
fave  thofe  who  may  be  accufed  of  treafon,  or  retained  by 
any  fpecial  order:  and, according  to  our  prefent  charter, we 
declare  and  decree  that  no  perfon  may  leave  this  country 
and  go  to  the  faid  region  of  New  Scotland  unlefs  they  have 
•previoufly  taken  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  us ;  for  which 
purpofe,  we,  by  our  prefent  charter,  give  and  grant  the  faid 

Sir 


t 


Charter  0/1621. 


■•?">  and  acl„!i„iae.    rL       ';:'V°  '''''  ''""  f'"''  ™ '> 
fa.cl  lands  in  that  colonv      M  '        '"  ''^°^^'«""S  into  the 

o-  rncccnb.,  with  fciw  rid' "'V'"'"  °"*'^-  ■-""' 

Clare,  decree,  an<I  ordain  thtt  nil  n     ?','"'  "''"■'■■'"^'■''.  <1^- 
fa.d  New  Scotland,  or    ivi^  f!  ,t        f'f''  »'"'"S  *"  ""-' 
and  pofterity  born  there  anil  nl,' !"''  '"  ""•■''•  ^'"'^I'^n 
-ve  and  enjoy  ail  the  i'ihenies    rHr'"'^  ""'•'•'■''>•-'" 
free  and  native  fubjefls  of  our  I  '     ?  Privileges  of 

O"  other  dominion!,  a   ,7  th  v  1     f  J    "  ?'  -'™^''""''  °'-  "f 

^Ifo,  we,  for  ourfe  vtV!n  P^  .  ''"'"  '^°'-"  "'^■'e. 
to  t"e  faid  Sir  VViS: .  ,^ ,r .tS'^^-  f -  -'''  .--ant 
of  regulating  and  coining  monl!oT"f  "''  ''■^^'  "o"'" 
t'-fe  n,habiting  the  faid  prov^,;;  15  "  '°™'""^<^  "f 
-•  ;er  and  of  what  form  they  fl",,'  J  ^  "'^'■'"'  '•"  "l--' 
'lie  fame.  ^  '"a"  choofe  and  direct  for 

And  if  any  queftions  or  doubt,  (I,nli     v 
and  conftruaion  of  any  claufe  t  f  ^'^  °"  '^''^  ""waning 

fall  be  taten  and  exp^^^aL  '^rtr '"*"*,  ^''•''*'-'='"  "^^'^ 
favor  of  the  faid  Sir  Wi  hi  "  JT"   "?'*'*  '°™''  ■''"'i  '- 
-e,  of  our  certain  know    ,""  Tl'  ''°.'"'"'^^-     '^'-'fidos, 
■ty.  and  kingly  po,,,,  hav    made  ''rf '™'  '"^''^  •''"'''o'- 
"eated,  and  incorporated  and  b  ^  ^'"''  ^""'•^"''  '^^^^d- 
c'larter,  do  make.'unite   knntt  A'     "°''  °'  °"'-  P'"'-'^^'"' 
rate  the  whole  and  nndvidedihef   ."'''':  '"^  ''"-^on^o- 
of  New  Scotland,  with  alTfte  V«!       f  ,?™''""^'=  '''"^'  '''"'ds 
?nd  minerals  of  gold  and  five/;       ''""'^  "^  ''^  '"-'-^ 

■----ther  mines,  XtSr^el/iS;- 

forefls, 


I: 


i  , 


111  ¥ 


iMHSi 


ti    ' 


144         Si/"  William  Alexander, 

forefts,  thickets,  mofles,  marflies,  lakes,  waters,  fiflieries,  as 
well  in  frefli  waters  as  in  fait,  as  well  of  royal  fifhes  as  of 
others,  cities,  free  ports,  free  villages,  towns,  baronial  villages, 
feiports,  roadfteads,  machines,  mills,  offices,  and  jurifdic- 
tions,  and  all  other  things  generally  and  particularly  men- 
tioned above,  in  one  entire  and  free  lordfliip  and  barony 
which  fliall  be  called  in  all  future  time  by  the  aforefaid 
name  of  New  Scotland. 

And  we  will  and  grant,  and  for  ourfelves  and  our  fuc- 
ceffors  decree  and  order,  that  one  feifm  now  made  by  the 
faid  Sir  William  and  his  aforefaids,  upon  any  prt  of  the 
foil  of  the  faid  lands  and  upon  the  province  before  dt, 
fcribed,  fliall  in  all  future  time  be  effedtive ;  and  fliall  be  a 
fufificient  feiiin  for  the  whole  region,  with  all  the  pans, 
appendages,  privileges,  accidents,  liberties,  and  immunities 
of  the  fame  mentioned  above,  without  any  other  fpecial  and 
definite  feifin  to  be  taken  by  himfelf  or  his  aforefaids  on 
any  other  part  or  place  of  the  fame :  And  concerning  this 
feifin  and  all  things  which  have  followed  it,  or  can  follow 
it,  we,  with  the  advice  and  confent  above  mentioned,  for 
ourfelves  and  fucceffors,  have  difpen^ed,  and  by  the  tenor  of 
our  prefent  cha'-ter,  in  the  manner  hereafter  mentioned,  do 
difpenfe  for  ever :  To  hold  and  io  poffcfs,  the  whole  and  undi- 
vided, the  faid  region  and  lordfliip  of  New  Scotland,  with  all 
the  bounds  of  the  fame  within  the  leas  above  mentioned, 
all  minerals  of  gold  and  filver,  copper,  fteel,  tin,  lead,  brafs, 
and  iron,  and  any  other  mines,  pearls,  precious  ftones.,  qaar- 
ries,  woods,  thickets,  moffes,  n.arflies,  lakes,  water.-  fiflieries, 
as  well  in  frefli  water  as  fait,  as  well  of  royal  fi flies  as  of 

others, 


Charter  of  1^21. 


other.,  fiates.  free  towns,  free  ports  t.         , 
ftaports,  roadfteads,  machines  mi  ;  2"""'  ''"°"'^'  ""•''ges, 
and  all  other  thino-s  cenerallv  1      7  ^^''''  ^"^  i"ri«iaions 
with  all  other  priWleges  Stt    '^''""^  ""'''""-^rf  ^bove 
-d  other  things  abo^ve  Z  ^^^^ '7-'««.  -d  accidents 
I'am  Alexander,  his  heirs  an^    rr'      ""^  ='^°''^'"^'d  Sir  WilJ 
oeffors,  in  free  covenant  ^"''  ^'■°"'  "^  ^nd  our7uc 

™yalty,  forever,  72^'^^^^;^^^^^^  baron^I^d 
they  he  in  length  and  bre^d  h  ,'  f  ^^^^  ^"'^  ""''^.'''s 
and  to  be  erefted,  bogs,  plains'    L  '  ''"'"''"S-"  ^''^•^ed 

paths,  waters,  fivamps%  ,^  '  1""^  """'■^  ■•  "'a>*es,  roads 
n>^lt.houres  and  l^^SX^^'^^'^^^^^'^, 
Peat-moffes,  turf.bogs,coaI  coa,!  L     «^'  '"'"^'"§^.  fi'heries 
dovecotes,   workil.op  ,   ma  tki hfs    1  '°'"^''  "•''"^"^-  ^--« 

woods,  groves,  and  thickets    wood  .T"''   ='"^'   ''™°™ 
»nd  !.me;  with  courts,  fine^  pleas'    "'i^Y' ^^-''mes  of  ftone 

of  women,  with  free  entrance  i„de  'I'    ':.°"""^-^'  "^'^''^^ 
fok,  fac,  theme,  infangtheiF  out^„      '" 4"^  "''*'^  fo'-k.  fofs, 
vert  vennesonn,  pit,  a^nd  '  a'l  wf' f"^:  T^^  -air,  veth 
fingly,  the  liberties,  commons'    nlT'"'  ^"  °^''"  ^"d 
their  nghtful  pertinents  of  ill  t   !;  ^  '^'^'■''  -^afements,  and 
not,  above  or  below  ^-ou^d  L  "n/'  "'"^'"^  "'^"'--d  or 
^^-^  belong,  to  the  aforefaid     eJ^^' "t':,'f  "^^''"''^'  °'  ''^-' 
fanner,  for  the  future,  freelv  ou!^H     ft  '°''*'"P'  '"  any 
b'y.  well,  and  in  ,,eace,  vithout'  T  '  ^'     ".^^  ^^■''°"^'  '^'^"ora! 
-pediment,  or  obftacle  whateve'       °'''""' ^°"'""<aion, 

of  thS^llVSe  °'  "'^"'^'•'  '^'^'■^■-'y.  on  the  foil 
faid  Sir  William  Alex!     ^dT"  1  ^"-  '^'^"-"^  '^ 

^nd  h,s  aforefaids  iliall  pay  to 


10 


US 


J    t 


I    ■- 


146 


Sir  William  Alexander. 


us  and  our  heirs  and  fucceffors,  under  the  name  of  quit- 
rent,  one  penny  of  Scottifli  money,  if  ^o  much  be  demanded. 
And  becaufe  the  tenure  of  the  faid  lands,  and  of  the 
province  of  New  Scotland,  and  the  quit-rent  above  men- 
tioned, may  fail  through  want  of  the  timely  and  lawful 
entry  of  any  heir  or  heirs  of  the  faid  Sir  William  fucceed- 
ing  him,  a  thing  which  they  may  not  eafily  accomplilh  on 
account  of  the  great  diflance  from  our  kingdom ;  and  thefe 
fame  lands  and  province,  on  account  of  non-entrance,  may 
come  into  our  hands  and  thofe  of  our  fucceffors  until  the 
lawful  entrance  of  the  legitimate  heir:  and  we  being  un- 
willing that  the  faid  lands  and  region  at  any  time  Ihould 
fall  into  non-entry,  or  that  the  faid  Sir  William  and  his 
aforefaids  fliould  be  thus  deprived  of  the  benefits  and  profits 
of  the  fame,  therefore  we,  with  the  advice  aforefaid,  have 
difpenfed  with  the  faid  non-entry  whenever  it  fliall  occur, 
and,  by  the  tenor  of  this  our  charter,  we,  for  ourfelves  and 
our  fucceffors,  do  difpenfe  ;  and  alfo  we  have  renounced 
and  exonerated,  and  by  the  tenor  of  our  prefent  charter, 
with  the  confent  aforefaid,  we  do  renounce  and  exonerate 
the  faid  Sir  William  and  his  aforefaids  in  refpe(ft  to  the 
above-mentioned  non-entrance  of  the  faid  province  and 
region  whenever  it  fliall  come  into  our  hands,  or,  by  reafon 
of  non-entry,  may  fall,  with  all  things  that  can  follow  there- 
from ;  provided,  however,  that  the  faid  Sir  William,  his 
heirs  and  affigns,  within  the  fpace  of  ^even  years  after  the 
deceafe  and  death  of  their  predcceffors,  or  entry  to  the 
poffeffion  of  faid  lands,  and  of  other  things  aforefaid,  by 
themfelves  or  their  lawful  agents  holding  power  for  this 
purpofe,  do  homage  to  us  and  cur  fucceffors^  and  come  to, 

and 


Charter  of  162 1. 


147 


and  receive  through  us,  the  faid  lands,  lordfliip,  barony,  and 
other  things  aforefaid,  according  to  the  laws  and  flatutes  of 
our  faid  kingdom  of  Scotland.  Finally,  we,  for  ourfelves  and 
our  fucceffors,  do  will,  decree,  and  ordain  that  this  our  prefent 
charter  and  enfeoffment  above  written  of  the  lands  afore- 
faid, lordfliip,  and  region  of  New  Scotland,  and  the  privi- 
leges and  liberties  of  the  fame,  fliall  be  ratified,  approved, 
and  eflabliflied  in  our  next  Parliament  of  our  faid  kingdom 
of  Scotland  whenever  it  fliall  meet,  fo  that  it  fliall  have 
therein  the  force  and  efficacy  of  a  decree ;  and  for  this  we, 
for  ourfelves  and  our  fucceffors,  declare  that  this  our  char- 
ter fliall  be  a  fufficient  warrant :  and,  as  a  prince,  we  promife 
that  the  fame  fliall  be  ratified  and  approved,  and  alfo  we 
promife  to  alter,  renew,  increafe,  and  extend  the  fame  into 
the  moft  ample  form,  as  often  as  it  fliall  feem  neceffary  and 
expedient  to  the  faid  Sir  William  and  his  aforefaids. 

Moreover  it  has  feenied  beft  to  us,  and  we  order  and  enjoin 
our  beloved  .  .  .  our  flieriffs  efpecially  appointed  on  our 
part,  on  feeing  this  our  charter  under  our  great  feal,  fo  to 
give  and  grant  to  the  aforefaid  Sir  William  and  his  afore- 
faids, or  their  attorney  or  attorneys,  poffeffion  and  seifln, 
a6lual  and  real,  of  the  lands,  lordfliip,  barony,  and  other 
things  mentioned  above,  with  all  privileges,  immunities, 
liberties,  and  other  things  above  expreffed :  and  this  feifin 
we,  by  the  tenor  of  our  prefent  charter,  declare  to  be  as 
lawful  and  regular  as  if  he  had  a  precept,  under  proof  of 
our  Great  Seal,  and  in  the  mofl  ample  form,  with  all  claufes 
requifite  for  the  aforefaid  purpofe  ;  with  which  we,  for 
ourfelves  and  fucceffors,  do  for  ever  difpenfe.  In  witness 
whereof  we  have  commanded  our  Great  Seal  to  be  affixed 

to 


mam 


I: 


148         Sir  William  Alexander, 

to  this  our  prefent  charter.  Witneffes :  Our  well-beloved 
coufins  and  councillors,  James,  Marquis  of  Hamilton,  Earl 
of  Arran  and  Cambridge,  Lord  Aven  and  Innerdaill ; 
George,  Earl  Marifchal,  Lord  Keith,  &c.,  Marflial  of  our 
kingdom ;  Alexander,  Earl  of  Dunfermline,  Lord  Fyvie  and 
Urquhart,  &c.,  our  Chancellor;  Thomas,  Earl  of  Melros, 
Lord  Binning  and  Byres,  our  Secretary ;  —  Our  beloved 
familiar  councillors,  Baronets;  Sir  Richard  Cockburn,  junior, 
of  Clerkington,  Keeper  of  our  Privy  Seal ;  Sir  George  Hay, 
of  Kinfawins,  our  Regifler  of  the  Rolls  and  Clerk  of  the 
Council ;  Sir  John  Cockburn  of  Ormifton,  Clerk  of  our  Juf- 
ticiary ;  and  Sir  John  Scot  of  Scotftarvet,  Diredlor  of  our 
Chancery,  Knights. 

At  our  Caflle  of  Windfor,  the  tenth  day  of  September,  in 
the  year  of  our  Lord  1621,  and  of  our  Reigns  the  fifty-fifth 
and  nineteenth  years,  refpedlively. 

By  fignature  fuperfcribed  by  the  hand  of  our  Sovereign 
Lord,  the  King :  and  fubfcribed  by  the  hands  of  our  Chan- 
cellor, Treafurer,  Principal  Secretary,  and  of  the  other 
Lords,  our  Commiffioners,  and  of  our  Privy  Council  of  the 
faid  kingdom  of  Scotland. 

Written  to  the  Great  Seal, 
29.  September,  162 1. 

J.  Scott, 
gratis. 

Sealed  at  Edinburgh, 
29.  September,  1621, 

Ja.  Raithe, 

N.B.  —  "  In  the  Regift.  Mag.  Sigilli  ten,'  &c.,  of  courfe  is  not  found  in  the 
the  names  of  the  witnelTes  are  not  Regifter  itfelf."  —  Note  by  David 
given,  but  only  a  reference,  as  fpecified    Laing,  LL.D.,   in  Bannatyne  Collec- 


in  an  earlier  Charter  in  the  Record. 
The  indorfement  of  the  charter,  '  Writ- 


tio7t  of  Royal  Letters,   Charters,  and 
Trails. 


AK 


Encouragement 


TO 


COLONIES: 


By 

Sir  William    Alexander. 

Knight. 


Alter  erit  turn  Tiphis,  &  altera  qtcce  vehat  Argo 
delectos  Heroas 


•r 


THOV  SHALT  LABOR  FOR  PEACE  AND  PLENTIE. 


London 

Printed  by  William  Stanjby 

1624. 


I 


i 

i     i| 

wi 

n 

1 

wM 

1 

^ 

i  h 

TO  THE  MOST 

EXCELLENT 
PRINCE. 


'o  place  your  na„,e  upon  Z/r^^T-'''^''' '^  Sr/alneffe 
then  the  Encouraging  of  Colnnt       ^ ''■fy'""-"""^t<'na,uc, 

no  ground  whereupon  your  ell ^^       "^""^  '^""  ""^^  " 
'"ore  puiliie  appdu/e  "'""''"'"'"  may  JJUne  ^m  a 


ej  If 


a 


■I 


('  1 


'•*  H: 


:[' 


i    ''1^ 

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ii 

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152 


The  Epistle 


a  lawfull  increafe  of  ncccjfary  co^nmerce,  to  procure  glorie 
unto  God,  honour  to  yourfclfe,  and  benefit  to  the  World ; 
By  this  meanes,  you  that  are  borne  to  rule  Nations,  may  bee 
the  beginner  of  Nations,  enlarging  this  Monarchie  withotit 
bloud,  and  making  a  Conqucfi  ivithout  ivronging  of  others, 
whereof  in  regard  of  your  youth  any  good  beginning  in  this 
(Jikeyo2ir  Vertue  vpon  which  it  doth  depend)  boding  afpeedie 
ProgreJ/e  Time  in  yovr  own  time,  doth  pro^nife  a  great  per- 
feflion.  The  glory  of  greatnefs  {that  it  may  have  a  harmonic 
with  goodnejje)  confifiing  more  in  rayfing  then  in  ruining 
of  others,  it  is  a  farre  better  courfe  to  pure hafe  fame  by  the 
Plantation  of  a  new  World,  nor  as  many  Princes  haue 
done  by  the  defolation  of  this.  And  fince  your  Roy  all 
Father  during  whofe  happie  raigne,  thefe  feeds  of  Scepters 
haue  beene  firfi  from  hence  fowne  in  America,  by  his  gracious 
fauour  farre  aboue  any  merit  of  mine,  hath  emboldened  mee 
the  meanc/l  of  many  thoufands  of  his  fubiefts  to  attempt  fo 
great  an  E^iterprize,  as  to  lay  the  foundation  of  a  Worke 
that  mayfo  much  import  the  good  of  that  ancient  Kingdome, 
where  fo  many  of  your  Ancefiors  were  buried,  and  where 
your  felues  were  borne.  I  haue  both  by  reading  what  doth 
refi  upon  Record,  and  by  co7tf erring  with  fundry  that  haue 
beene  imbarked  in  fuch  a  bufineffe,  beene  curious  to  remarke 
the  managing  thereof  that  the  experience  of  ti'  >es  pafi  might 
with  the  leffe  danger  at  the  charges  of  others,  improue  them 
that  are  to  pra^lize  at  this  prefent. 

And  the  fruits  of  my  Labours  I  doe  humbly  offer  heere 
vnto  your  Highneffe,  hoping  by  the  commendable  ejideuours, 
therein  remembered  {though  it  felfe  be  but  a  triuiall  Trea- 

tifc. 


Dedicatorie. 


153 


tife,  not  worthy  your  Jight)  to  conciliate  your  good  opinion 
towards  them  that  arc  to  aducntiire  in  this  kind.  Amongjl 
whom  [if  euer  my  fortunes  Jiaue  any  conformitie  zuith  my 
mind)  I purpofe  to  contribute  as  much  as  my  wcake  abilities 
can  be  able  to  affoord  for  accomplifliing  this  braue  Defigne, 
wherein  my  greatefl  Ambition  fJiall  be  that  both  this  Age  and 
the  Pofleritie  may  knoiv  how  much  I defire  by  fome  obferuable 
effect  to  be  remembered  for  being 

Your  Highncffe  mofl  humble 

and  affecftionate  Seruent, 

W.  A. 


I  ■  I 


AN 


ENCOURAGEMENT 

TO   COLONIES. 


m 

S 

HE  fending  forth  of  Colonies  (feeming  a 
nouelty)  is  efleemed  now  to  bee  a  '.Irange 
thing,  as  not  onely  being  aboue  the 
courage  of  common  men,  but  altogether 
alienated  from  their  knowledge,  which 
is  no  wonder,  fmce  that  courfe  though 
both  ancient,  and  vfuall,  hath  been  by  the  intermiffion  of 
fo  many  ages  difcontinued,  yea  was  impoffible  to  be  prac- 
ticed fo  loncj  as  there  was  no  vaft  sjround,  howfoeuer  men 
had  been  willing,  whereupon  Plantations  might  haue  beene 
made,  yet  there  is  none  who  will  doubt  but  that  the  world 
in  her  infancy,  and  innocency,  was  firfl  peopled  after  this 
manner. 

The  next  generations  fucceeding  S/ic?n  planted  in  AJia, 
Chains  in  Africke,  an  Japhets  in  Etirope :  Abraham,  and  Lot 

were 


1  r! 


\ '     ^ ' 


;  't 


156 


A71  EncoicraQ:cmcnt 


were  CajHaincs  of  Colonics,  the  Land  then  Ijcing  as  free  as 
the  Seas  are  now,  fince  they  parted  them  in  euery  part 
*  2  where  they  paffed,  not  taking  notice  of  natiues  *  witliout 
impcdimiMit.  That  memorable  troope  of  Icivs  which 
Mo/cs  led  from  yEgypt  to  Canaan  was  a  kind  of  Colonic 
though  miraculoufly  conduced  by  God,  who  intended  thereby 
to  aduance  his  Church  and  to  deflroy  the  rejcdled  Ethnikes. 
Salmanczcr  King  of  AjJnir  was  remarked  for  the  firll  who 
did  violate  the  naturall  ingenuitie  of  this  commendable 
kind  of  policy  by  too  politike  an  intention ;  for  hauing 
tranfported  the  ten  Tribes  of  Ifracl^  to  the  end  that  tranf- 
planting  and  difperfing  them,  hce  might  cither  weaken 
their  ftrength,  or  abolilh  their  memorie  by  incorporating  of 
them  with  his  other  fubje6ls ;  he  to  preuent  the  dangers 
incident  amongfl  remote  vaffals  did  fend  a  Colonic  to 
inhabite  Samaria  of  a  purpofe  thereby  to  fecure  his  late 
and  quellionable  conqueft. 

Who  can  imagine  by  this  induflrious  courfe  of  Planta- 
tions, what  an  vnexpe6led  progreffe  from  a  defpifed  begin- 
ning hath  becne  fuddenly  made  to  the  height  of  greatneffe ! 
The  Phaniicians  quickly  founded  Sidon,  and  Tims,  fo  much 
renowned  both  by  facrcd,  and  humane  writers,  and  a  few 
Tirians  builded  Carthage,  which  had  firfl  no  more  ground 
allowed  her  than  could  be  compaffcd  by  the  extended 
dimenfions  of  a  Bulls  hide,  which  for  acquiring  of  the  more 
ground  they  divided  in  as  many  fundrie  parts  as  was 
poffible,  yet  in  end  that  Town  became  the  Miftreffe  of 
Afrike,  and  the  riuall  of  Rome:  and  Rome  it  felfe  that 
great  Ladie  of  the  World,  and  terrour  of  all  Nations,  ambi- 

tioufly 


,f    \ 


\\    \ 


to  Colonics. 


157 


/ 


tioufly  claymingfor  her  founders  a  few  fcandalizecl  fugitives 
that  (led  from  the  mines  of  Troy,  did  rife  from  fmall  ap- 
pearances to  that  exorbitancy  of  power,  which  at  this  day  is 
rcmembred  with  admiration  ;  Though  the  walls  of  it  at 
that  time  were  very  lowe  when  the  one  brother  did  kill  the 
other  for  jumping  over  them,  either  jealoufic  already  pre- 
uailing  aboue  naturall  affection,  or  clfe  vnaduifed  anger 
con(lruc5]:ing  that  which  might  haue  been  cafually  or  care- 
lefly  done,  in  a  fmiflrous  fenfe  to  the  hatefull  behaviour  of 
infolcncy  or  fcorne  ;  Their  number  then  was  not  only 
very  fmall,  but  they  wanted  women,  *  without  which  they  *  3 
could  not  increafe  nor  fubfid,  till  they  rauKhed  the 
daughters  of  the  Sabius.h')'  a  violent  march  at  firfl;,  j^ortend- 
ing  their  future  rapins,  and  what  a  furious  off-fpring  they 
were  likely  to  ingendcr.  And  when  that  haughty  Citie  be- 
ganne  to  fuffer  the  miferies  which  (lie  had  fo  long  beene  ac- 
cuflomed  to  inflict  vpon  others,  the  venerable  Citie  of  Venice 
(keeping  for  fo  many  ages  a  f})otleffe  reputation)  was  firfl: 
begunne  by  a  few  difcouraged  perfons,  who  fleeing  from  the 
furie  of  the  barbarous  Nations  that  then  encroached  vpon 
Italic,  were  cliflra6led  with  fcarc  and  (Seeking  for  their  Safety) 
did  ftumble  vpon  a  commodious  dwelling. 

The  Grecians  were  the  firft,  at  leaft  of  all  the  Gentiles, 
(who  joyning  learning  with  armes)  did  both  doe,  and  write 
that  which  was  worthie  to  be  remembred ;  and  that  fmall 
parcel  of  ground  whofe  greatneffe  was  then  only  valued  by 
the  vertue  of  the  inhabitants,  did  plant  Trapizonde  in  the 
Eafl,  and  many  other  Cities  in  AJia  the  leffe,  the  protecting 
of  whofe  liberties  was  the  firfl  caufe  of  warre  between  them 

and 


•,"1 


i  s\ 


7T 


\ 


rc8 


An  Encouragement 


M    i 


■  \ 


;i 


and  the  Pcrfian  Monarclis ;  then  befides  all  the  adjacent 
Iflcs  they  planted  Siraciifd  In  Sicile,  mofk  part  of  Italic,  which 
made  it  to  bee  called  Grcrcia  mnior,  and  Marfcills  in 
France.  O  what  a  ftrange  alteration !  that  this  part,  which 
did  flourifh  thus,  whileft  it  was  poffeflcd  by  vigorous  fpirits, 
who  were  capable  of  great  enterprifes,  did  fo  many  braue 
things  fhould  now  (the  feate  of  bnfe  fcruilc  people)  become 
the  moft  abject  and  contemptible  pc^rt  of  all  the  Territories 
belonq-inc:  to  the  barbarous  Otiomans,  whofe  infolent  Ian- 
iilaiies  (is  the  Pretorian  Guards  did  with  their  Emperours, 
and  Mamaiukes  of  Ecvpt  with  their  Soldans)  prefume  at 
this  time  to  difpofe  of  the  Regall  power,  vpbrayding  the 
miferable  follie  of  Chriftians,  who  dangeroufly  embarqued 
in  intefUnc  warres,  though  inuited  by  an  encountring  occa- 
fion,  ner;lc61:  fo.c^^'eat,  fo  glorious,  and  fo  eafie  a  conqueft. 

The  Romanes  comming  to  command  a  well  peopled 
4  *  world,  had  no  vfe  of  colonies,  but  onely  thereby  to  *  re- 
ward fuch  old  deferuing  Soldiers  as  (age  and  merit 
pleading  an  immunitlc  from  any  further  conftrained  trauell) 
had  brauely  exceeded  the  ordinary  courfe  of  time  appointed 
fo'  'litary  feruice,  which  cuftome  was  vfed  in  Germanic, 
France,  Spaine,  and  Brittaine,  and  likewife  that  the  Townes 
erec^ted  in  this  love  might  ferue  for  Citidels  impofed  vpon 
eury  conquered  Prouince,  whereof  fome  doe  flourith  at  this 
day,  and  of  otl  crs  nothing  doth  remaine  but  the  very  name 
onely,  their  vuincs  being  fo  ruined,  that  wee  can  hardly 
condifcend  vpon  what  folitary  part  to  beftowe  the  fame  of 
theire  former  beino-. 

I  am  lothe  by  difputable  opinions  to  dig  vp  the  Tombes 


of 


mm 


to  Colonies. 


159 


of  them  that  more  extenuated  then  the  diift  are  buried  in 
obliuion  &  will  leauc  thefe  difrcgardcd  relidls  of  greatnciTe 
to  continue  as  they  are,  the  fcorne  of  pride,  witncffmg  the 
power  of  time.  Neither  will  ^  after  the  common  cudome 
of  the  world,  ouerualuiui;  things  pafl  difualue  the  prefcnt, 
but  confidering  ferioufly  of  that  which  is  lately  done  in 
Ireland,  doe  finde  a  Plantation  there  inferior  to  none  that 
hath  beene  heretofore.  The  Babylonians  hauing  conquered 
the  Ifraclitcs  did  tranfplant  them  as  expofed  to  mine  in  a 
remote  Countrey,  fending  others  of  their  owne  Nation  (that 
they  might  be  vtterly  extirpated)  to  inhabite  Saria  in  their 
places.  And  our  King  hath  oncly  diuided  the  moft  fedi- 
tious  families  of  the  Iri/Ji  by  difperfing  them  in  fundry  j^arts 
within  the  Countrey,  not  to  extinguilh,  but  to  diffipate  their 
power,  who  now  neither  haue,  nor  giue  caufe  of  feare.  The 
Romanes  did  build  fome  Townes  which  they  did  plant  with 
their  owne  people  by  all  rigour  to  curbe  the  Natiues  next 
adjacent  thereunto,  And  our  King  hath  incorporated  fome 
of  his  befl;  Brittaines  with  the  Irijli,  planted  in  fundry 
places  without  power  to  oppreffe,  but  onely  to  ciuilize  them 
by  their  example.  Thus  Ireland  which  heretofore  was 
fcarcely  difcouered,  and  only  irritated  by  others,  prouing  to 
the  Englifli  as  the  Lowe  Conniries  did  to  Spaine,  a  meanes 
whereby  to  wafle  their  men,  and  their  money,  is  now 
really  conquered,  *  becoming  a  flrength  to  the  State,  *  5 
and  a  glorie  to  his  Majeflies  gouerment,  who  hath  in 
the  fetling  thereof  excelled  all  that  was  commended  in  any 

ancient  Colonic.^ ^^ 

As 

"'  One  of  the  greateft  achievements    fettlement  of   Ireland.     He  frequently 
of  James  1.  was  the  reorganization  and    boafted  that  the  management  of  Ireland 

was 


1 


•■    I 


n  i 


;  I 


1 60 


A71  Encottragement 


As  all  flrfl  were  encouraged  to  Plantations  by  the  large- 
neffe  of  the  conquefts  that  \vere  propofed  vnto  them,  fearing 
onely  want  of  people,  and  not  of  land,  fo  in  after  ages  when 
all  knowne  parts  become  peopled,  they  were  quickly  entan- 
gled with  the  other  cxtremitie,  grudging  to  be  bounded 
within  their  profpect,  and  jarring  with  their  neighbours  for 
fmall  parcels  of  ground,  a  ftrife  for  limits  limiting  the  lienes 
of  many  who  entring  firft  in  controuerfie  vpon  a  point  of 
profit  though  with  the  loffe  of  ten  times  more,  valuing  their 
honour  by  the  opinion  of  others  behooued  to  proceed  as 
engaged  for  the  fafety  of  their  reputation. 

Then  richeffe  being  acquired  by  induflrie,  and  glorie  by 
employments,  thefe  two  did  beget  auarice,  and  ambition, 
which  lodging  in  fome  fubtile  heads  vpon  a  politike  con- 
fideration  to  vnite  inteftine  diuifions  did  transferre  their 
fplene  to  forraine  parts,  i  .  feeking  to  re6lifie  the  affedlions, 
but  to  bufie  them  abroad  where  leaf!;  harme  was  feared, 
and  moft  benefit  expe6led,  fo  that  where  they  had  firft  in  a 
peaceable  fort  fought  for  Lands  onely  wherewith  to  furnifli 
their  neceffity,  which  conueniency,  or  fufiiciency,  did  eafily 
accommodate,  now  a3miing  at  greatneffe  the  dehres  of  men 
growne  infinite,  made  them  Grangers  to  contentment,  and 
enemies  to  reft. 

Some  Nations  feeking  to  exchange  for  better  feates, 
others  to  command  their  neighbours,  there  was  for  many 
ages  no  fpcach  but  of  wrongs  and  reuenges,  conquefls  and 

reuolts, 

was  his  mafterpiece.    James  proceeded  all  his  predecefTors  had  accomjilifhed  in 

by  a  (leady  and  well-concerted  plan  ;  and,  upwards  of  four  centuries. — Hi/lory  if 

in  lefs  than  ten  years,  did  more  towards  Jiiii^laiui  by   David  Hume,    London, 

the  improvement  of  that  kingdom  than  1808,  Vol.  III.  p.  688. 


to  Colonies. 


i6i 


ates, 

lany 

and 

lolts, 


reiiolts,  razings  and  minings  of  States,  a  continuall  reiiolu- 
tion  determining  the  periods  of  Time  by  the  miferies  of 
mankind,  and  in  regard  of  the  populoufneffe  of  thefe  ages 
during  the  Monarchies  of  the  AJJirians,  Pcrjians,  GrcFcians, 
and  Romanes,  the  world  could  not  haue  fubfifted  if  it  had 
not  beenc  purged  of  turbulent  humours  by  letting  out  the 
bloud  of  many  thoufands,  fo  that  warre  was  the  vniuerfall 
Chirurgeon  of  thefe  diflempered  times  :  And  thereafter 
*  O  what  monflrous  multitudes  of  people  were  flaine  *  6 
by  huge  deluges  of  barbarous  armies  that  ouerflowcd 
Italic,  France  and  Spaine  !  and  the  Chriflians  hauc  long 
beene  fubjedl  to  the  like  calamities  wanting  a  commoditie 
how  they  might  (not  wronging  others)  in  a  Chriflian  man- 
ner employ  the  people  that  were  more  chargable  then 
.ic  cffary  at  home,  which  was  the  caufe  of  much  mifchiefe 
among  themfelues,  till  at  that  time  when  Spaine  was  ftriu- 
ing  with  France  how  to  part  Italic,  as  Italic  had  formerly 
done  with  Carthage  how  to  part  Spaine.  Then  it  pleafed 
God  hauing  pitie  of  the  Chriftians  who  for  purpofes  of 
fmall  importance  did  prodigally  proflitute  the  lines  of  them 
whom  hee  had  purchafed  with  fo  pretious  a  ranfome,  as  it 
were  for  diuerting  that  violent  kind  of  vanitie,  to  difcouer 
a  new  world,  which  it  would  feeme  in  all  reafon  fliould 
haue  tranfported  them  with  defignes  of  more  moment, 
whereby  glory  and  profit  with  a  guiltleffe  labour  was  to  bee 
attayned  with  lelTe  danger  whereunto  they  are  as  it  were 
inuited,  and  prouoked  with  fo  many  eminent  aduantages 
])alpably  expofed  to  any  clcare  Judgem.ent  that  I  thinke 
(this  obuious  facilitie  vilifying  that  which  a  further  dificul- 

tie 


II 


1.  !<l 


11 


il 


;  j  'Il 


I 


1 


I 


m  \ 


*i 


I  li  ■  \ 


nm 


m 


u\ 


i 


ml 


•t    , 


"■^iJfllWP.^ 


i 


\     i 


in 


1 

', 

1 

1 

1      ..■ 

-> 

\^ 

h 


162 


An  Encouragement 


tie  might  the  more  endeare)  the  eafineffe  of  the  prey  hath 
bkmted  the  appetite. 

When  Chrljlopher  ColiimbtLs  had  in  vaine  propounded 
this  enterpre  to  diners  Chriflian  Princes,  Ifabclla  of  Cajlile 
againft  the  opinion  of  her  hufband  (though  fo  much  re- 
nowned for  \\it  yet  not  reaching  this  mifterie)  did  firft 
furnilh  liim  for  a  Voyage,  as  if  it  were  fatall  that  that 
Nation  ihould  owe  the  greateft  part  of  their  greatneffe  to 
the  female  Sexe,  And  if  the  Spaniards  would  fmcerely,  and 
gratefully  haue  beflowed  the  benefits  whereby  God  did 
allure  them  to  poffelTc  this  Land  for  the  planting  of  it 
with  Chriftians  enclined  to  ciuilitie,  and  religion,  it  had  at 
this  day  coniidering  the  excellency  of  the  foyle,  for  all  the 
pcrfe6lions  that  nature  could  affoord ;  beene  the  moft  fni- 
gularly  accom})liflied  j^lace  of  the  world,  but  it  hath  unfor- 
tunately fallen  out  farre  otherwife,  that  the  treafures 
*  7  that  are  *  drawne  from  thence  (mynes  to  blowe  vp 
mindes  and  rockes  to  mine  faith)  do  proue  the  feed  of 
diffention,  the  finewes  of  the  warrc,  and  nurcerie  of  all 
troubles  amono-ft  Chriftians. 

The  Spaniards  that  were  fo  happie  as  to  chance  firfl 
vpon  this  new  World,  were  of  all  others  (hauing  but  a  vaft 
mountainous  Countrey)  in  regard  of  their  fcarcity  of  people, 
moft  vnfit  for  ])lanting  thereof,  and  could  not  but  foone 
haue  abandoned  the  fame,  if  they  had  not  lb  quickly  en- 
countred  with  tlie  rich  M)'nes  of  Mexico,  New  Spainc  and 
Pern,  which  were  once  likely  to  haue  beene  loft  for  lacke 
of  Wood,  till  the  way  was  inuented  of  refining  Silucr  by 
quickfiluer,  which  may  bee  eafily  done  out  of  any  oarc  that 

is 


I 


to  Colonies. 


163 


is  free  from  Lead,  and  (all  the  Spaniards  difdayning  worke 
as  a  feruile  thing  belowe  their  abilities)  their  greatefl  trou- 
ble is  the  want  of  workmen  :  for  the  Natiues  that  are  extant, 
furuiuing  many  vexations,  if  they  become  ciuile  out  of  an 
indulgency  to  libcrtie,  and  eafe,  whereuntoall  the  Americans 
(liking  better  of  a  penurious  life  thus  then  to  haue  plenty 
with  taking  paines)  are  naturally  enclined,  that  they  may 
haue  a  fecure  eafe  warrented  by  an  order,  doe  betake  them- 
felues  to  Cloiflers,  fo  that  they  haue  no  meanes  to  profecute 
thefe  workes  but  by  drawing  yearly  a  great  number  of 
Negroes  from  Angola,  and  other  parts,  which  being  but  an 
vnnaturall  merchandife,  are  bought  at  a  deare  rate,  and 
maintayned  with  danger,  for  they  once  of  late,  as  I  haue 
heard  from  one  that  was  there  at  that  time  defic^ned  to 
murther  their  Maflers,  by  a  plot  which  fliould  haue  beene 
put  in  execution  vpon  a  Good-friday,  when  all  being  exer- 
cifed  at  their  deuotion  were  leall  apt  to  apprehend  fuch  a 
wicked  courfe,  and  it  is  alwaies  feared  that  to  reucnQ:e  what 
of  neceffitie  they  mufl  fuffer,  and  to  procure  their  lil^ertie 
hating  noft  what  they  feele  for  the  prefent,  and  hoping 
for  better  by  a  change,  they  will  Joyne  with  any  ftrong 
enemy  that  landing  there  dare  attempt  the  conquefl  of  that 
Countrey. 

I  will  not  here  infifl  in  fetting  downe  the  manner 
how  *  the  Spaniards  made   themfelves   Maflers  of  fo     *  8 
many  rich  and  pleafant  Countries,  but  doe  leaue  that 
to  their  owne   Hiflories,  though   I  confeffc  (like  wifemen) 
they  are  very  f paring  to  report  the  eftate  of  thefe  parts, 
and  doe  barre  all  flrangers  from  hauing  accc ffc  thereunto, 

\viihi!""»; 


ft.  ' 


4 


m 


,'»i"«p,tjmj»i.i«m 


!!l 


164 


An  Rncotii'do^ement 


wifliing  to  enjoy  that  AA'hich  they  loue  in  priuate,  and  not 
inconfiderately  vanting  hy  the  vanitie  of  praifee  ,0  procure 
vnto  themfekies  the  vexation  that  they  might  fuffer  by  the 
earnefl  purfuit  of  emulating  riuals,  but  as  they  did  brauely 
begin,  and  refohitely  profecute  their  Difcouerics  in  America, 
fo  liath  it  juftly  reconipenfed  their  courage,  prouing  the 
ground  of  all  that  greatnelTe  which  at  this  time  (not  without 
caufe)  doth  make  them  (as  able  or  willing,  to  conquer  others 
if  not  both)  fo  much  fufpe6led  by  eury  jealous  State.  And 
Henry  the  Seuenth  the  Salomon  of  England  had  his  judge- 
ment onely  condemned  for  neglediing  that  good  occafion 
which  was  firfl  offered  vnto  him  by  Columbus,  yet  did  he 
prefently  feeke  to  repaire  his  errour  by  fending  forth  Scbaf- 
tian  C/iabot^^^  a  Venetian  who  did  difcouer  the  He  of  New- 
founci-land,  and  this  part  of  the  Continent  of  America  now 
intended  to  bee  planted  by  his  Majeflies  Subje61s  vnder  the 
name  of  New  England,  and  New  Scotland,  fo  that  the  fruits 
of  his  happie  raigne  ftill  growing  to  a  greater  perfecftion 
and  now  ripe  to  bet  gathered  by  this  age,  as  he  made  way 
by  the  marriage  of  his  eldefl  daughter^'*  for  vniting  thefe 
two  Nations  at  home,  fo  did  hee  the  fame  likewife  by  this 

difcouerie 


'"  Sir  VV^illiam  Aleximder  falls  into 
the  error,  ccimmon  even  at  a  very  early 
period,  of  accrediting  the  difrovery  of 
the  north-eallern  coafl  of  America  to 
Seballia-i  inltead  of  John  Caljot,  to 
whom  the  honor  projierly  belongs. 

This  may  perliaps  l)e  explained  in 
the  ftft  that  Sir  Joim  Cabot  died  foon 
after  the  voyage  of  1497  ;  wliile  Scl)af- 
tian  not  only  accompanied  his  fatlier  on 
the  firfl,  but  commanded  the  fecond 
expedition,  in  149S,  and  was  the  dif- 
coverer  nf  the  whole  conft  from  New- 


foundland to  the  Carolinas.  He  en- 
joyed a  diilinguiflied  rer.own  through 
a  period  of  many  years  ;  and  the 
achievement  of  the  fatiier  appears,  for 
a  long  time,  to  have  been  loll  in  the 
more  l;)riiliant  fame  of  tlie  fon. 

'"  Ma-garet.  the  eldeft  daughter  of 
Henry  \'ll.,  married  James  IV.  of 
Scotland.  Their  fon  Jrmcs  V.  of  Scot- 
land, was  tiie  father  of  M.iry  Queen  of 
Scots,  and  her  fon,  James  VI.  of  Scot- 
la.id,  became  James  I.  of  England, 
and  united  the  two  crowns. 


SI!  'h 


to  Colonies. 


^65 


difcoiierlc  abroad,  but  the  accomplifliment  of  be  h  was 
refcrued  for  his  Majcflie  now  reigning,  and  no  Prince  in 
the  worlc^  may  more  eafily  effe6luate  fiich  a  purpofc  fmcc 
his  Dominions  affoord  abundance  of  braue  men  fmgularly 
vahied  for  able  bodies  and  acliue  fpirits  whereof  the  Enirlijli 
haue  ah-eady  giuen  good  proofe  of  their  fufficiency  in  for- 
raine  Plantations ;  but  before  I  proceed  further  in  that 
which  doth  concerne  them  I  muft  obferue  what  the  French 
haue  done  in  this  kind. 

All  fuch  aduentrous  defignes  out  of  ignorance  or  enuie 
(either  contemned,  or  doubtfully  cefured)  are  neuer 
*  approucd,  nor  imitated,  til  they  be  juftificd  by  the  *  9 
fucceffe,  &  then  many  who  had  lirfl  been  too  diftruftfuU 
falling  in  the  other  extremitie  of  an  implicite  confidence,  to 
redeeme  their  former  negle6ls,  doe  precipitate  themfelues 
in  needleffe  dangers.  After  that  the  Spaniards  were 
knowne  to  profper,  and  that  it  was  conceiued  by  the  Voy- 
aore  of  Chabot  what  a  larc^e  vaflneffe  this  new  Continent 
was  likely  to  proue,  Francis  the  firft  did  furnifli  forth  yohn 
Vcrrizzou  2i  F/orcntinc,  who  did  difcouer  that  part  of  Amer- 
ica which  was  firft  (and  mofh  juftly)  called  N'cw  France,  and 
now  Terra  Florida,  And  vpon  his  returne  he  aflirming  it 
to  be  (as  it  is  indeed  for  all  the  excellencies  of  nature)  one 
of  the  moll;  pleafant  parts  of  the  world,  This  was  the  caufe 
that  after  a  long  delay  (during  the  fpace  of  two  Princes 
whole  raignes)  fome  new  Difcoueries  reuiuing  the  memory 
of  this,  in  the  yeere  of  God  1562.  Charles  the  ninth  (hau- 
ing  a  haughty  mind,  and  being  fo  rauiihed  with  a  defire  of 
glorie,  that  he  was  fometimes  tempted  by  fniiftrous  fuggef- 

tions 


w 


u 


•|J  ■! 


;t 


1  1 


l^i'  1 1 


(I      :! 


,|^s 


1 
1  / 
\   I.     . 


W 


II 


^r  « ^ 


i  t 


V      \ 


N 


:,' 


I     \  : 


1 66 


An  Encouragement 


tions  in  fecking  after  it  to  goe  vpon  wrong  grounds)  was 
quickly  enamoured  with  the  eminency  of  fuch  a  fingular  de- 
figne,  wherein  lice  did  employ  yohii  Ribaut,  who  comming 
to  Flo7'ida  was  kindly  recciued  by  the  Natiues  there,  and 
hauing  made  choice  of  a  place  where  to  build  a  Fort,  after 
hee  had  flayed  a  time  giuing  dire(?tion  for  fuch  things  as 
were  neceffarie  to  be  done,  he  left  forty  men  therein  when 
hee  came  away  with  one  Captaine  Albert  to  command  them, 
who  after  that  hee  had  with  difficulty  beene  freed  from  the 
danger  of  famine,  and  of  fire  (vnfeafonably  affediing  the 
difufed  aufleritie  of  the  Ancients)  did  for  a  fmall  offence 
hang  one  of  his  companie  with  his  owne  hands,  fo  lofnig 
both  the  dignitie  of  his  place,  and  the  hearts  of  his  people  at 
one  time,  which  hee  fliould  haue  beene  extremely  fludious  to 
preferue,  efleeming  them  as  fellowes  of  his  fufferings,  and 
coheires  of  his  hopes,  at  leafl  the  qualitie  of  the  offence  and 
ncceffitie  of  his  death  fliould  haue  beene  made  fo  cleare, 

that  as  importing  a  common  good,  all  (if  not  vrging  it) 
*  lo    fliould  at  *  leaft  haue  condefcended  thereunto,  but  this 

errour  of  his  was  acquited  in  as  rude  a  manner :  for  his 
companie  putting  him  to  death  did  make  choice  o\  another 
Captaine,  and  dcfpairing  of  a  new  fupplie  though  wanting 
fkilfull  workmen  for  fuch  a  purpofe  (neceffitie  fliarpening 
their  wits)  they  builded  a  little  Barque  which  they  calfatted 
and  made  fit  for  the  Seas  with  the  Gummes  of  trees  which 
they  found  there  in  ftead  of  Pitch,  and  in  place  of  Sayles 
tl>ey  furnilhed  her  \^ith  fuch  linnens  as  they  had  vpon  their 
beds,  and  being  thus  fet  forth  (couragioufly  ouer  comming 


4.ttff 


to  Colonics, 


167 


a  number  of  admirable  difficulties)  did  returne  to  France 
after  a  defperate  manner."^ 

The  dangerleffe  returne,  and  plaufiblc  hopes  of  Ribaut, 
affifled  by  the  ferious  perfvvafions  of  the  Admirall,  (the 
receiued  opinion  of  whofe  not  queftioned  wifcdome  was 
enough  to  warrant  any  thing  that  had  his  approbation)  did 
moue  the  French  king  to  fend  out  a  great  number  of  men 
with  a  competent  prouifion  of  all  things  rcquifite  vnder 
the  charge  of  Monfieur  Londonier,  who  had  a  profperous 
Voyage,  and  a  congratulated  arriuall  at  the  French  Fort 
by  the  Sauages  in  Florida,  but  immediately  thereafter  hee 
was  extremely  perplexed  with  the  vnexpeclcd,  mutinies  and 
fa6lious  offers  of  fome  whom  he  had  carried  with  him,  w^ho 
had  not  gone  thither  intending  what  the}'-  pretended,  out  of 
a  cleare  refolution  to  inhabite  that  bounds,  but  did  onely 
flee  from  fome  inconuer.ces  that  had  vexed  them  at  home, 
fuch  men  as  hating  labour  they  could  not  induftrioully  ferue 
by  their  endeauours  in  a  mechanike  trade,  fo  were  they  not 
caplable  of  generous  infpirations  that  prouoke  magninimi- 
tie.  but  habitually  bred  to  vice  were  naturally  enemies  to 
vertue,  which  made  thirtie  of  them  taking  away  a  Barke 
that  belonged  to  the  Plantation  betake  thcmfelves  to  the 
Seas  in  hope  (continuing  as  they  had  beene  accuftomed  In 
naughty  courfes)  to  feize  vpon  a  prize  whereby  they  iTiight 
incontinent  bee  made  rich  ;  and  their  defigne  in  fome  meaf- 
ure  had  the  projected  iffue,but  in  place  of  raifing  their 
fortunes  (the  Lord  neuer  bleffing  *  them  that  abandon  *  1 1 
fuch  a  worthie  worke,  much  leffe  with  a  minde  to  doe 

mifchiefe) 

"*  Antea,  p.  26;  also  see  note  38,  p.  33. 


1  ,    '  ; 


'\  >ll 


i       IK 


M 


I  r 


i68 


A71  Encourage^nent 


mifchicfe)  it  proucd  in  end  away  to  worke  their  confufion, 
And  Lojtdonicre  being  ]ia|)i:)ie  to  haue  his  companie  purged 
of  fueh  peftiferoLis  fellowes  did  carrie  himfelfe  brauely  as 
became  a  commander,  aduifedly  enquiring  concerning  the 
Sauages,  what  their  force  was,  what  relation  tliey  had  one 
to  another,  where  they  were  friends  or  foes,  how  their 
pleafures  were  placed,  and  by  what  accounts  they  reckoned 
their  gaines  or  loffes,  fo  that  hce  was  alwaies  ready  as  might 
ftand  beft  with  the  good  of  his  affaires  to  affift,  or  oppofe, 
to  deuide,  or  agree  any  partic,  thus  by  fliewing  power  pur- 
chafmg  auvhoritie,  til  he  drew  the  ballance  of  all  bufienelTc 
to  bee  fwayed  where  he  would  as  being  Mafter  of  the  Coun- 
trey.  Hereupon  (the  vmbragious  afperfions  of  enuie  fo 
darkened  reafon  that  it  could  not  difcerne  merite  at  leaft 
out  of  a  depraued  opinion  with  a  derogatory  cenfure  can- 
celling all  naturall  ingenuitie,  could  not  or  would  not  ac- 
knowledge  what  was  due  thereunto)  a  report  was  fpread  in 
France  by  fome  that  Loudonierc  lined  like  a  Prince  difdayn- 
ing  the  condition  of  a  Subjed:,  and  the  French  out  of  a 
prepofterous  policie  fearing  what  they  fliould  haue  wiflied 
that  one  of  their  owne  Nation  could  be  too  great  abroad, 
they  fent  backe  RibaiU  with  a  new  commiffion  to  fucceed 
him  in  his  charge,  (fhaking  thereby  the  firfl  foundation  of 
a  growing  greatneffe)  who  feeking  to  fleale  priuatcly  vpon 
him  to  preuent  aduertifements  that  hee  might  take  him  at 
vnawares  did  hardly  efcape  to  haue  beene  funke  at  his  firft 
entrie. 

Immediately  after  that  Ribaut  was  admitted  Gouernour 
{Lajtdoniere  hauing  fliewed  himfelfe  as  dutifull  to  obey  as 

he 


to  Colonics, 


169 


)ur 
as 
he 


he  had  becne  fl-cilfull  in  commanding)  intclligcMicc  was 
giuen  them  that  fixe  Spauijh  Ships  were  riding  at  an  anchor 
not  farrc  from  thence,  and  he  aml^itioufly  afpiring  to  grace 
his  beginning  with  fome  great  matter  againft  the  aduice  of 
all  the  refl:  with  an  obflinatc  refolution  would  needs  goe 
and  purfue  them  taking  the  befl  of  the  companie  with  him, 
and  fo  left  the  Fort  weakly  guarded,  which  made  it 
*  to  proue  an  eafie  prey  for  the  Spajiiards  of  whom  the  *  1 2 
mofl;  part  leaning  their  Ships  (a  minde  tranfported  with 
hope  not  thinking  of  paine)  did  march  thorow  the  woods 
whence  no  perill  was  expelled,  and  in  a  maruellous  ftormy 
night,  as  if  the  very  Heauens  (acceffarily  culpable)  had 
confpired  with  the  malice  of  men  for  the  working  of  mif- 
chief.  When  the  Frenchmen  (too  much  affecting  their 
owne  eafe)  had  neglected  their  watch,  furprizing  their  Fort 
did  put  them  all  to  the  fword,  which  extreme  crueltie  of 
theirs  was  brauely  reuenged  by  one  Captaine  Gorgiics  a 
Gentleman  of  Burdeaiix,  who  out  of  a  generous  difpofition 
being  fenfible  of  this  publike  injurie  whereby  all  his  Nation 
was  interefted,  as  if  it  had  only  in  particular  imported  the 
ruine  of  his  owne  fortunes,  went  of  purpofe  to  this  part, 
and  fecretly  before  his  comming  was  knowne  contratfling  a 
great  friendlliip  with  the  Sauages  who  did  hate  the  auflere 
countenance,  and  rigorous  gouernment  of  the  Spaniards^ 
when  it  came  to  be  compared  with  the  infinuating  formes 
of  the  French,  he  found  the  meanes  by  a  ftratagem  that  he 
vfed  to  entrap  the  Spaniards,  by  the  death  of  them  all 
expiating  that  which  they  had  made  his  Countrymen  for- 
merly to  fuffer,  ye:  all.  *  the  manner  of  many  being  more 

apt 


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Sdeices 
Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STkilsr 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  145*0 

(716)  872-4503 


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170 


An  Encouragement 


h\\ 


apt  toacciuirc  than  to  prcfcruc  (acSling  greater  things  when 
carried  with  the  impetuofity  of  a  prefent  fury  than  hee 
could  confirme  witli  the  conftant  progreffc  of  a  well  fettled 
refolution)  he  made  no  more  vfe  of  his  vi61oric,but  returned 
back  to  France,  flattering  himfelf  with  the  hope  of  a  trium- 
])ha]!  welcome,  in  j)lace  wliereof  by  fome  meanes  made 
Court  he  was  proclaimed  a  Rebell,  as  a  facrifice  appointed 
to  appeafe  Spaitic.  This  was  the  lafl  thing  that  the  Frcncli 
did  in  Florida. 

The  next  forraine  aduenture  was  likewife  i)rocured  by 
the  Admirall,  a  worthie  man,  who  would  gladly  haue 
diuerted  the  vindicliue  difpofitions  of  his  Countrymen 
from  the  bloudy  ciuile  warres  wherewith  they  were  then 
entangled,    to    profecutc    fome    braue    enterprife    abroad 

whereby  they  might  not  be  made  guilty,  and  yet  haue 
*  13    glorie,  The  *  man  that  did  offer  himfelfe  for  Condu6lor 

of  the  Voyage  was  one  Villcgapion  a  knight  of  Malta 
who  then  pretcded  to  be  of  the  reformed  religion  (as  all  doe 
who  affecl:  to  appeare  what  they  are  not  indeed)  making 
fliew  of  extriordinary  remorfe,  and  zeale,  and  that  hee  had 
a  defire  to  retire  himfelfe  from  the  vanitie,  corruption,  and 
vexation  of  their  jmrts  to  fome  remote  place  in  America^ 
where  profeffmg  himfelfe  fuch  as  he  was,  he  might  (free 
from  all  kind  of  impidiments)  begin  a  new  life,  and  where 
he  ho})Ld  to  found  fuch  a  Colony  as  fliould  ferue  for  a 
retreat  to  all  thofe  of  the  reformed  Religion  who  (weary 
of  the  ]:>erfccuti6s  at  home)  would  goe  where  they  might 
Hue  with  fafety,  and  enjoy  the  libcrtie  of  their  confcience, 
by  this  meanes  hee  got  a  great  number  to  accOpany  him, 

amor'jfl 


>    ( 


to  Colonics. 


171 


amongft  whom  was  Joliu  dc  Lcnc  their  Minidcr,  a  learned 
man  who  wrote  adifcourfe  of  all  that  palled  in  this  Voyage, 
and  there  were  fundry  others  that  came  from  the  Towne  of 
Gcncua,  fo  that  hauing  a  reafonable  number  well  prouided, 
hcc  embarqued  and  fayled  towards  Brafik\  making  choice 
of  a  place  fit  for  a  Plantation,  where  they  found  (the  foile 
excellent,  the  Natiues  well  inclined  towards  them,  and  a 
fuj)plie  comming  in  due  time)  all  things  fo  concurring  for 
their  contentment  that  they  mifjht  haue  beuunne  a  ureat 
worke  happie  and  hopefull  for  their  poftcritie,  if  Villagag- 
11011  had  beene  the  man  that  he  made  them  beleeue  he  was, 
but  he  apparently  neuer  louing  them  of  the  Religion  in  his 
heart  had  cownterfeitel  to  doe  fo  for  a  time,  onely  (angling 
their  affections)  by  this  meanes  to  draw  a  fupply  from  them; 
for  as  foone  as  hee  was  fetled  in  his  nouernment,  that  hee 
found  himfelfe  llrong  enough  by  Catholikcs,  and  others  of 
his  friends  that  he  had  with  him  to  doe  (as  hee  thought) 
what  he  would,  ftraight,  remouing  the  maflce  that  hyi)Ocrifie 
had  put  vpon  him,  he  difcharged  all  exercife  of  the  reformed 
religion  which  no  man  with  more  feruency  ha.l  profeffed 
than  himfelfe,  commandinq;  all  to  conforme  themfelues  to 
the  orders  that  he  had  fet  downe,  but  (in  place  of  feare 
which  he  purpofed  to  giue,  receiuing  but  contempt) 
*this  bafe  kind  of  carriage  did  quite  ourthrowe  his  *  14 
authoritic,and  they  making  a  partie  amongft  thcmfelves 
did  remoue  with  their  IVIiniller  yo/ui  dc  Lcric,  which  diuifion 
of  their  Colonic  in  two  was  the  caufe  that  neither  could 
fubfift,  fo  that  Vil/ai:^aonon  abandoning  that  Countrey,  all 
after  many  feueral  defignes  returned  vnto  France,  hauing 

found 


I 

ill 


(  'II 


•ill 


1 ' 


\\ 


M 


i    ' 


172 


An  Encouragement 


'!      'n 


found  no  impediment  to  fo  good  a  purpofc  but  the  perucrfe- 
neifc  of  fucli  mindes  as  they  had  carried  with  them. 

Monfieur  De  Laraucrdicr  a  very  worthie  Gentleman  did 
of  bte  enterprife  the  like  courfe  in  the  fame  bounds,  and 
was  croffed  in  the  fame  manner  by  the  difference  of 
Religion  (difputations  quickening  them  to  controuert  who 
will  not  be  conuerted)  that  difl:ra6led  his  companie  with 
fcucral  opinions,  yet  at  this  time  a  long  continuance  mak- 
ing that  leffe  (Irange  amongfl;  the  French  then  it  was  wont 
to  be,  the  Gentleman  did  command  with  fuch  judgement, 
and  difcretion,  that  what  euer  priuate  diflike  was,  it  neuer 
burfled  forth  in  any  open  infurrecflion.  And  for  the  fpace 
of  foure  or  fiue  yeeres  being  befriended  by  the  Natiues 
though  continually  oppofed  both  by  the  Spaniards  and  by 
the  Portiigals,  yet  he  alwaies  preuayled,  lining  (as  himfelfe 
told  me)  with  more  contentment  thai,  euer  he  had  done  in 
his  time  either  before  or  fince ;  hee  could  neuer  difcerne 
any  Winter  there  by  the  effects,  feeing  no  flormy  weather 
at  all,  and  finding  a  continuall  greenneffe  to  beautifie  the 
fields,  which  did  affoord  fuch  abundance,  and  variety  of  all 
things  neceffaryfor  the  maintaynance,  that  they  were  neuer 
in  danger  of  famine,  but  in  end  finding  no  more  people 
comming  from  France,  and  fearing  that  time  (hould  weare 
away  them  that  were  with  him ;  then  being  flattered  with 
the  loue  of  his  natiue  foyle,  longing  to  fee  his  friends,  and 
tempted  by  the  hope  of  a  prefent  gaine,  which  as  he  imag- 
ined might  the  better  enable  him  for  fome  fuch  purpofe  m 
an  other  part,  he  capitulated  with  the  Spaniards  to  furreder 
the  place  hauing  alfurace  giuen  him  for  a  great   fumme 

of 


to  Colonies, 


^n 


of  money  which  fliould  haue  bcenc  dcHucrcd  in 
*  Spaiiie,  but  coniming  to  rccciue  the  fame  (it  being  *  15 
more  eafie  to  pay  debt  by  reuengeing  a  pretended 
injurie  then  with  money  which  fome  would  rather  keepe 
then  their  Faith)  he  was  cart;  in  prilbn,  where  hee  reniayned 
long,  till  at  lafl;  he  was  deliuered  bv  the  mediation  of  our 
Kings  Ambaffadour,  and  came  here  where  I  fjiake  with  him 
of  purpofe  to  giue  his  Majeflie  thankes.  I  heare  that  for 
the  prefent  he  is  now  at  Roc/ic/l  {\\\i\\  a  hope  to  repaire  his 
error)  ready  to  embarque  for  fome  fuch  like  enterprife. 
This  is  all  that  the  Frenchmen  haue  done  in  the  South 
parts  of  America,  and  now  I  will  make  mention  of  their 
proceedings  in  thefe  parts  that  are  next  vnto  vs. 

Francis  the  firft  of  France  a  braue  Prince,  and  naturally 
giuen  to  great  things,  after  the  Voyage  made  by  Jo/in  Ver- 
rizan  {Chabot  hauing  difcouered  the  Continent  for  Henry 
the  feuenth)  did  fend  forth  fames  Quariier  one  of  Saint 
Malo,  who  by  two  fcuerall  Voyages  did  difc^  uer  the  Riuer 
of  Canada,  and  by  his  relation  doth  commend  it  exceedingly 
as  being  fertile  in  variety  of  Fifhcs,  and  bordered  with 
many  pleafant  meadowes,  and  flately  woods,  hauing  in  fun- 
dry  parts  abundance  of  Vines  grov/ing  wilde,  chiefly  in  one 
He  which  he  hath  called  by  the  name  of  the  He  of  Orleans}^^' 
This  man  ncuer  made  any  Plantation  at  all,  but  onely  dif- 
coured  and  traffiqucd  with  the  Sauages,  neither  was  there 
any  further  done  by  Roberwall,  who  did  Hue  one  Winter  at 
Cape  Breton. 

The 

"*  On  Alexander's  map,  the  Ifle  of  This  is  remarkable,  efpecinlly  if,  as  we 
Orleans  is  erroneoufly  placed  not  lefs  mav  well  fuppofe,  Lcfcarbot's  map  was 
tlian  twenty   leagues  weft  of  Quebec,    before  him. 


I 
i  1 


111 

li    ': 


i 


%  ! 


w 


i 


\''f  il 


:  ..,»? 


'  )      !* 


174 


An  llncotiran'ment 


The  Marqueffc  Dc  la  Roche  by  a  Conimiffion  from  Henry 
the  fourth,  intending  a  Voyage  for  Cannada,  happened  by 
the  way  vpon  the  He  o\  Sablon{\\\\\^\\  is  now  comprehended 
within  the  Patent  of  N'eio  Scoiland)  and  there  (trufling  to 
the  flrcngth  of  the  jjlace  where  tliere  are  no  Sauages  at 
all)  landed  fome  of  his  men  till  hee  fhould  haue  found  a 
conuenient  place  within  the  maine  Land  fit  for  habitation, 
promifing  then  to  returnc  for  them ;  but  it  was  his  fortune 
by  reafon  of  contrary  winds  neuer  to  finde  the  maine  Land, 

bein<'"  blowne  backe  to /v'rtwf^  without  feeinti;  of  them, 
*  16     where  he  was  in  the  time  of  the  ciuile  *  war  res  (fuch 

is  the  vncertainty  of  worldly  things  producing  vnex- 
pe(5led  cffecls)  taken  prifoner  by  the  Duke  of  Mercccur, 
and  fliortly  after  died,  fo  that  his  pcoi)le  whom  hee  had  left 
at  Sablon  furnifhed  but  for  a  fhort  time  had  quickly  fpent 
their  prouifions,  and  tooke  for  their  maintaynance  onely 
fuch  things  as  the  place  it  felfe  did  without  labour  freely 
affoord,  which  hath  a  race  of  Kowes"'  (as  is  thought)  firfl 
tranQjorted  thither  by  the  Portugals  that  haue  long  contin- 
ued 


'"  Sable  Ifland  is  about  a  Imndred 
miles  fouth-eall  frnni  iNova  Scotia, 
about  twenty-five  miles  in  lenjitli,  and 
four  or  five  in  its  greateft  widtli ;  in 
the  form  of  a  crefcent.  Iiaving  its  con- 
vexity t("wardH  the  fouth  ;  compofed 
of  two  lines  of  drift-fand,  between 
which  are  lakes  or  ponds  of  water.  It 
has  a  litde  grafs,  and  low  fruit-ljearing 
fhrubs.  It  has  no  harlior,  and  the 
whole  region  about  it  is  a  vail  fandy 
ftioal.  It  was  early  the  fcene  of  many 
fliipwrecks.  Near  it  Sir  Humphrey 
Gillicrt  periflicd  in  15S3. 

Charlevoix  informs  us  that  cattle  and 
(heap  were  lodged  on  this  ifland  from 


Spanifli  wrecks,  and  had  multiplied, 
and  for  a  time  fcrved  for  food  for  the 
French  exiles  left  there  in  1598. — 
Hijlory  of  A'ciu  France,  by  Charlevoix, 
trandated  by  John  G.  Shea,  New  York, 
1866,  Vol.  I.  p.  244. 

Winthrop,  writing  under  date  of 
1635,  fays  that  Mr.  John  Rofe,  who 
had  been  cail  away  on  Sable  Kland  two 
years  previous  to  that,  "faw  aboul 
eight  hundred  cattle,  fmall  and  great, 
all  red,  and  tiie  largeft  he  ever  faw, 
and  triany  foxes,  whereof  fome  perfe(5l 
black."—  /rV/////;vvi'j  Hijl.  New  Eiig., 
Bofton,  1S53,  Vol.  I.  p.  193. 


to  Colonics. 


■75 


le 


of 


ued  there,  and  fundry  roots  fit  to  be  eaten,  with  abundance 
of  Filhes,  Fowle  and  Venifon.  And  (liauing  no  nicanes  to 
line  but  by  fport)  as  for  their  apparell  they  clothed  them- 
felues  with  the  fkinnes  of  fuch  creatures  as  they  could  kill 
by  Land,  or  Sea,  fo  that  lining  there  for  the  fpace  of  twelve 
yeeres  when  they  were  i)rerented  to  Henry  the  fourth  who 
had  hired  a  Filherman  to  bring  them  home,  as  I  have  heard 
from  them  that  did  fee  th.em  at  firfi:  before  the  King,  they 
were  in  very  good  health,  and  looked  as  well,  as  if  they  had 
lined  all  that  time  in  France:  But  hauing  beene  abufed  by 
the  Fi(herman  who  (cunningly  concealing  that  he  had  beene 
directed  by  the  King)  did  bargaine  with  them  to  haue  all 
their  fkinnes  for  tranfporting  them,  home,  which  were  of 
great  value,  fome  of  them  being  of  blacke  Foxes,  which  were 
fold  at  fiftie  pounds  flerling  apiece,  and  aboue,  for  the  re- 
couerie  thereof  they  intended  a  i)roceffe  againll;  him  before 
the  Court  of  Parliament  at  Paris,  wherein  by  the  equitie  of 
their  courfe,  or  by  the  compaffion  of  the  ludges,  they  pre- 
uayled,  gayning  by  that  meanes  a  ftocke  wherewith  to  traf- 
fique  in  thefe  parts  againe. 

Monfieur  De  Monies  procuring  a  Patent  from  Henry  the 
fourth  of  Cannada  from  the  40.  degree  Ealhvard  comj^re- 
hendin<j:  all  the  bounds  that  is  now  both  within  New  England 
2i.\\6.  Nezv  Scotland  {^i\.<ix  \\\-\\.  Queene  Elizabeth  had  formerly 
giuen  one  thereof  as  belonging  to  this  Crowne  by  Cliabots 
Difcouerie)  "^  did  fet  forth  with  a  hundred  perfons  fitted  for 
a  Plantation,  carried  in  two  fliips  of  fmall  burthen,  which 

parting 

"*  Queen  E'  ibeth  granted  Letters  and  inhabiting  of  lands  in  America, 
Patent  to  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert,  June  "not  a6lually  poflcfTed  of  any  Clirillian 
II,   1578,  for  the  difcovery,   planting,    prince."     In  purfuance  of  which,   he 

made 


*    f 


5  ■■ ;  ' 


S 


I'jG 


/In  linco2tragemciit 


1 , 


fi 


*  17  parting  from  France  on  fcuerall  dayes  did  *  appoint 
their  meeting  at  the  I'ort  of  Camp/cau,  but  the  fliip 
wherein  Monfieur  Dc  Moii/cs  had  plaeed  Iiimfelfe  going 
firfl,  and  fearing  the  huge  Mountaines  of  Ice  that  diffohiing 
from  the  farrc  Northerne  i)arts  come  alongfl  the  coaft  of 
Neii'/on )iii-/a If ci  (Xm-'wY^ihi:.  Spring  time,  did  take  hercourfe 
more  to  tlie  Soutli,  and  arriued  at  Port  Dc  Muton  a  Bay  now 
in  the  lore-land  of  New  Scotland,  from  whence  one  of  the 
Natiuesof  the  Countrey  (either  out  of  courtefie,  or  to  gayne 
a  reward)  leaning  his  Wife  and  Children  (as  a  pledge,  or 
elfc  to  bee  nourillied  \Aith  them)  went  to  Caiupfcaii,  and 
within  a  weeke  brought  them  newes  from  their  other  Ship 
that  had  arriued  there,  which  comming  to  them,  and  Mon- 
fieur Champlcin  who  had  gone  in  a  Ihallop  to  difcoucr  the 
coafl:  being  returned,  they  fayled  together  Weflwards  to 
Cape  Sable,  and  from  thence  Northwards  to  Bay  Saint 
Maries,  where  towards  the  South  fide  thereof  they  found 
good  meadowes  and  arable  ground  fit  to  be  planted  vpon, 
and  towards  the  North  a  mountainous  and  mincrall  bounds, 
hauing  difcouered  one  vcine  of  metall  that  did  hold  Siluer, 
and  two  of  Iron  flone  :  After  this,  hauing  fecne  Port  Royall, 
they  went  to  the  Riuer  called  by  them  Saute  Croix,  but 
more  fit  now  to  bee  called  Tioeed,  becaufe  it  doth  diuide 

Neiv 


made  a  voyage  in  1583,  and  took  for- 
mal poileffion  at  Saint  Jolin,  New- 
foundland, "in  the  riglit  of  the  Crowne 
of  England."  Tills  rigiit  was  douht- 
lefs  luppofed  to  exift  in  virtue  of  Ca- 
bot's difcovery.  Such  a])pears  to  have 
been  the  opinion  and  claim  of  our  au- 
thor, and  other  writers  of  that  early 
period.  —  Letters  Patent  to  Sir  Huvi- 
phrey    Gilbert ;     Hakluyfs     Voyui^cs, 


London,  1810,  4to,  Vol.  III.  p.  174; 
Kihoanl  Haies^s  /Report  of  Gilbert's 
I  'oyage  of  1583.  itlei/i,  p.  1 84  ;  ..SV;-  Huin- 
plirev  Gilbert's  Letter  to  Sir  Geori^e 
Peckham,  8th  Augull,  1 583  ;  Purchass 
Pili^rii/tes,  London,  1025,  Vol.  IIL  p. 
808;  ^SV';-  William  Moiifons  A'a7'al 
'J'racls,  in  Churchill's  CoUeclion,  Lon- 
don, 1745,  Vol.  111.  p.  412. 


^ 


to  Colotiics. 


177 


N'ciu  EiK^laud  and  New  Scotlatid,  bounding  the  one  of 
them  vpon  the  lilafl,  and  tlie  other  vpon  the  Weft  fide 
thereof,  here  tliey  made  choice  of  an  lie  that  is  within  the 
middle  of  the  fame  where  to  winter,  buildinu:  houfes  fiiffi- 
cient  to  lodge  their  number ;  There,  befides  other  forts  of 
wood,  they  had  ftore  of  Cedar  trees,  and  found  the  ground 
very  fertile  as  it  did  proue  afterwards,  bringing  forth  that 
which  they  did  fow  with  an  extraordinary  encreafe,  yet 
during  the  Winter  time  when  they  could  not  conuently 
goe  to  the  mainc  Land,  tliey  found  it  very  incommodeous 
dwelling,  fpecially  for  want  of  frefli  Springs;  And  the  foyle 
being  of  itfelfe  humid,  and  obnoxious  to  waters,  they  had 
not  becnc  fo  induftrious  as  to  caft  a  ditch  wherewith  to  drie 
the  ground  whereupon  their  houfes  ftood,  and  in  end 
finding  that  a  little  He  was  *  but  a  kind  of  large  prifon,  *  18 
they  refolued  to  returne  vnto  Port  Koyail,  whereof  I 
will  giue  a  particular  Defcription,  becaufe  it  was  the  place 
of  their  refidencc,  as  I  intend  it  to  be  for  the  chicfe  colonic 
of  the  ScottiJJi  Nation,  grounding  that  which  I  ani  to  de- 
liucr  vpon  fuch  Difcourfes  as  the  Fnnchincu  haue  written, 
and  vpon  that  which  I  haue  heard  reported  by  fundry 
others  who  haue  feenc  the  fame. 

The  entry  in  Port  Roy  a  II  is  from  the  South  fide  of  a  great 
Bay,  which  doth  make  the  South  part  of  New  Scotland 
almoft  an  He,  and  hath  the  palTage  at  firft  fo  narrow,  with 
a  current  fo  violent,  that  Shii)s  can  hardly  enter  if  they 
take  not  the  Tide  right,  and  may  eafily  be  commanded  by 
any  Ordnance  that  is  planted  on  either  fide,  where  there 
are  parts  fit  for  that  purpofe ;  as  foone  as  they  are  within 

the 


^ir,5 


12 


i : 


178 


An  Encouragement 


'•-\ 


A  ;.'i 


the  Bay  it  cloth  enlarge  it  felfe  to  the  breadth  of  feuen  or 
eight  miles,  and  doth  continue  fo  as  if  it  were  fquare  for  the 
like  bounds  in  length ;  There  arc  w  ithin  the  fame  two  lies 
eury  one  of  them  extending  it  felfe  about  three  miles  in 
circuit,  and  both  are  well  garniflied  with  trees,  and  graffe; 
Diuers  Riuers  and  Brookes  doe  fall  within  this  large  bo- 
fome  on  euery  fide,  of  which  the  chiefe  is  one  that  doth 
come  from  the  South,  being  difcouered  to  be  aboue  fortie 
miles  portatiue,  and  it  hath  all  alongll  on  euery  fide  for  the 
bounds  of  a  mile,  or  half  a  mile  at  leaft,  very  faire  meadowes 
which  are  fubject  to  bee  ourflowcd  at  high  tides,  and  there 
is  Land  fit  to  be  laboured  lying  betweene  them  and  the 
woods,  which  doe  compafie  all  about  with  very  faire  trees 
of  fundry  forts,  as  Oakes,  Afli,  Playnes,  Maple,  Beech, 
Birch,  Cyprefle,  Pine,  and  Firrc ;  The  great  Riuer  doth 
aljound  exceedingly  in  Salmon  and  Smelts  during  their 
feafon,  and  eury  little  Brooke  in  Trouts.  One  Lake  within 
this  Bay  hath  yeerely  a  great  quantitie  of  Merrings,  which 
l)y  reafon  of  a  fl:ri(5l  way  which  they  paffe  are  eafie  to  be 
taken,  and  all  the  yeere  oucr  they  neuer  want  (hell-fifli,  fuch 
as  Lobflers,  Crabs,  Cockles  and  Muffels.    The  chiefe  beafls 

that  inhabite  the  Woods  there,  are  Ellans,  Hart,  Hind, 
*  19     and  fallow  Deere,  with  flore  of  other  wilde  *beafl:s, 

fuch  as  Wolves,  Beares,  Foxes,  and  Otters,  but  the 
moll  vfefull  of  all  is  the  Beauer,  both  for  his  flefh  that 
is  ellecmed  to  be  very  delicate  for  eating,  and  for  the 
fkinne  that  is  of  good  value,  as  for  wild  foule,  there  is 
great  varictie  and  flore,  of  Partridges,  Plouers,  Wood- 
cockes,    Larkes,   Wild   Geefe,   Wild    Dukes,    Heron   and 

Crane, 


1*4 
111'   I 


to  Colonies. 


179 


Crane,  with  many  other  forts  peculiar  to  that  part  of  the 
World,  and  not  knownc  here. 

Vpon  the  Hall  fide  of  this  Port  the  French  did  entrench 
theni'c'kies,  buildinti  fuch  houfes  as  miiiht  feme  to  accom- 
niodate  their  number,  and  a  little  from  thence  Moiifuiir 
Cliatupicin  did  cut  a  walke  through  the  Woods,  where 
they  delighted  to  repaire  in  Summer  to  (hroud  themfelves 
from  the  heate,  and  the  rather  that  they  had  a  fweet  Melo- 
dic which  was  made  by  the  variety  of  voyces,  of  fmging 
Hirds  which  without  any  affeclation  did  affoord  them  natu- 
ral 1  IMufickc. 

Some  fix  miles  further  vp  that  fide  of  the  Riuer  they 
built  a  Barne,  and  laboured  ground  for  Wheat;  overagainil 
which  they  made  a  Water-mill  vpon  a  Riuer,  that  doth  fall 
in  on  the  Wefl  fide,  the  Damme  of  it  beeing  there  where 
the  Herrings  haunt  mofl,  and  they  did  likewife  try  fome 
ground  neerc  by  for  Whcate,  whereas  their  owne  Writers 
make  mention,  they  reaped  aboue  fortie  for  one,  but  what 
they  did  was  rather  trying  the  nature  of  the  foile  to  fatisfie 
their  curiofitie  then  to  haue  a  quantitie  fit  for  their  main- 
tenance, which  they  trufted  to  be  fent  vnto  them  by  two 
Merchants  from  the  Rochcll,  and  were  that  way  well  fur- 
niflied  fo  long  as  they  keeped  their  fkinncs  to  giue  them  in 
exchange  (but  the  Merchants  either  by  fome  priuate  con- 
ueyances)or  by  the  comming  in  of  fome  Flcmmhigs  to  traf- 
fique,  being  difappointcd  by  the  Planters  as  foone  as  they 
miffed  their  prefent  Commoditie  did  likewife  fruflratc  them 
of  the  prouifions  that  they  expedled. 

Whereupon  Monficur  de  Monks  betaking  himfelfe  to 

trade 


'.*   '1, 
•  'J 


''.I 


(I 

'I 


■\    \ 


k 


i8o 


An  lincourao'cment 


trade  for  Furrcs,  Moificur  Poulriucourt  rcfolucd  to  profe- 

cutc   the   Plantation  at   that   place,  and  fent  for  his 

*20     Son  *  Bicucoiirt  to  France,  to  bargaine   vvitli  fome 

that  would  fend  them  a  fupply,  fuch  as  was  requifite 

for  eflabliihing  of  that  Colony. 

The  firll  that  embraced  his  Fropofitions  were  the  lefuites 
who  as  they  haue  ordinarly  good  wits  which  made  them 
the  rather  capable  of  fo  aduaiitagious  a  proiedl,  fo  they 
were  the  more  animated  thereunto  (by  vpbrayding  the  lazi- 
ncffe  of  our  clergie)  to  (hew  with  what  feruencie  tiiey  trauell 
to  propagate  the  Gofpell  in  doing  whereof  (whither  it  be 
ambition  or  deuotion  that  prouokes  them  fparing  no  paincs) 
they  haue  trauelled  both  to  the  Eaft  and  Well  Indies,  and 
to  that  admired  Kin'^jdome  of  CJiiua;  their  Societie  in 
France  preualing  with  all  that  had  any  inclination  either 
to  religion,  or  to  vertue  did  eafily  gather  a  voluntary  con- 
tribution for  the  furthering  of  fo  commendable  a  purpofe, 
thereafter  they  fent  away  two  Fathers  of  their  company 
with  a  new  fupply  of  all  things  neceffarie  to  the  Plantation 
at  Port  Royall,  but  fliortly  after  their  arriual  (their  predom- 
inant difpofition  hardly  yeelding  to  any  Superior,  fpecially 
if  it  be  a  Secular  power)  they  beganne  to  contradidl;  Poii- 
trinconrt,  in  the  execution  of  thefe  Decrees  which  had  beene 
giuen  forth  by  him  as  Ciuil  Magiftrate  of  that  place.  Where- 
upon the  Gentleman  extreamely  difcontented,  and  wearie 
of  contcfting  with  them,  hauing  faid  that  it  was  his  part  to 
rule  them  vpon  earth,  and  theirs  only  to  guide  him  the  way 
to  Heuen,  he  returned  backe  to  France,  leauing  his  Sonne 
Bicucourl  in  his  place,  who  being  a  youth  at  that  time  of 

more 


I 


i." 


to  Colonics. 


i8i 


more  courage  then  circumfjxcflncrre,  difclayning  to  be  con- 
trolled by  them  whom  he  had  iiuiited  thither,  and  feorning 
their  inriii>portable  prefumption,  and  imperious  kinde  of 
carriage,  vfing  Spiritull  Armes  for  Temjjorall  ends,  whofe 
fpleene  had  excommunicated  and  branded  him  with  a  Sjjir- 
ituall  cenfure,  hee  threatened  them  by  his  Temporall  power 
with  a  more  i)alpable  punilhmcnt,  fo  that  after  much  con- 
trouerfie,  refoluing  to  feparate  themfelues,  the  two  lefuites 
taking  a  part  of  the  company  with  them,  went  ^om 
thence  *  to  a  place  in  New  lin inland,  called  b\  them  *  21 
Mount  Di'/i'rt}^'^  where  they  feated  themf'  l.ies,  and 
hauing  a  fupply  froni  the  Queene  Mother,  did  plant  lundry 
fruit  trees  of  the  moll;  delicate  kinds  in  France  fuch  as 
Aprieukes  and  Peaches  neuer  intending  to  remoue  from 
thence. 

At  this  time  Sir  Savniell  ArgalL  who  liath  beene  Gou- 
ernour  of  Virzinia,  coaftimj  alon«j;ft:  New  lius^land,  to  traf- 
fique,  difcouer,  or  to  acquire  things  nccelTary  for  the 
Southerne  colonic  in  thefe  parts,  where  the  Lands  are  re- 
puted to  be  more  fertile,  and  the  Seas  more  frequented,  did 
conceiue  by  a  difcription  made  vnto  him  by  the  Sauages, 
that  there  were  fomc  come  from  this  part  of  the  World  to 
inhabit  there,  and  being  iealous  of  any  thing  that  might 
derogate  from  the  honour,  or  prooue  preiudiciall  to  the  ben- 
efit 

"*  This  iflancl  was  named  by  Cham-  fell,  to  whom  it  appears  to  have  been 

plain   Monts   Uefert,  probably  in  com-  granted,  by  the  Council  for  New  Kng- 

pliment   to    the    patentee,   De    IMonts,  land, fome  time  anterior  to  the  Jill  May, 

though  poffibly  from  its  wild  and  moun-  1622.  —  See  Ixecon/s  of  the  Coutuil for 

tainous  character.      Its    Indian    name  Neiv  Etiglaiui,    Proceedings    of   Am. 

was   Pemetiq.      The  Englilh  called  it  Antiq.  Society,  Cambridge,   1867,  pp. 

Mount  Manfell  after  Sir  Robert  Man-  59,  74. 


\\ 


11 


^1 


S"'!"*',)  ■    "",'T,"iH,"!JtV.,  •[.  .•  ,  iP^^flWJTTT-'TW""' 


182 


-^;2  Encottragement 


U.      1.     rl 


!«   M 


■|. ! 


efit  of  his  Nation,  wlicrcof  their  intcrcfl;  in  this  was  eafie 
to  be  apprehended,  hee  went  whereas  hee  was  informed 
that  they  were,  and  his  unexpeded  arriuall,  as  it  would 
fceme,  not  onely  amazed  the  mindes  of  the  French,  but 
likewife  preuenting  their  preparation,  and  refolution,  he 
approched  fo  neer  to  a  Ihip  that  lay  before  their  Fort,  that 
hee  beate  them  all  that  were  within,  with  Mufket  fliot, 
from  making  any  vfe  of  their  Ordnance,  and  killed  one  of  the 
two  lefuits,  who  was  giuing  fire  to  a  Peece ;  hauing  taken 
the  fliip  he  landed  and  went  before  the  Fort,  fummoning 
them  that  were  within  to  yeeld  themfelues,  who  at  the  firft 
made  fome  difficultie,  afking  a  time  to  aduife,  but  that  being 
refufed,  they  priuately  abandoned  the  Fort,  ftealing  out  by 
fome  back  way  into  the  Woods,  where  they  flayed  one 
night,  and  the  next  day  comming  backe  rendred  them- 
felues giuing  vp  the  Patent  ''"^  they  had  from  the  French 
King  to  boe  cancelled,  hee  vfed  them  courteoufly,  as  their 
owne  Writers  doe  make  mention,  fuffering  fuch  as  had  a 
minde  to  goe  for  France,  to  feeke  out  filhers  fliips  wherein 
they  might  bee  tranfported,  the  reft  that  were  willing  to 
goe  for  Virginia,  went  thither  alongft  with  him,  no  man 
hauing  loft  his  life,  but  onely  that  one   lefuite  who  was 

killed  whileft  they  made  refiftance  during  the  time  of 
*  22     the  *  conflict,  thereafter  Father  Biard  the  other  of  the 

lefuites  comming  backe  from  Virginia,  with  Sir  Sam- 
uell  Argall,  out  of  the  indigestable  malice  that  he  had  con- 

ceiued 

'*'  The  patent  to  be  cancelled  was  the  Marchionefs  de  Guercheville,  who, 

the  cominifllon  granted  to  La  Sauflaye,  with  the  Queen-regent  of  France,  was 

who    had    tranfported    the    colony   to  making  extraordinary  efforts  to   plant 

Mount  Defert  under  the  patronage  of  Roman  Catholic  miffions  in  America. 


to  Colonics, 


i8 


ceiucd  againfl  Bicncourt,  did  informe  him  where  he  had 
planted  hinifelfe  offering  (as  hee  did)  to  condu(5l  him  thither. 
As  foone  as  they  were  entred  within  the  Port,  neere  the 
vppermofl:  of  the  Hands,  Sir  Sanmell  directing  the  (liif  to 
ride  at  a  reafonable  diftance  to  attend  occafions  before  the 
Fort,  did  land  himfelfe  with  fortic  of  the  befl:  of  his  men 
vpon  a  Meadow,  where  immediately  they  heard  a  Peece  of 
Ordnance  from  the  Fort,  and  he  conceiuing  fince  it  was 
fliot  whillT:  it  could  do  no  harme  that  it  was  done  either  but 
to  giue  terrour  to  them,  or  to  warne  fome  that  might  hap- 
pen to  bee  abroad,  Did  make  the  greater  halle  towardes  the 
Fort,  where  hee  prefently  entred,  finding  it  abandoned 
without  any  men  at  all,  left  for  the  defence  thereof,  hee 
went  vp  the  Riuer  fide  fine  or  fixe  miles,  where  hee  faw 
their  Barnes  and  the  ground  where  a  great  quantitic  of 
Wheate  had  growne,  which  he  carried  with  him  to  feme 
for  Seed  in  Virginia,  he  faw  likewife  their  Corne  Mill  very 
Conuently  placed,  which  together  with  the  Barnes  hee  left 
{landing  Vntouched.  As  for  the  P'ort  it  felfe  he  deftroyed 
it  downe  to  the  ground,  razing  the  French  Amies,  and 
leauing  no  monument  remayning,  that  might  witnefs  their 
being  there. 

After  this  Bicncoiirt  who  had  beene  fomewhere  abroad 
traueling  through  the  Countrey,  comming  home  defired  to 
conferre  with  Sir  Samuell  Argall,  who  did  meete  with  him 
apart  from  the  Company  vpon  a  Medow,  and  after  they 
had  expoflulatcd  a  fpace  for  what  had  paft  controuerting 
concerning  the  French  and  EngliJJi  Title  to  thefe  bounds, 
at  lafl  Bimcourt  offered  (if  hee  might  haue  a  protedion)  to 

depend 


m 


ii 

Hi 
Hit 


A 


1 84 


An  Encotirao^ement 


depend  vpon  our  King,  and  to  draw  the  whole  Furres  of 
that  Countrcy  to  one  Port,  wlierc  he  would  diuide  them 
with  him,  As  likewlfe  he  would  fliew  him  good  Metalls, 
whereof  hee  gaue  him  pieces,  but  the  other  refufed  to  ioyne 

in  any  focietie  with  him,  protefting  that  his  commif- 
*  23     fion  was  onely  to  difplant  him,  and  that  if  hee  *  found 

him  there,  after  that  time  he  would  vfe  him  as  an 
enemy.  Bicnconrt  labouring  carneftly  to  haue  had  the 
lefuit  (as  he  confeffed)  with  a  purpofe  to  hang  him.  Whilft 
they  were  difcourfmg  together,  one  of  the  Sauages  came 
fuddenly  forth  from  the  Woods,  and  licentiated  to  come 
neere,  did  after  his  manner  earneftly  mediate  a  peace,  won- 
dring  why  they  that  feemed  to  bee  of  on  Countrey  fliould 
vfe  others  with  fuch  hoftilitie,  and  that  with  fuch  a  forme  of 
habit  and  geflure  as  made  them  both  to  laugh. 

After  this  Bicnconrt  remoouing  from  thence  to  fome 
other  part,  Monficiir  Champkin  who  had  liued  long  here, 
did  Carrie  a  company  with  him  from  France,  of  fome  fortic 
perfons  or  thereabouts  vp  the  Riuer  of  Canada,  whom  hee 
planted  on  the  North  fide  thereof,  with  a  purpofe  to  ferue 
for  a  Fa6lorie,  drawing  all  the  Trade  of  that  farre  running 
Riuer  (which  a  plantation  would  haue  difperfed  in  many 
parts)  within  the  hands  of  a  few  whom  he  doth  command 
otherwife  if  his  defires  had  beene  bended  that  way,  hee 
might  haue  planted  many  people  there  ere  now,  the  place 
is  called  Kebcck,  where  the  French  doe  profper  well,  hauing 
Corne  by  their  owne  labour,  which  may  fuVnifli  themfelues 
for  food,  and  likewife  for  a  flocke  to  traffique  with  the  Sau- 
ages, with  fundry  Fruits,  Roots,  Vine,  Grapes  and  Turkey 

Wheatc. 


to  Colonies. 


i8S 


Wheate.  Champlein  hath  difcouered  the  Riiier  of  Canada^ 
from  the  Gulfe  vpwards  aboue  twelue  hundred  miles,  finding 
in  it  fometimes  fuch  falles,  as  to  fcape  the  fame,  he  mud 
Carrie  his  Boate  a  little  way  by  Land,  and  then  hee  did 
many  times  come  to  great  Lakes  at  the  end  whereof  hee 
did  find  a  Riuer  againe,  and  the  lafi;  Lake  where  hee  came 
was  a  very  huge  one,  iudged  to  bee  three  hundred  miles  in 
length,  by  the  report  of  fome  Sauages,  who  did  affn-me  vnto 
him,  that  at  the  further  end  thereof  they  did  find  Salt- 
Water,  and  that  they  had  feene  great  Veffels  which  made 
Champlein  beleeue  that  a  paffage  might  be  there  to  the  Bay 
of  California,  or  to  fome  part  of  the  South  Sea,  which  would 
prooue  an  ineflimable  benefit  for  the  Inhabitants  of 
thofe  parts,  opening  a  neer  way  to  *  China,  which  hath  *  24 
beene  fo  many  fundry  wayes  with  fo  great  charges  fo 
long  fought  for,  howfoeuer  in  regard  of  the  feafon,  and  for 
want  uf  neceffary  prouifions,  Champlein  did  returne  backe 
at  that  time  with  a  purpofe  to  goe  againe  another  yeere, 
which  if  he  hath  done  is  not  yet  knowne,  but  this  is  moft 
certaine,  that  the  Riuer  of  Canada  hath  a  loncf  couKe 
and  through  many  goodly  Countreyes,  fome  of  thefe  great 
Lakes  by  fending  forth,  or  by  receiuing  great  Riuers,  do 
affoord  meanes  of  Commerce  as  farre  as  to  fome  parts  of 
Terra  Florida,  as  may  bee  gathered  by  Champleins  Difcou- 
erie.  And  now  hauing  giuen  a  breuiarie  of  all  that  is  done 
by  the  French  in  America,  I  will  next  report  of  that  which 
hath  beene  done  by  fome  others. 

I  will  not  here  make  mention  of  the  many  and  braue 
Voyages  that  at  the  Sea  haue  happily  beene  performed  by 

the 


I  i 


I     ; 


i     M 


i86 


,M 


An  Encouragement 


'  ^1 


^1 
i 

t 


I 


the  EngliJJi,  which  fame  by  eternall  records  hath  recom- 
mended to  be  applauded  by  the  bed  judgements  of  euery 
age,  but  I  will  only  fhortly  touch  that  which  they  haue 
attempted  by  way  of  Plantation,  beginning  with  the  Neiw 
found  Land  which  was  firfl  difcouered,  and  doth  lie  neerefl 
to  this  Countrey.  Sir  Huinfjry  Gilbert  hauing  a  Commiffion 
from  Oueene  Elizabeth  did  take  poffeffion  of  it  ir  her  name 
at  St.  Johns  Harbour,'^'  and  thereafter  purpoied  to  haue 
feene  Canada,  but  encountring  with  fome  unexpedled 
croffes  as  hee  was  returning  from  thence,  feeking  to  con- 
demne  an  opinion  (malice  or  enuie  ordinarily  taxing  all 
afpiring  fpirits  whofe  vertue  by  way  of  refledlion  doth 
vpbraide  the  bafenefs  of  others)  that  had  beene  conceiued 
of  him  as  wanting  courage,  he  precipitated  himfelfe  vpon 
another  extremitie,  not  to  feeme  fearfull,  prouing  defpe- 
rate  ;  for  in  the  time  of  a  ftorme,  out  of  a  needleffe  brauerie, 
to  fliew  a  contempt  of  danger,  being  in  a  little  fmall  Pin- 
nace, and  refufmg  to  come  to  his  befl  Shippe  that  was  of  a 
larger  burden,  hee  was  fuddenly  fwallowed  vp  by  the  wanes 
neere  to  the  He  of  Sablon,  and  his  death  did  ouerthrowe 
great  hopes  of  a  Plantation  that  by  the  generoufneffe  of 

his  minde  might  juftly  haue  beene  expe6led  from 
*25     *him;  but  long  before  his  time  and  euer  fmce  the 

EngliJJi  had  vfed  to  fifli  vpon  the  Banke,  and  within 
the  Bayes  of  Nciufoiind  Land,  and  the  fweetneffe  of  the 
benefit  arifmg  from  thence,  did  perfwade  a  companie  com- 
pofed  of  Londoners  and  Weft-country  men  to  joyne  together 
for  fending  fome  to  inhabite  there,  where  before  howfoeucr 

he 

'"  Aiitea,  p.  175,  note  iiS. 


to  Colonies. 


187 


I 


the  Summer  was  large  as  bote  as  here,  the  Winter  was 
thought  vnfuffcrable. 

The  firft  houfcs  for  a  habitation  were  built  in  Cupids 
Coue  within  the  Bay  of  Conception,  where  people  did  dwell 
for  fundry  yeeres  together,  and  fome  well  fatisfied  both  for 
pleafure,  and  profit,  are  dwelling  there  flill,  finding  fmall 
difference  betweene  the  feafons  of  the  yeere  in  that  Climate, 
and  here.  There  is  another  Plantation  begunne  at  Harbour 
a  Grace  within  the  fame  Bay  by  the  Citie  of  Brijloll,  called 
Brijlols  Hope,  whereas  by  the  fowing  and  reaping  of  fome 
Cornes  of  fundry  forts  doth  appeare  what  further  may 
poffibly  be  expe61ed ;  And  within  thefe  three  yeeres  Maflcr 
Secretary  Calnert  hath  planted  a  companie  at  Farriland, 
who  both  for  building  and  making  triall  of  the  ground  haue 
done  more  than  euer  was  performed  before  by  any  in  fo 
fliort  a  time,  hauing  already  there  a  broode  of  Horfes, 
Kowes,  and  other  beaflial,  and  by  the  induflry  of  his  peo- 
ple he  is  beginning  to  draw  back  yeerly  fome  benefit  from 
thence  already ;  which  courfe  howfoeuer  at  firfl  it  proue 
good,  or  bad  for  his  particular,  is  by  example  beneficiall  for 
the  publike. 

Laft,  I  heare  that  my  Lord  Vicount  Falklaiid  now  Lord 
Deputie  of  Ireland,  hath  this  lafl  yeere  fent  a  companie  to 
inhabite  at  Renouze2i  place  lying  South-wefl  from  Ferriland, 
where  the  foyle  is  efl:eeme»„.  to  be  the  befl  whereupon  any 
hath  letled  there  as  yet,  and  hee  hath  the  fliortefl  way,  and 
befl  opportunitie  of  any  within  his  Majeflies  Dominions 
for  tranfporting  of  people  and  cattell  to  that  part  from 
Ireland,  which  if  his  courfe  bee  rightly  direfled,  as  all  haue 
reafon  to  wifli,  may  promife  him  a  good  fucceffe. 

The 


11 


111 


i  ii 


if' 


i» 


V 


i88 


A71  Eiicoitragement 


^1 


1 1 

ill 

I.-  •; 

1.  \ 


k 


The  firfl  Patentees  for  Newfound-land  haue  giiicn 
*  26  mee  *a  grant  of  that  part  thereof  which  doth  He 
North-wefl  from  the  Bay  of  Placcutia  to  the  great 
Gulfe  of  Canada  oiier-againfl  New  Scotland,  where  I  had 
made  a  Plantation  ere  now,  if  I  had  not  beene  diiierted  by 
my  dcfignes  for  Nciv  Scotland,  but  I  purpofe  to  doe  it  as 
foone  as  conuently  I  may.  The  mofl:  part  of  the  bounds 
whereupon  any  hath  planted  as  yet  in  Ncivfonnd  Land  is 
found  to  be  rockie  and  not  fit  to  be  manured:  it  may  be 
thefe  that  made  choice  thereof  (negle(5ling  the  Land)  had 
onely  a  regard  to  dwell  commodioufly  for  making  vfe  of  tlie 
Sea,  the  prefent  profits  whereof  doth  recompence  the  lol'fc 
of  that  which  might  be  expecfted  by  the  other,  but  there  can 
be  no  hope  of  any  conftant  dwelling  where  the  people  that 
inhabite  doe  not  take  a  courfe  to  maintaine  themfelues  by 
their  owne  Cornes,  and  pafture,  as  all  there  might  doe,  if 
they  would  refpe6l  their  pofteritie  more  than  the  prefent 
time. 

Before  I  come  to  the  Continent  I  mufl:  remember  the 
lies  of  the  Bermudas,  whofe  Difcoucrie  and  Plantation  was 
procured  by  fo  ftrange  a  meanes,  for  a  Ship  happening  to 
perifli  vpon  their  Coaft,  herpaffingers  feeking  the  next  Land 
for  refuge,  they  were  compelled  to  doe  that  out  of  neceffitie 
whereunto  in  good  reafon,  both  for  honour  and  profit,  they 
might  more  warrantably  haue  beene  united. 

Thus  doth  benefit  flowe  from  loffe,  fafety  from  mine,  and 
the  Plantation  of  a  Land  from  the  defolation  of  a  Shippe : 
they  found  at  the  firfl  flore  of  Hogs,  which  in  all  appear- 
ance had  there  beginning  from  fome  fuch  an  accident  as 

theirs 


to  Colonies. 


189 


theirs  was,  and  tlie  Fowlcs  were  there  in  abundance  fo  eafie 
to  be  taken  that  they  could  fcarcely  be  frit^hted  away,  thefc 
firft  j)eoi:)le  by  repairing  of  their  Ship  which  was  caft  away 
vpon  the  Land,  or  by  building  fome  other  Veffell  out  of  her 
mines,  comniing  backe  to  Eiiqlaud,  and  reporting  what  was 
part,  fome  joyned  together  in  a  companie  after  they  had 
taken  a  Patent  thereof  from  the  King,  and  did  fend  jK'ople 
of  purpofe  to  inhabite  there,  who  trufting  too  much  to  the 
goodneffe  of  the  foyle,  and  neglecting  their  ownc 
induffrie,  or  not  gouerning  that  well  which  was  *  car-  *  27 
ried  with  them,  were  reduced  to  a  great  diflrefs  for 
want  of  vi(5luals,  fo  that,  if  they  had  not  becne  confined 
within  an  Ifland  (more  fenfible  of  a  prefent  fuffering  then 
capable  of  future  hopes)  they  would  willingly  haue  retired 
from  thence,  but  a  great  quantitie  of  Ambergreece  hauing 
been  found  by  one  by  chance,  and  fent  backe  in  a  Shij:)  that 
was  goincf  for  London,  their  Merchants  finding  it  to  bee  of 
a  great  value,  were  fo  encouraged  by  fuch  a  fubftantiall 
argument,  that  they  prefently  difpatched  away  a  new  fupply 
of  perfons  and  all  prouifions  neceffary,  who  arriuing  there, 
and  hauing  confidered  what  a  gulfe  of  famine  was  likelv  to 
haue  fwallowed  their  fellowes,  they  improuing  their  judge- 
ment by  the  others  experience,  by  betaking  themfelues  to 
labour  in  time  did  preuent  the  like  inconuenience ;  there  is 
no  Land  where  men  can  Hue  without  labour,  nor  none  fo 
barren  whence  induflrie  cannot  drawe  fome  benefit.  All 
Adams  pofferitie  were  appointed  to  worke  for  their  food, 
and  none  muft  dreame  of  an  abfolute  eafe,  which  can  no- 
where fubfifl:  pofitiuely,  but  onely  comparatiuely,  according 
to  the  occafions  more  or  leffe. 

This 


i4!l 


(I       I 


% 


190 


An  Rncoiiragcment 


Tliis  Plantation  of  the  Bcrnnidas,  a  place  not  knowne 
when  the  King  came  to  Eugland,  hath  profpcred  fo  in  a 
fliort  time,  that  at  this  prefent,  befidcs  their  ordinary  (and 
too  extraordinarily  valued)  commoditie  of  Tobacco,  they 
haue  growing  there  Oranges,  Figs,  and  all  kind  of  fruits 
that  they  pleafe  to  plant,  and  doe  now  intend  to  haue  a 
Suoar  worke.  Thefe  lies  beincf  about  twentie  miles  in 
bredth  can  oncly  be  cntred  into  but  by  one  paflage,  which 
is  fortified  and  eafily  commanded  by  Ordnance,  fo  that, 
hauing  no  Sauages  within,  and  fearing  no  forces  without, 
it  is  efteemed  to  be  impregnable  ;  and  the  number  of  the 
Inhabitants  there,  being  neere  three  thoufand  perfons,  are 
fuilficient  for  the  ground  that  they  poffeffe.  This  part  may 
proue  exceedingly  fleadable  to  this  State,  if  euer  it  happen 
to  haue  (as  it  hath  heretofore  had)  any  defignes  for  feruice 
in  thefe  Seas. 

The  firft  Plantation  that  euer  the  EvgliJJi  intended 
*  28  *  abroad  was  in  F/r<^/;//7,  which  was  firft  difcouered 
and  named  fo  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  who  in  the  time 
of  Queene  Elizabeth  did  place  fome  perfons  to  inhabite 
there,  who  not  being  fupplied  in  time,  or  out  of  ignorance, 
or  lazineffe,  not  vfing  the  ordinary  means  (the  vfual  fault 
of  all  beginners)  were  brought  by  famine  to  a  great  ex- 
tremity. 

And  Sir  Francis  Drakes  comming  by  chance  that  way 
did  tranfport  them  backe  with  him  to  England,  whileft  at 
the  fame  time  there  was  another  companie  furniflied  forth 
by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  who  miffing  them  whom  they  ex- 
peded  to  haue  found  there,  did  remaine  ftill  themfelues ; 

but 


"1 


to  Colonics. 


191 


but  wliat  did  become  of  tlieni,  if  they  did  remoiie  to  fome 
other  part,  perilli,  difperfe,  or  incorporate  with  the  Saiiages 
(no  monument  of  ther/  remayning)  is  altogether  vnknowne  ; 

This  noble  worke  hauing  fo  hard  a  beginning  after  a 
long  difcontinuanee  was  reuiued  againe  in  the  Kings  time 
by  a  companie  compofed  of  Noblemen,  Gentlemen,  and 
Merchants,  who  (joyning  priuate  purfes  with  publike  fup- 
plies)  did  fend  thither  a  fufficient  Colonic,  well  furnilhed 
with  all  things  neceffarv,  who  after  their  firfl  comming  had 
a  continuall  warrc  with  the  Natiues,  till  it  was  reconciled 
by  a  Marriage  of  the  Kings  filler  with  one  of  the  Colonic, 
who  hauing  come  to  Eugland,  as  fhee  was  returning  backe, 
died,  and  was  buried  at  Grave/end.  Thus  euen  amongfl: 
thefe  Sauages  (libertie  being  valued  aboue  life)  as  they  were 
induced  to  contefl:  in  time,  before  that  power  which  Jiey  fuf- 
pe6led,  could  come  to  fuch  a  height,  that  it  might  haue  a 
poffibilitie  of  depreffmg  them,  fo  was  their  Malice  with  their 
feares,  quickly  calmed  by  the  meanes  of  a  marriage  ;  Law- 
full  allyances  thus  admitting  equalitie  remoue  contempt, 
and  giue  a  promifcuous  off-fpring  extinguifhing  the  diftinc- 
tion  of  perfons,  which  if  that  People  became  Chriflians, 
were  in  fome  fort  tolerable,  for  it  is  the  onely  courfe  that 
vniting  minds,  free  from  jealoufies,  can  firfl;  make  Grangers 
confide  in  a  new  friendfliip,  which  by  communicating  their 
bloud  with  mutual  alfurancc  is  left  hereditary  to  their  pos- 
terite. 

*  This  longed  for  peace,  though  it  bred  a  great  con-    *  29 
tentment  for  the  time,  was  attended  by  Wrapping  them 
that  apprehended  no  further  danger  (too  common  an  incon- 

ueniente 


l> 


t 


192 


An  Encotiragevient 


ucnicntc)  vp  in  tlie  lazic  rLMiiirfncfs  of  improuidcnt  fccuritie. 
For  a  number  leaning  tiie  feate  of  the  maync  Colonic,  did 
difperfc  themfelues  to  Hue  apart,  as  if  they  had  bin  into  a 
well  inhabited  Countrey,  which  (as  perchance)  it  had  em- 
boldened the  Sauagcs  to  embrace  the  firfl  occafion  of  a 
quarrell,  fo  did  it  giue  them  an  eafie  way  for  executing  the 
mifchiefe  that  they  intended,  by  killing  two  or  three  hun- 
dred perfons  before  they  could  aduertize  one  another,  farre 
lefs,  ioyne  to  oppofe  them  in  a  company  together,  which 
courfe  might  not  onely  then  hauc  made  them  able  to  refift, 
but  preuented  the  others  refolution  had  kept  them  from 
being  purfued  :  yet  I  hearc  of  late,  that  they  haue  reuenged 
this  iniury  (though  (as  fome  report)  not  after  a  commenda- 
ble manner)  by  killing  their  King,  with  a  great  number  of 
the  chiefe  of  them  whom  they  fufpecfled  moft. 

This  Plantation  of  Virginia,  if  it  had  not  beene  croffcd 
by  the  Incurfion  of  the  Sauages  abroad,  and  by  the  diuifion 
of  their  Owners  at  home,  had  attayned  to  a  great  perfec- 
tion ere  now,  hauing  had  Inhabitants  from  hence  to  the 
number  of  neere  three  thoufand  perfons,  and  if  fome  of 
them  who  are  there,  being  Lords  of  reafonable  proportions 
of  ground,  and  hauing  people  of  their  owne,  owing  nothing 
but  due  obedience  to  a  Superior  Power,  and  the  leading 
of  a  life  conforme  to  the  Lawes,  had  no  care  but  (making 
their  Lands  maintayne  themfelues)  how  to  build,  plant, 
and  plenifli  in  fuch  fort  as  might  beft  eftablifli  a  fortune  for 
their  Pofleritie,  they  might  quickly  make  vp  a  new  Nation, 
but  is  a  great  difcouragement  vnto  them  who  dwell  there, 
that  they  muft  labour  like  the  Seruants  of  a  Family,  pur- 

chafing 


IP 


i. 


/(?  Colonies. 


193 


chafing  tlieir  food  and  rayment  from  Eiiq^/and,  in  exchange 
of  Tobacco,  as  they  diredlcd  by  their  Mafters,  many  where- 
of arc  flrangers  to  the  eftatc  of  that  bounds,  and  in- 
tending to  fettle  none  of  their  Race  there,  *  haue  no  *  30 
care  but  how  the  befl:  benefit  may  prefently  bee  drawn 
backe  from  thence,  the  number  of  Voyces  at  their  affem- 
bHes  preualing  more  than  the  foundneffe  of  iudgement, 
othcrwife  that  Countrey  before  this  time  for  Wine,  Oyle, 
Wheate,  and  other  things  neccffary  for  the  life  of  man 
might  haue  equalled  for  the  like  quantitie  any  bounds 
within  Europe,  to  which  the  foile  of  itfelfe  lacking  nothing 
but  the  like  induftry  is  in  no  way  inferior. 

And  it  is  to  be  exceedingly  whhed  by  all  his  Maicfiies 
fubiecSls  that  the  Plantation  of  Virginia  may  profper  well, 
which  lying  neereft  to  part  from  whence  danger  might 
come,  may  proue  a  Bulwarke  for  the  fafetie  of  all  the  reft. 

That  which  is  now  called  Nczu  Encrland  was  firft  compre- 
hended within  the  Patent  of  Virginia,  being  the  Northeaft 
part  thereof,  it  was  vndertaken  in  a  Patent  by  a  company 
of  Gentlemen  in  the  Weft  of  England,  one  of  whom  was 
Sir  lohn  Popham  then  Lord  Chief  Juftice,  who  fer.L  the 
firft  company  that  went  of  purpofe  to  inhabit  there  neer 
to  Scgadahock,  but  thofe  that  went  thither,  being  preffed  to 
that  enterprize,  as  endangered  by  the  Law,'^  or  by  their 

owne 

"*  The  reafon  here  fuggefted  by  the  influence  the  better  fort,  as  we  hrxvc 
author  for  tlie  abandonment  of  the  plan-  fliown,  antea,  pp.  42-44.  Thofe  who 
tation  at  Sagadahock  is  not  inchided  were  overwlielmed  with  debt,  or  whofe 
among  thofe  afligned  by  other  early  means  of  fubfirtence  were  meagre  at 
writers.  The  inducements  held  out  to  home,  were  moft  likely  to  accept  fuch 
the  laborer  to  engage  in  an  American  offers  as  were  mide  at  that  period ;  and 
colony,  at  that  time,  were  not  fuch  as  to    it  is  not  unHkely  that  the  "rank  and 

file" 
13 


1*1 


^11 


ir«  ! 


It 


:tit 


\   i% 


194 


An  Rncouras^cmcnt 


i  « 


ownc  ncccffitics  (no  enforced  thing  jirouing  plcafant,  dif- 
contented  perfons  fuffering,  while  as  tliey  a6l  can  feldome 
haue  good  fuccelTe,  and  neuer  fatisfaclion)  they  after  a 
Winter  flay  dreaming  to  themfelves  of  new  hopes  at  home 
returned  backe  with  the  firfl  occafion,  and  to  iullifie  the 
f.uldennelTe  of  their  rcturne,  they  did  coyne  many  excufes, 
burdening  the  bounds  where  they  had  beene  with  all  the 
afperfions  that  pofibly  they  could  deuife,  feeking  by  that 
meanes  to  difcourage  all  others,  whofe  prouident  for- 
wardncs  importuning  a  good  fucceffe,  might  make  their 
bafe  fluggilhnefs  for  abandoning  the  beginning  of  a  good 
workc,  to  be  the  more  condemned. 

About  a  foure  yeeres  fince,  a  fhippe  going  for  Virginia, 
comming  by  chance  to  harbour  in  the  South-weft  part  of 
Ni'2ii  Eiiglatid,  neere  Cajje  Cod,  the  conipany  whom  fhee 
carried  for  Plantation,  being  weary  of  the  Sea,  and  enam- 
ored with  the  beautie  of  the  bounds  that  firll:  offered  it 
felfe  vnto  them  gorgeoufly  garniflied  with  all  wherewith 

pregnant 

file"  of  this  colony  was  made  up  of  this  they  all  agreed  with  one  confont  that, 

clafs,  and  that  in  their   extreme   pov-  under  the  circumlLinces,  it  was  expe- 

erty  they  could  be  properly  fpoken  of  dient   to   abandon    the  plantation,  and 

as  prcfled  to  the  enterprife,  as  endan-  return  to  their  Englifli  homes.  —  Antca, 

gered  by  the  law  or  their  own  necefli-  pp.  31-33. 

ties.  As  Sir  William  Alexander  was  aim- 
Hut  the  fenfe  of  their  danger  does  ing  at  this  time  to  plant  a  colony  in  a 
not  appear  to  have  been  very  deeply  l\ill  more  northern  region,  it  was  natu- 
feated  :  it  certainly  did  not  drive  from  ral  that  he  fliould  not  wifli  to  give 
their  minds  the  pleafant  dreams  of  new  prominence  to  the  inhofpitable  char- 
hopes  at  home,  and  they  were  quite  adcr  of  the  climate,  as  a  reafon  for  the 
ready  to  face  the  majelty  of  the  law,  failure  of  this  attempt,  to  which  the 
"incapable  of  pity,  void  and  empty  returning  colonills  appear  to  have  given 
from  any  dram  of  mercy,"  rather  than  currency,  but  which  he  juilly  believed 
to  pafs  another  winter  in  the  icy  re-  would  prove  to  be  no  permanent  ob- 
gions  of  the  Sagadahock.  ftacle  whatever  to  fettlements  in  thofe 
But  the  leading  men  in  the  colony  northern  latitudes.  I lepalVes  over  there- 
were  not  of  this  clafs.     Nevertlielefs,  tore  the  unui'ual  frolls  of  1607. 


to  Colonics,  195 

•pregnant  nature  rauilliing  tlie  fight  with  variet)  can  ^31 
grace  a  fertile  field, '^''  did  rcfolutely  llay,  and  feated 
theinfelues  in  that  place  which  is  now  called  New  Plini- 
mouth,  where  they  haue  buikled  good  houfes,  and  by  their 
ovvne  induftry  haue  prouided  thenifelues  in  fuch  fort  as 
they  are  likely  to  fubfift,  keeping  a  good  correfpondencie 
with  the  Cantaines  of  the  Sauages,  who  haue  done  nothing 
hitherto  that  might  offend  them  (and  after  this)  though 
they  would  dare  attempt  nothing  to  their  preiudice,  who 
are  now  about  two  hundred  perfons,  and  doe  increafe  their 
number  ycerely. 

They  find  both  the  Land  and  the  Seas  there  abounding 
in  all  tilings  needfull  for  the  vfe  of  man,  and  doe  gouerne 
thcmfelues  after  a  very  ciuil  and  prouident  manner. 

Sir  Fcrdinando  Gorge  hath  becne  a  chiefe  man  for  the 
furtherance  of  all  things  that  might  lend  to  the  aduancc- 
ment  of  New  England,  hauing  bcene  at  great  charges  thefe 
many  yeercs  pafl;  for  the  Difcouerie  thereof,  in  doing  which 
(a  good  intention  bent  for  other  ends,  cafually  bringing 
forth  this  effeifl)  the  fifliing  there  (not  fought  for)  was 
found,  which  doth  proue  now  fo  profitable,  as  fortie  or  fif- 
tie  Sayle  are  employed  there  from  England  yeerely,  and 

all 


'^^  This  is  indeed  a  rofcate  view  of 
the  fands  of  Cape  Cod  in  a  bleak  and 
frofly  November  !  "  What  could  they 
fee  but  a  hidious  &  defok.c  wildernes 
.  .  .  the  whole  countrie  .  .  .  reprefented 
a  wild  &  favage  heiw."  —  BradfonVs 
PlyinoHth  Plantation,  pp.  78,  79.  We 
Ihould  doubtJefs  obferve  that,  in  this 
"  Encouragement,"  the  author  is  an 
advocate  as  well  as  an  hiltorian.  He 
would  naturally  look  upon  the  bright 
fide,  if  one  could  be  found,  of  any     1I0- 


nial  entcrprifc  which  was  really  fuc- 
ceeding.  On  the  other  hand,  it  was  for 
the  intereft  of  the  colony  of  New  Ply- 
mouth that  it  fliould  be  favorably  repre- 
fented in  England  ;  p.nd  it  is  not  un- 
likely that  the  current  opinion  of  it 
there,  for  fome  years,  may  have  been 
highly  colored,  and  the  pitture  made 
as  attractive  as  poffible,  while  the  hard- 
(hips,  hitler  enough,  were  kept  in  the 
background. 


' 


i. 


\h  ,  a 


•> 


I 


ill 


:# 


196 


An  Encottragement 


all  that  haue  gone  thither,  haue  made  aduantagious  Voy- 


ages. 


124 


The  lafl  yeere,  he  fent  his  Sonne  Captaine  Robert  Gorge 
with  a  Colonie  to  be  planted  in  Meffafuats  bonds  '^'^  and  as 
I  heare  out  of  a  generous  defire  by  his  example  to  encour- 
age others  for  the  aduancement  of  fo  braue  an  Enterprize 
he  is  refolued  fliortly  to  goe  himfelfe  in  perfon,  and  to 
Carrie  with  him  a  great  number  well  fitted  for  fuch  a  pur- 
pofe,  and  many  Noblemen  in  England,  (whofe  names  and 
proportions  as  they  were  marflialled  by  lot,  may  appeare 
vpon  the  Map)  hauing  interreffed  themfelues  in  that  bounds, 
are  to  fend  feuerall  Colonies,  who  may  quickly  make  this  to 
exceed  all  other  Plantations. 

Hauing  fundry  times  exa6lly  weighed  that  which  I  haue 
alreadie  deliuered,  and  beeing  fo  exceedingly  enflamed  to 
doe  fome  good  in  that  kinde,  that  I  would  rather  be- 
*  32  wray  *the  weakneffe  of  my  power,  then  to  conceale 
the  greatneffe  of  my  defire,  being  much  encouraged 
hereunto  by  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorge,  and  fome  others  of  the 
vndertakers  for  Nciv  England,  I  fliew  them  that  my  Coun- 
trimen  would  neuer  aduenture  in  fuch  an  Enterprize,  vnlefs 
it  were  as  there  was  a  Nezu  France,  a  Neiv  Spaine,  and  a 
New  England,  that  they  might  likewife  haue  a  New  Scot- 
la7id,  and  that  for  that  effe6l  they  might  haue  bounds  with 
a  correfpondencie  in  proportion  (as  others  had)  with  the 
Countrey  whereof  it  fliould  beare  the  name,  which  they 
might  hold  of  their  owne  Crowne,  and  where  they  might 
bee  gouerned  by  their  owne  Lawes ;  they  wifely  confidering 

that 


1S4 


See  antea,  p.  39. 


Typographical  error,  for  bounds. 


^^rw-^' 


>r 


to  Colonies. 


197 


ht 


If 


[at 


that  either  Virginia,  or  New  England,  hath  more  bounds 
then  all  his  Maiefties  fiibjedls  are  able  to  plant,  and  that 
this  purpofe  of  mine,  by  breeding  a  vertuous  emulation 
amongft  vs,  would  tend  much  to  the  aduancement  of  fo 
braue  a  worke,  did  yeeld  to  my  defire,  defigning  the  bounds 
for  mee  in  that  part,  which  had  beene  qucflioned  by  the 
Frcnch^^^  and  leaning  the  limits  thereof  to  bee  appointed  by 
his  Maiefties  pleafure,  which  are  expreffed  in  the  Patet 
granted  vnto  me,  vnder  his  great  Scale  of  this  Kingdom 
of  Scotland,  marching  vpon  the  Weft  towards  the  Riuei  of 
Saint  Croix  now  Tweed  (where  the  Frencluncn  did  defigne 
their  firfl:  Habitation)  with  Nezu  England,  and  on  all  other 
parts  it  is  compaffed  by  the  great  Ocean,  and  the  great 
Riuer  of  Canada,  fo  that  though  fundry  other  preceding 
Patentes  are  imaginarily  limited  by  the  degrees  of  the 
Heauen,  I  thinke  that  mine  be  the  firfl:  National  Patent 
that  euer  was  cleerly  bounded  within  America  by  partic- 
ular limits  vpon  the  Earth.^^^ 

As  foone  as  my  Patent  was  pafled,  refoluing  to  take 
poffeffion  of  the  Lands,  that  were  granted  vnto  me  I  pro- 
uided  my  felfe  of  a  fhip  at  London,  in  the  moneth  of 
March,  in  Anno  1622.  but  that  the  bufmeffe  might  beginne 
from  that  kingdome,  which  it  doth  concerne,  whereby  fome 
of  my  Countrimcn  might  be  perfwaded  to  goe,  and  oth- 
ers by  conceiuing  a  good  opinion  thereof,  to  depend  by 

expectation 


"'^  An  obvious  reference  to  De 
Moi.ts's  Charter  of  1603,  and  tlie 
French  fettlements  broken  up  by  Sir 
Samuel  Argall  in  1613. 

'■"  The  claim  that  this  was  the  first 
national  charter  in  which  the  bounda- 


ries were  laid  dowii  by  the  aid  of  nat- 
ural ol)jeCls,  and  without  reference  to 
degrees  of  latitude,  we  believe  to  be 
correft.  This  circumftance  marks  the 
progrefs  of  geographical  knowledge. 


I, 


^m 


»i 


!      ! 


i 


198 


An  Encoiirage7neiit 


*  33  *  expecftation  vpoii  the  reports  of  fuch  of  their  ac- 
quaintance, as  were  to  aduenture  in  that  Voyage,  I 
dire(51:ecl  her  to  Saint  Georges  Channell,  to  Kirkciibright, 
where  flie  arriued  in  the  end  of  May ;  fome  Gentlemen  of 
tliat  Countrey,  vpon  whofe  friendfliip  I  repofed  mofl,  hap- 
pening at  that  time  to  bee  out  of  the  Kingdome,  I  encoun- 
tred  with  fundry  vnexpe6led  difificulties  :  the  prizes  of 
vi(?luals  becing  within  the  fpace  of  tliree  monethes,  fmce  I 
had  parted  before  from  Scotland^  fuddenly  tripled,  and  yet 
fo  fcarce  as  I  could  hardly  in  hafle  bee  well  furniflied,  yet 
fmce  I  was  fo  far  advanced,  left  !  fliould  loofe  that  which 
was  done,  if  I  did  not  the  reft,  I  vfed  the  beft  diligence  I 
could  to  prouide  the  fliippe  with  all  things  neceffary.  Then 
the  very  people  fpecially  Artezens,  of  whom  I  ftood  in 
need,  were  at  firft  loth  to  imbarke  for  fo  remote  a  part,  as 
they  imagined  this  to  bee,  fome  fcarce  beleeuing  that  there 
could  bee  any  fuch  bounds  at  all,  and  no  wonder,  fmce 
neucr  any  in  that  part  had  euer  t'*auelled  thither,  and  a.i 
nouelties  beeing  diftrufted,  or  difualued,  few  of  good  fort 
would  goe,  and  ordinarie  perfons  were  not  capeable  of  fuch 
a  purpofe. 

At  laft,  in  the  end  of  lune,  they  parted  from  thence  to 
the  He  of  Man,  and  after  fome  ftay  there,  in  the  beginning 
of  Auguft,  leaning  the  fight  of  his  Maiefties  Dominions, 
did  betake  themfclves  to  the  Sea.  Though  by  reafon  of 
the  lateneffe  of  their  fetting  forth,  they  had  tlie  windes  very 
contrary  about  the  middeft  of  September,  they  difcouered 
Saint  Peters  Hands,  and  were  neere  to  Cape  Bretton,  but 
yet  were  beaten  backe  againe  by  a  great  ftorme  to  New- 
found-land 


-^_iM.*'""'"aB'",'»J'"  ■"'^^ *''*-",!' v""" 


Ai 


to  Colonies. 


199 


fotind-land.  And  as  they  paffecl  by  the  Bay  of  Placentia, 
negle6ling  the  occafion  to  place  themfekies  in  fome  part  of 
my  bounds/^^  there  as  they  might  haiie  done,  they  went 
into  Saint  Johns  Harbour,  where  they  concluded  to  flay 
that  Winter,  and  fent  the  fliip  home  for  a  new  fupply  of 
fuch  things  as  were  needfull. 

Though  it  might  haue  difcouraged  mee  much,  that  they 
had  retired  to  Ncw-foiind-land,  forefeeing  that  what  they 
had  with  them  might  be  wafted,  and  that  it  would  bee 
as  *  chargeable  and  difficult  to  furnifli  them  forth  from  *  34 
thence,  as  if  they  were  to  goe  of  new  from  Scotland, 
yet  rather  then  they  fliould  bee  in  danger  for  want  of 
prouifion,  making  me  any  way  guiltie  of  their  loffe,  that 
had  aduentured  their  Hues,  trufting  to  my  care,  I  fraughted 
a  (liippe  of  purpofe  furniflied  with  fuch  things  as  were 
required  in  a  Note,  which  they  fent  home  with  their 
Meffenger. 

This  fliippe  was  difpatched  by  mee  ^^^  from  London  in  the 
end  of  March  1623.  but  fliee  happened  to  ftay  fo  long  at 
Plimmouth,  firft,  vpon  forae  neceffary  occafions,  and  laft  by 
contrary  winds,  it  being  the  eight  and  twentieth  of  April, 
before  fliee  parted  from  thence,  hauing  no  good  windes  at 
all,  that  they  arriued  not  at  Saint  lohns  Harbour  till  the 
fift  of  lune.  At  their  comming  they  found  the  company 
not  fit  for  a  Plantion  which  had  iirft  by  an  vnexpedied 
caufe  been  diuided  in  two  during  the  Winter,  and  in  May 

fome 


ing  that  Sir  William  Alexander  accom- 


"*  Sir   William  Alexander  had  re- 
ceived, from  the  firft  patentees  of  New-  panied  this  expedition.     He  made  no 
foundland,  a  grant  of  part  of  that  ifland.  perfonal    vifit    to    his    plantations    in 
See  map;  also  antea,  p.  188.  America.  —  Burton'' s  Hijlory  of  Scot- 

'**  Mr.  Burton  is  in  error  in  fuppof-  land^  Vol.  VI.  pp.  345,  346. 


r 


All  Encotcrage7nent 


fome  doubting  of  a  fiipply,  had  engaged  thcmfelues  to  ferue 
Fifliermen,  by  which  meanes  they  gained  their  maintenance, 
and  fome  meane?  befide,  fo  that  they  could,  hardly  be 
gathered  to  gether  againe,  and  their  Minifler'^"  and  Smith 
(both  for  Spituall  and  Temporall  refpedls,  the  two  niofl 
neceffary  members)  were  both  dead,  fo  that  feeing  no  hope 
to  plant  themfelues  in  any  good  fafliion  that  yeere,  ten  of 
the  principall  perfons  concluded  to  go  alongfl  with  the  fliip 
to  New  Scotland,  to  difcouer  the  Countrey,  and  to  make 
choice  of  a  fit  place  for  a  Habitation  againfl  the  next  yeere, 
confidering  very  well,  that  they  could  not  doe  fo  much  good 
by  flaying  there  with  fo  few  a  number,  as  they  might  doe 
at  their  returne,  by  reporting  the  truth  to  their  friends,  of 
that  which  they  had  feene,  whereby  a  new  Colonie  might 
be  encouraged  to  fet  forth  well  furniflied,  and  inftru6led 
according  to  that  which  might  bee  learned  by  their  expe- 
rience. 

The  three  and  twentieth  of  lune,  they  loofed  from  Saint 
Johns  Harbour,  and  fayled  towards  New  Scotland,  where 
for  the  fpace  of  fourteene  dayes,  they  were  by  fogges 
and  contrary  winds  kept  backe  from  fpying  Land  till 
the  eight  of    luly,   that   they  faw  the  Weft  part  of  Cape 

Bretton 


'**  Mr.  David  Laing  edited  this  traft 
of  Sir  William  Alexander,  in  a  collec- 
tion of  Royal  Letters,  Charters,  and 
Trails,  publiflied  in  1867.  However 
incredible  it  may  feem,  the  following 
ftatement  touching  the  miniftcr  fent 
out  with  the  firft  company  by  Sir  Wil- 
liam Alexander,  had,  we  mult  believe, 
efcaped  his  notice  when  he  wrote  the 
following :  "In  all  the  early  signatures, 
the  fimilar  words  are  repeated,  *  For 


Propagation  of  Chriftiane  religion  with- 
in the  bounds,  countrey  and  dominion 
of  New  Scotland,  by  and  within  the 
bounds  of  America.'  But  not  a  fingle 
inilance  is  on  record  of  either  the  King, 
Sir  William  Alexander,  or  his  adven- 
turers, having,  I  will  not  fay  fent,  but 
even  of  having  propofed  to  fend,  a 
minifler  or  milfionary  for  fuch  a  pur- 
pofe."  —  Royal  Letters,  Charters,  and 
Trails,  Edinburgh,  1867,  p.  126. 


'  w  V'jm^f?  •  ••  .*  !■ « '  !^t'  "tv  • " » 


ito  Colonies. 


20I 


BrettoUy  and  *  till  the  thirteenth  day,  they  fayled  *  35 
alongfl  the  Coafl,  till  they  ranne  the  length  of  Port  de 
Mutton,  where  they  difcouered  three  very  pleafant  Harbours, 
and  went  afliore  in  one  of  them,  which  after  the  fliippes 
name,  they  called  Ltikcs  Bay,  where  they  found  a  great  way 
up  a  very  pleafant  Riuer,  being  three  fathom  deep  at  a  low 
water  at  the  entry  thereof,  &  on  euery  fide  of  the  fame 
they  did  fee  very  delecate  Aledowes,  hauing  Rofes  white 
and  red,  growing  thereon  with  a  kind  of  vvilde  Lilly,  which 
had  a  daintie  fmel,  the  next  day  they  refolued  (coading 
along  the  land)  to  difcouer  the  next  Harbour,  which  was 
but  two  leagues  diftant  from  the  other,  where  they  found 
a  more  pleafant  Riuer  than  the  firfl,  being  foure  fathome 
deep  at  a  low  water  with  Meadowes  on  both  fides  thereof, 
hauing  Rofes  and  Lillies  growing  thereon  as  the  other 
had,  they  found  within  this  Riuer,  a  very  fit  place  for  a 
Plantation,  both  in  regard  that  it  v/as  naturally  apt  to  be 
fortified,  and  that  all  the  ground  betweene  the  two  Riuers, 
was  without  wood,  and  very  good  fat  Earth,  hauing  ^cueral 
forts  of  beries  growing  thereon,  as  Goofe-beries,  Straw- 
beries,  Hind-beries,  Rafberies,  and  a  kind  of  red  Wine- 
berie,  as  alfo  fome  forts  of  graine,  as  Peafe,  fome  Eares  of 
Wheate,  Barly  and  Rie  growing  there  wilde ;  the  Peafe 
grow  in  abundance  alongfl  the  Coafl,  vcy  bigge  and  good 
to  eate,  but  did  tafte  of  the  fitch,  this  Riuer  is  called  Port 
lolly,  from  whence  they  coailed  along  to  Port  Negro,  beeing 
twelue  leagues  diftant,  where  all  the  way  as  they  fayled 
alongfl,  they  fpied  a  very  pleafant  Countrey,  hauing  grow- 
ing euery  where  fuch  things  as  were  obferued  in  the  two 

Harbours 


ii 


.  i 


1 

-    aft  ^ 

i  U 

L 


IK 

'iili 

i   fflfliftf 

'  aV 

m 

III 

I> 


n 


(' 


u 


202 


A7i  Encotiragement 


not. 


*36 


Harbours  where  they  had  beene  before.  They  found  like- 
wife  in  euery  Riucr  abundance  of  Lobfters,  Cockles,  and 
other  fliel-fiflics,  and  alfo  not  onely  in  the  Riuers,  but  all 
the  coaft  alongft,  numbers  of  feuerall  forts  of  Wild-foule,  as 
Wild-goofe,  black  Ducke,  Woodcocke,  Crane,  Heron,  Pidg- 
eon,  and  many  other  forts  of  Fowle  which  they  knew 
They  did  kill  as  they  fay  led  alongfl:  the  Coafl  great 
flore  of  Cod,  with  feuerall  other  forts  of  great  fiflies. 
*  The  Countrie  is  full  of  Woods  not  very  thicke,  and 
the  moft  part  Oake,  the  refl  are  Firre,  Spruce,  Birch  with 
fome  Sicamorcs,  and  Aflies,  and  many  other  forts  of  Wood 
which  they  had  not  feene  before.  Hauing  difcouered  this 
part  of  the  Countrie,  in  regard  of  the  Voyage  their  fliip 
was  to  make  to  the  Straits  with  fifties,  they  refolued  to 
coafl  alongfl:  from  Lukes  Bay  to  Port  de  Mtitton^  beeing 
foure  leagues  to  the  Eaft  thereof,  where  they  encountred 
with  a  Frenchman,  that  in  a  very  fliort  time  had  made  a 
great  Voyage,  for  though  he  had  furniflied  one  fliip  away 
with  a  great  number  of  filhes,  there  were  neere  fo  many 
readie  as  to  load  himfelfe  &  others.  After  they  had  taken 
a  view  of  this  Port,  which  to  their  iugement  they  found  no 
waies  inferior  to  the  refl  they  had  feene  before,  they  re- 
folued to  retire  backe  to  New-found-land}"^^  where  their 
fliip  was  to  receiue  her  loading  of  fiflies.     The  20.  of  luly 

they 

a  fecond  fhip  arrived  ;  but  the  two  vef- 
fels  in  company  hardly  pofleiTed  cour- 
age to  fail  to  and  fro  along  the  coaft, 
and  make  a  partial  furvey  of  the  har- 
bors and  the  adjacent  lands."  —  Ban- 
croffs  Hi/lory  of  the  United  States, 
Vol.  I.  p.  332. 


""  Mr.  Bancroft  reprefents,  ftrangely 
enough,  that  the  two  fliips  fent  out  by 
Sir  William,  one  in  1622  and  the  oUier 
in  1623,  went  together  on  this  explor- 
ing ex;V  lition,  and  that  they  were  fo 
filled  1  fear  as  fcarcely  to  accom- 
plifh  :.       ■  errand  !     "  The  next  fpring, 


^p^w^^pl 


ir^ 


to  Colo7iies, 


203 


H 


they  loofcd  from  thence,  and  the  feuen  and  twentieth  thereof 
they  arriued  at  Saint  lohns  Harbour,  and  from  tiiencc  failed 
alongft  to  the  Bay  of  Conception  where  they  left  the  fliip, 
and  difpatched  themfelues  home  in  feuerall  fliips  that  be- 
longed to  the  Weft  part  of  England. 

This  is  no  wonder,  that  the  French  beeing  fo  flightly 
planted,  did  take  no  deeper  roote  in  America,  for  they  as 
onely  defirous  to  know  the  nature  and  qualitie  of  the  foile, 
and  of  things  that  were  likely  to  grow  there,  did  neuer  feeke 
to  haue  them  in  fuch  quantitie  as  was  requifite  for  their 
maintenance,  affecting  more  by  making  a  needleffe  oftenta- 
tion,  that  the  World  fliould  know  they  had  beene  there, 
then  that  they  did  continue  flill  to  inhabit  there,  like  them, 
that  were  more  in  loue  wuth  glorie  then  with  vertue,  then 
being  alwaics  fubiefl  to  diuifions  amongfl  themfelues,  it  was 
impoffible  that  they  could  fubfift,  which  proceeded  fometime 
from  emulation  or  enuie,  and  at  other  times  from  the  lazi- 
neffe  of  the  difpofition  of  fome,  who  (lothing  labor)  could 
bee  commanded  by  none,  who  would  impofe  more  vpon 
them  then  was  agreeable  with  the  indifferencie  of  their 
affe6lions  and  fuperficiall  endeuours. 

*  The  EngliJJi  were  free  from  thefe  mutinies,  and  *  37 
wanted  not  induftry  enough,  but  either  out  of  a  cuf- 
tome  they  haue  to  trauel  more  for  the  benefit  thai  doth  flow 
from  graffe,  then  by  manuring  of  the  ground  for  Corne,  or 
otherwife  if  they  were  forced  fo  to  do  by  their  Owners  at 
London,  who  enforcing  a  fpeedie  returne  by  their  labour, 
would  needs  be  trufted  with  furnifliing  of  them  vi6tuals, 
they  applying  themfelues  to  Tobacco,  and  fuch  things  as 

might 


I 


\  I 


\i 


A 


204 


An  Eiicotiragevient 


might  import  a  prcfent  commoditic,  ncglcdling  the  time  that 
miglit  hauc  bcene  imploycd  for  building,  planting  and  huf- 
bandrie,  did  line  but  like  hired  Seruants,  labouring  for  their 
Mailers,  and  not  like  Fathers  prouiding  for  their  Familie 
and  Pofteritie,  which  can  ncuer  bee  auoided  till  the  ground 
be  inhabited  by  them,  that  being  Owners  thereof,  will  trufl, 
it  with  their  maintenance,  and  doe  content  themfelues  with 
the  delight  of  that  which  may  giue  glorie  to  them,  and 
profit  to  their  heires. 

The  Plantations  of  America  do  approach  nearefl-  to  the 
puritie  of  thefe  that  (by  induftrious  dilligence)  in  the  infan- 
cie  of  the  firfl  age  did  extend  the  multiplying  generations 
of  Mankind,  to  people  the  then  Defert  Earth,  for  here  they 
may  poffeffe  themfelues  without  difpoffeffmg  of  others,  the 
land  either  wanting  Inhabitants,  or  hauing  none  that  doe 
appropriate  to  themfelues  any  peculiar  ground,  but  (in 
llraggling  company)  runne  like  beafts  after  beaftes,  feeking 
no  foile,  but  onely  after  their  prey.  And  where  of  old  the 
Danes,  Gattles,  Gothes,  Htmnes,  Vandals,  Longobards,  and 
thereafter  Sarazens,  Turkes,  and  Tartarians,  did  (with  an 
inundation  of  people)  encroach  vpon  thefe  places  of  Europe, 
which  were  mofl  ciuil,  and  where  the  Gofpel  was  befl 
planted,  out  of  an  ambitious  enuie  to  draw  vnto  themfelues 
the  glory  that  any  Nation  had  formerly  gained,  or  out  of 
an  exorbitant  auarice  to  fwallow  vp  their  fubftance,  and  to 
vfurpe  (if  they  had  power  challenging  right)  any  lands  that 
were  better  than  their  own,  as  the  mofl  part  did  in  Greece, 
Hungary,  Spaine,  Italy  and  France.  We  here  go  to 
*  38    caufe  preach  the  Gofpel  where  it  was  neuer  heard  *  and 

not 


■''TiWiPI1IIWpiB"^F»Vlll»N^H»"i."  IJ^ww 


to  Colonies, 


205 


not  to  fubdue  but  to  ciuilHze  the  Sauagcs,  for  their  ruinc 
could  giue  to  vs  neither  glory  nor  benefit,  fince  in  place 
of  fame  it  would  breed  infamie,  and  would  defraud  vs  of 
many  able  bodies,  that  hereafter  (befides  the  Chriflian  dutie 
in  fauing  their  foules)  by  themfelues  or  by  their  Pofleritie 
may  ferue  to  many  good  vfes,  when  by  our  meanes  they 
fliall  learn  lawfuU  Trades,  and  induftries,  the  Authors 
whereof  (though  preuenting  the  like  Superflition)  may  ac- 
quire no  leffe  reuerence  from  them,  nor  in  like  cafe  of  old 
Saturne,  Bacchus,  Ceres  and  Pallas,  by  teaching  to  ]:)lant 
Corne,  Wine,  and  Oyle,  did  get  from  the  credulous  igno- 
rance of  them  with  whom  they  commu-nicated  their 
knowledge. 

When  I  doe  confider  with  myfelfe  what  things  are  necef- 
farie  for  a  Plantation,  I  cannot  but  be  confident  that  my 
owne  Countrymen  are  as  fit  for  fuch  a  purpofe  as  any  men 
in  the  world,  hauing  daring  mindes  that  vpon  any  probable 
appearances  doe  difpife  danger,  and  bodies  able  to  indure 
as  much  as  the  height  of  their  minds  can  vndertake,  natu- 
rally louing  to  make  vfe  of  their  owne  ground,  and  not 
trufling  to  traffique.  Then  Scotland  by  reafon  of  her  pop- 
uloufneffe  being  conftrained  to  difburden  her  felfe  (like  the 
painfull  Bees)  did  euery  yeere  fend  forth  fwarmes  whereof 
great  numbers  did  haunt  Pole  with  the  moft  extreme  kinde 
of  drudgerie  (if  not  dying  vnder  the  burden)  fcraping  a  few 
crummes  together,  till  now  of  late  that  they  were  compelled, 
abandoning  their  ordinary  calling,  to  betake  themfelues  to 
the  warres  againft  the  RnJJians,  Tiirks,  or  Szvedens,  as  the 
Pflloniaris  were  pleafed  to  employ  the,  others  of  the  better 

fort 


%\ 


I 


2o6 


All  Encottragevient 


fort  being  bred  in  France,  in  regard  of  the  ancient  league, 
did  find  the  mcanes  to  force  out  fome  fmall  fortunes  tlicre, 
till  of  late  that  the  French  though  not  altogether  violating, 
yet  not  valuing  (as  heretofore)  that  fricndlhip  which  was 
fo  religioufly  obferued  by  their  predeceffours,  and  with  fo 
much  danger  and  loffe  defcrucd  by  ours,  haue  altered  the 

eftate  of  the  Guards,  and  doe  derogate  fro  our  former 
*  39     liberties,  which  this   King  now  raigning,  we  *  hope, 

will  reflore  to  the  firft  integritie.  The  neceflities  of 
Ireland  are  neere  fupplied,  and  that  great  current  which 
did  tranfport  fo  many  of  our  people  is  worne  drie.  The 
Loiue  Coiintries  haue  fpent  many  of  our  men,  but  haue 
enriched  few,  and  (though  raifmg  their  flight  with  fuch 
borrowed  feathers,  till  they  were  checked  by  a  prefent  dan- 
ger) did  too  much  vilipend  thefe  fauourable  Springs  by 
which  their  weakneffe  was  chiefly  refreflied  :  But  howfoeuer 
fome  particular  men  might  profper  vnder  a  forraine  Prince 
all  that  aduenture  fo,  doe  either  perifli  by  the  way,  or  if  they 
attaine  vnto  a  fortune,  doe  lofe  the  fame  by  fome  colour 
that  ftri^l  lawes  vurgcd  againft  a  ftranger  can  eafily  affoord, 
or  elfe  naturalizing  themfelues  where  they  are,  they  mufl 
difclaime  their  King  and  Countrey,  to  which  by  time  (the 
obie6l  of  their  affections  altered)  being  bound  to  haue  a 
care  of  that  part  where  there  pofleritie  mufl  Hue,  they  turne 
euery'way  flrangers,  which  neceffitie  impofed  vpon  them  to 
take  this  courfe,  and  inconuences  following  thereupon,  may 
be  preuented  by  this  new  Plantation.  And  where  the 
Scotti/Ji  Merchants  before  had  no  trade  but  by  tranfporting 
Commodities  that  might  haue  beene  employed  at  home, 

and 


e, 
^, 

T 

.s 
b 
c 
r 


to  Colonies, 


207 


and  oftentimes  monie,  to  bring  backe  Wine  from  France^ 
and  Pitch,  Tarre,  and  Timber  from  the  Eafter  Seas.  Now 
only  by  exporting  of  men,  Corne,  and  Cattle,  they  may 
within  a  little  time  be  able  to  furnilh  back  in  exchange 
thefe  things  before  named.  As  likewife  a  great  benefit  of 
Filhes,'"'^  Furres,  Timber  and  Metals,  drawing  forth  our 
people  to  forreine  Traffique,  wherewith  they  neuer  haue 
bin  accuflomed  before,  and  that  to  the  great  increafe  of  the 
Cuflomcs,  helping  hereby  to  enrich  that  ancient  Kingdome, 
which  of  all  the  reft  hath  onely  loft  by  his  Maiefties  great- 
neffe,  being  hereby  not  onely  defrauded  of  his  owne  pref- 
ence,  and  of  the  comfort  his  countenance  did  continually 
affoord,  but  likewife  of  many  Commodities  arifing  to  any 
Countrie  where  a  Court  is  Refident,  as  the  vniuerfall  pou- 
ertie  thereof  (hauing  few  rich  vnleffe  it  bee  fome 
*  ludges  and  their  Clerkes)  by  a  common  complaint  *40 
doth  too  fenfibly  teftifie. 

I  have 


"'  Captain  John  Mafon,  in  his  "  Dif- 
courfe  of  the  New-foundland,"  pub- 
lifhed  in  1620,  fpeaks  of  the  fifliing  in- 
tereft  with  great  enthufiafm.  "  But  of 
all,  the  molt  admirable  is  the  Sea,  fo 
diuerfified  with  feuerall  forts  of  Fiflies 
abounding  therein,  the  confideration 
whereof  is  readie  to  fwallow  vp  and 
drowne  my  fenfes  not  being  able  to 
comprehend  or  expreffe  the  riches 
thereof."  For  the  glowing  and  fpe- 
cific  account  which  follows,  the  reaiier 
is  referred  to  Mafon's  Tra6t. 

As  a  fource  of  wealth,  this  intereft  is 
ftated  by  him  as  follows  :  — 

"The  great  intercourfe  of  trade  by 
our  Nation  thefe  threefcore  years  and 
vpwards,  in  no  fmall  numbers  frequent- 
ing the  New-found  land,  and  dayhe  in- 
creafing,  with  the  likelinefle  thereof  to 


continue,  fifh  boing  a  flaple  commodi- 
tie  with  vs,  and  fo  fellable  in  other 
countries  yearlie  imploying  3000.  thou- 
fand(")  fea-men  and  breeding  new  day- 
lie,  alfo  fraighting  three  hundreth  Ships 
in  that  voyage,  and  releuing  of  20000. 
people  moe  here  in  England  (for  moil 
of  thefe  fifhers  are  married  and  haue  a 
charge  of  Children,  and  liue  by  this 
meanes  not  being  able  to  gairre  halfe  fo 
much  by  another  labour)  furthermore 
the  reuenew  that  gouelh  to  the  King  by 
the  cullomes  of  French,  Spanijh  and 
Straights  goods  imported,  from  the 
proceede  of  this  fifli-trade  fuppofe  at 
the  leaft  to  the  value  of  ten  thoufand 
pounds  yearely." 

{a)  "  Three  thoufand  feamen"  would  better  ex- 
prefs  the  meaning. 


V 

I 

•t 


\\ 


ill 


I 

w 


5=3^- 


[I' 


if! 


208 


yin  Enco7Lrage7nciit 


I  have  ncuer  rcmcmbrcd  any  thing  with  more  admiration 
tlien  America,  confidering  how  it  hath  plcafcd  the  Lord  to 
locke  it  vp  fo  long  amidll  the  depths,  conceaHng  it  from 
the  curiofitie  of  tlie  Ancients,  that  it  might  be  difcouered 
in  a  fit  time  for  their  pofleritie,  they  were  fo  far  of  old  from 
ajipreliending  it  hy  any  reach  of  reafon,  that  the  mofl 
learned  men  (as  they  though  )  by  infallible  grounds,  in  re- 
gard of  the  degrees  of  the  Heaven,  did  hold  that  thefe 
Zones  could  not  be  inhabited,  which  now  are  knowne  to 
include  the  mofl:  pleafant  parts  in  the  Word.  This  neuer 
came  to  the  knowledge  of  any  Hebrew,  Greek,  or  Roman, 
who  had  the  mofl;  able  mindes  to  haue  found  out  fuch  a 
miftery :  and  howfoeucr  fome  would  glofe  vpon  that  Fable 
of  Platocs  Atlantic  Hand,  I  haue  neuer  obferucd  any  thing 
amongfi;  the  Ancient  Writers  tending  to  fuch  a  purpofe,  if 
it  be  not  thefe  lines  of  Seneca  the  Tragedian,  whereby  hee 
might  (if  not  with  a  prophetick,  yet  with  a  poetic  rapture) 
deliuer  that  which  he  had  a  mind  to  make  the  pofleritie 
expe(5l,  and  was  in  pofiibilitie  to  happen. 

Venientannis 


Secula  fcris,  quibus  oceanus 
Vincula  rcrum  laxet,  "t  ingens 
Pateat  tellus,  Tiphifque  nouos 
Detegat  orbes  ;  nee  fit  terris 
Vltima  Tliule. 

And  it  is  a  thing  not  yet  comprehended  by  tlie  oourfe  of 
naturall  reafon,  how  thefe  parts  of  the  World  came  firfl  to 
be  peopled :  We  mufl  grant  (according  to  the  grounds  of 
Diuinitie)  their  people  to  be  defcended  from  Noah,  and  is  it 
not  long  fmce  that  (the  Load  flone  being  found  out)  the 

beft 


to  Colonies. 


209 


beft  Saylcrs  (fcorning  as  in  former  times  to  be  only  Coaflers) 
haue  brought  the  Art  of  Nauigation  to  that  perfection,  that 
they  durft  refolutely  aduenture  to  fearch  the  moft 
remote  *  parts  in  the  Ocean,  and  if  any  had  gone  *4i 
thither  of  purpofe  to  inhabite,  they  would  haue  car- 
ried with  them  the  moft  vfefull  kindes  of  tame  Cattle,  fuch 
as  Horfes,  Cowes,  and  Sheepe,  whereof  ncuer  any  was 
found  in  thefe  parts,  till  they  were  tranfported  thither  of 
late  yeeres ;  but  onely  fuch  wild  beafts  as  of  themfelues 
might  haue  wandred  any  where  through  vaft  Forefts,  and 
Deferts :  fo  that  I  doe  thinke  there  muft  bee  fome  narrow 
paffage  vpon  the  Eaft,  towards  Terra  Aiijl rails  Incognita^ 
not  yet  difcouered,  from  whence  people  by  time  might  haue 
come  (croffing  the  Straits  of  Magclanc)  to  inhabite  Brafile, 
Chile,  and  Pcrti,  or  rather  I  Ihould  thinke  that  there  were 
fome  Continent,  or  Narrow  Sea  towardes  the  North,  about 
the  Straits  of  Anlcn,  from  whence  the  firft  inhabitants  of 
America  might  haue  come ;  becaufe  the  wild  beafts  that 
are  there  are  creatures  moft  peculiar  to  the  North,  fuch  as 
Elkes,  Beares,  and  Beauers,  which  are  knowne  to  bee  ordi- 
nary with  the  RuJ/iauSy  and  Tarlarlans ;  and  I  am  the 
more  confirmed  in  this  opinion,  when  I  remember  of  the 
Mountains  of  Ice  that  come  floting  euery  Spring  alongft 
the  Coaft  of  Ncw-foinid-land,  which  (as  it  is  likely)  may 
diffolue  from  fome  Sea  that  hath  beene  frozen  during  the 
Winter  time,  ouer  which  people,  and  wild  beafts  might 
haue  commoditie  to  pafle ;  but  this  is  a  matter  that  can 
hardly  bee  determined  by  demonftration  or  reafon,  there- 
fore (all  men  forming  that  which  they  know  not,  according 

to 

14 


I 


,,rj»i?xti>^"  ■  "*»■ ' 


2IO 


An  Encouragement 


I 


to  the  fquare  of  their  owne  conceits.)    Wee  mud  leaue  this 
to  the  vnlimited  libcrtie  of  the  imagination  of  man. 

But  the  thing  mofl  wondcrfiill  of  all  is  this,  though  now 
it  bee  clearly  difcouered,  that  fo  few  are  willing  to  make  vfe 
therof ;  this  doth  chiefly  proceed  from  want  of  knowledge, 
few  being  willing  to  aduenture  vpon  that  wherewith  they 
are  not  acquainted  by  their  owne  experience,  and  yet  thofe 
who  haue  not  made  triall  themfelues,  if  they  will  trufl 
others,  may  bee  abundantly  fatisfied  by  the  reports  of  a 
*  42  nui  iber,  who  to  Plant  and  Trafifique  do  yeerely  *  haunt 
thefe  parts.  If  the  true  eftate  of  that  which  might  bee 
done  at  this  time  by  the  ioyning  of  fomr  reafonable  com- 
pctiiy  together  were  rightly  vnderftood,  then  fo  many  would 
not  Hue  at  home  as  they  do,  lofnig  their  time,  where  they 
can  make  no  benefit,  and  burdenable  to  them  to  whom  they 
are  not  vfefull,  rather  admitted,  than  welcommed,  the  one 
thinking  that  their  feruice  fliould  deferue  a  reward,  and  the 
other  that  their  maintenance  is  an  vnneceffary  charge,  nei- 
ther gaining,  and  both  difcontented :  then  would  not  fo 
many  aduenture  their  Hues  for  the  defence  of  flrangers, 
whereby  they  fcarce  can  acquire  that  which  doth  defray 
their  owne  charges,  and  howfoeur  the  hope  of  Honour  may 
flatter  a  generous  fpirit,  there  is  no  great  appearance  by 
this  meanes  to  prouide  for  a  Family,  or  for  a  Pofferitie. 
And  if  we  rightly  confider  the  benefit  that  may  arife  by 
this  onterprife  abroad,  it  is  not  onely  able  to  afford  a  fuffi- 
cient  meanes  for  their  maintenance,  who  cannot  conuen- 
iently  Hue  at  home,  by  difburdening  the  Countrey  of  them, 
but  it  is  able  to  enable  them  to  deferue  of  their  Countrey, 
by  bringing  vnto  it  both  Honour  and  Profit. 

Where 


to  Colonies, 


2  T  T 


, 


Where  was  eiier  Ambition  baited  with  greater  he  pes  then 
here,  or  where  euer  had  Vertue  fo  large  a  field  to  reape  the 
fruiles  of  Glory,  fince  any  man  who  doth  goe  thither  of 
good  qualitie,  able  at  firft  to  tranfport  a  hundred  perfons 
with  him  furniflied  with  things  neceffary,  fliall  haiie  a3 
much  Bounds  as  may  ferue  for  a  great  Man,  wherevpon 
hee  may  build  a  Towne  of  his  owne,  giuing  it  what 
forme  or  name  hee  will,  and  being  the  firft  Founder  of  a 
new  eftate,  which  a  pleafing  induftry  may  quickly  bring  to 
a  perfec^tion,  may  leaue  a  faire  inheritance  to  his  pofteritie, 
who  fliall  claime  vnto  him  as  the  Author  of  their  Nobilitie 
there,  rather  then  to  any  of  his  Anceftours  that  had  pre- 
ceded him,  though  neuer  fo  nobly  borne  elfwhere,  and  if 
the  vafteneffe  of  their  hopes  cannot  bee  bounded  within 
their  firft  limits,  as  foone  as  they  haue  ftrengthened 
*themfelues  for  fuch  a  defigne,  either  by  Sea  or  by  *43 
Land,  (in  regard  of  the  large  Countries  next  adiacent 
hereunto)  there  doth  alwaies  reft  a  faire  poflibilitie  of  a  fur- 
,ther  cncreafe,  either  for  them,  or  for  their  fucceftburs  ;  and 
fo  euery  one  of  inferior  fort  may  expect  proportionably 
according  to  his  aduenture  :  The  Merchans  that  are  giuen 
to  trade,  where  can  they  haue  a  fairer  ground  for  gaine  then 
here :  and  that  befides  that  which  may  bee  expected  from 
fo  fertile  a  Land  by  induftry  or  hufbanry  hereafter,  in  pref- 
ent  commodities,  fiach  as  Cod  fifties  and  Herring  in  the 
Seas,  Salmonds  in  the  Riuers,  Furres,  Pype-ftaues,  Pot- 
afties,  and  all  that  may  arife  from  the  plentie  of  good 
Wood,  Mineralls,  and  other  things  though  not  knowne  to 
ftrangers  that  onely  coaft  alongft   the    '.ands,  that   may 

bee 


li: 


i'— ;.fJ:,-„ 


■•(y"-»'^^j-;3P^K^'3F' 


212 


All  Encourageineiit 


bee  difcouered  hereafter  by  them  that  are  to  inhabite  the 


lids. 


Bou 

•  Here  thofe  that  are  fo  difpofed,  without  making  a  Monaf- 
ticall  retreate  (tree  from  a  multitude  of  troubles)  may  inioy 
the  pleafures  of  contemplation,  being  folitary  when  they  will, 
and  yet  accompanied  when  they  pleafe,  and  that  not  with 
fuch  company  as  (preffed  by  importunitie)  they  mufl:  difcon- 
tentedly  admit,  but  onely  by  them  of  whom  they  haue  made 
choice,  and  whom  they  haue  carried  with  them,  with  whom 
(as  partners  of  their  trauells)  by  mutuall  difcourfes  they 
may  remember  their  former  dangers,  and  communicate  their 
prefent  io3'es :  here  are  all  forts  of  obje6ls  to  fatisfie  the 
varietie  of  defires.  I  might  fpeake  of  the  fport  that  may 
bee  had  by  Hunting,  Hawking,  Fifliing  and  Fow]''n^,  where 
all  thefe  creatures  haue  had  fo  long  a  time  for  increafe, 
without  being  deflroyed  or  frighted,  as  likewife  of  the  great 
contentment  that  muft  come  by  daily  difcoueries  of  new 
Fieldes  and  Riuers,  with  the  diuerfitie  of  things  not  feene 
before  that  may  happen  to  be  found  in  them :  but  I  would 
rather  haue  all  at  firfl;  to  thinke  of  the  paines  they  muft 
endure,  in  bringing  of  fo  notable  a  Wo.ke  to  perfe6lion, 

fmce  no  good  thing  can  be  had  with  eafe,  and  all  the 
*  44    f  janes  of  men  are  borne  to  *  labour.  But  leaning  thefe 

worldly  refpe6ls,  the  greatefl  incouragement  of  all  for 
any  true  Chriflian  is  this,  that  heere  is  a  large  way  for  ad- 
uancing  the  Gofpel  of  lefus  Chrifl:,  to  whom  Churches  may 
bee  builded  in  places  where  his  Name  was  neuer  knowne; 
and  if  the  Saints  of  Heauen  reioyce  at  the  conuerfion  of  a 
Sinner,  what  exceeding   ioy  would  it  bee  to  them  to  fee 

many 


to  Colonies, 


213 


many  thoufands  of  Sauage  people  (who  doe  now  Hue  like 
brute  beafts)  conuerted  vnto  God,  and  I  wifli  (leaning  thefe 
dreames  of  Honour  and  Profit,  which  doe  intoxicate  the 
braines,  and  impoyfon  the  minde  with  tranfitory  pleafures) 
that  this  might  bee  our  chiefe  end  to  begin  a  new  life,  feru- 
ing  God  more  fincerely  then  before,  to  whom  we  may  draw 
more  neere,  by  retyring  our  felues  further  from  hence. 

As  I  would  haue  no  mar;  that  hath  a  mind  for  this  courfe, 
to  abufe  his  iudgement,  by  trufling  to  much  to  the  fertilitie 
of  the  bounds  where  he  is  to  goe,  and  too  little  to  his  owuc 
prouidence,  and  induflrie,  whereby  he  may  be  made  to  neg- 
lect the  preparing  himmfelfe  for  this  Voyage  after  luch  a 
manner  as  is  requifite.  So  I  altogether  diflike  them  that 
poffeffed  with  the  prepoflerous  apprehenfions  of  feare  (like 
the  lazie  man  of  whome  Salomon  fpeaketh,  that  ryretending 
difficulties  to  preuent  trauell,  w'ould  fay  there  was  a  Lion  in 
the  way)  will  needs  imagine  the  worft  that  is  in  poffibilite 
to  happen :  for  fuch  a  man  (too  ingenioufly  fubtill  in  con- 
iedluring  danger)  doth  both  by  preiudicatcd  opinions  difa- 
blo  himfelfe,  and  difcourage  them,  who  not  being  duely 
'nionried,  are  confirmed  by  the  confidence  of  other  vnder- 
t<-i!rv,'  that  profeffe  to  haue  knowledge,  there  is  no  man  at 
hoiiV  where  he  was  borne,  fo  free  from  the  accidents  of 
fortune  who  may  not  quickly  by  a  publike,  or  by  a  priuate 
calamitie  be  brought  in  fome  meafure  to  fuffer,  and  much 
rather  fnould  wee  arme  our  felues  with  a  high  refolution 
againfl  all  inconueniences  that  can  occurre  in  fuch  a 
forraine  enterprife  (being  circumfpedlly  *prouident,  *45 
but  not  cofounded  with  a  deiedling  feare)  where  the 

greatneffe 


.  ( 


I: 


'. 


( 


W 


§ 


l| 


214 


An  Encottragement 


greatneffe  of  fo  well  grounded  hopes  for  vs  and  for  oar 
Polleritie  fliould  make  vs  (hoping  for  pleafurf^}  to  digeft  any 
prefent  paine,  with  a  courage  greater  then  can  bee  braued 
by  any  apprehended  trouble.  And  becaufe  the  Lord  in 
fuch  eminent  Exploits  doth  commonly  glorifie  himfelfe  by 
a  few  number,  I  wifli  that  all  fuch  whofe  hearts  doe  mifgiue 
them  portending  any  difafter  (like  them  of  Gideons  troupes 
that  bowed  downe  like  hearts  to  the  water)  fl'jould  retire  in 
time,  ere  the  contagioufneffe  of  '  infirmitie  come  to 
infe6t  them  that  are  more  foundl)'  "pofed.  There  is  no 
iufl;  caufe  for  a  reafonable  man  to  feare  any  worldly  thing, 
but  onely  difgrace  and  want  of  neceffary  mayntenance :  A 
man  can  hardly  fall  in  the  firfl:  here,  fmce  an  honourable 
intention  what  euer  the  fucceffe  prooue  muft  acquire  prayfe, 
and  the  other  by  ordinary  meanes,  is  eafie  to  be  auoyded, 
but  I  am  fo  farre  from  painting  out  a  fuppofed  fecilitie  to 
fnare  weake  minds,  that  I  would  haue  none  (with  whom  it 
is  not  fit  to  communion ce  more  then  they  be  capeable  of) 
to  imbarke  in  this  bufines,  but  only  fuch  as  do  refolue 
againft  the  worft,  for  I  profeffe  as  Cato  did,  when  he  was  to 
enter  the  Deferts  of  Arabia. 

Neque  enim  mihi  fallere  quenquam 


Eft  animus,  tedtoque  metu  perducere  valgus. 
Hi  mihi  fint  comites,  quos  ipfa  pericula  ducent, 
Qui  me  tefte,  pad,  vel  quae  triftiffima,  pulchrum, 
Romanumque  putant ;  at  qui  fponfore  falutis 
Miles  feget,  capiturque  animie  dulcedine,  vadat 
Ad  Domimim  meliore  via. 

And  laft  fliould  not  thefe  memorable  Exploits  of  late 
performed  in  the  Eafl  and  Wefl  Indies  by  the  Flcmmings^ 

enflame 


< 


to  Colonies. 


215 


enflame  vs  with  a  generous  ardour  to  equall,  or  rather  to 
exceede  them,  whofe  penuritie  of  people  (euen  at  home) 
mull  bee  fupplycd  by  the  fupcrfluitie  of  ours :  They 
haue  *not  oncly  in  the  Eafl:  Indies  by  feucrall  Habi-  *46 
tations  appropriated  large  Territories  to  themfclues, 
but  likewife  to  the  great  prciudice  of  their  Neighbours, 
improouing  their  owne  profit,  haue  engroffed  the  generall 
commerce  by  confequence  depending  thereupon.  And  if 
they  feate  themfelues  (as  it  is  likely  they  will  doe)  in  Brafill^ 
prouidently  profecuting  the  good  beginning  that  they  haue 
gotten  by  fparing  people  of  their  owne,  or  by  intcrcfting 
Strangers  whom  they  dare  truft  for  founding  of  a  fufficient 
Colonic,  that  being  ftrong  enough  to  defend  and  command 
the  Inhabitants.  (Securely  exa6ling  a  due  obedience)  may 
enable  them  for  greater  matters;  then  conferring  with  the 
very  Springs  whence  the  flreames  flow  that  entertayne  the 
power  of  their  enemies  (cxhaufling  their  fubftance  both  by 
Sea  and  Land)  they  haue  a  maruellous  faire  occafion  of- 
fered to  aduance  themfelues  by  depreffmg  of  the  oppofed 
partie  whofe  profperous  and  defired  fucceffe  (whilft  the 
adding  to  one  doth  derogate  from  another)  if  not  emulated 
in  time,  will  bee  enuied  hereafter. 

I  know  that  many  of  my  Nation  if  they  had  beene  as 
willing  as  they  are  able  had  beene  more  fit  then  I  am  for 
this  purpofe,  but  yet  it  hath  oftentimes  pleafed  God  to  doe 
the  greatefl  matters  by  the  meanefl  Inflruments.  And  as 
no  one  man  could  accomplifli  fuch  a  Worke  by  his  owne 
priuate  fortunes,  fo  if  it  fliall  pleafe  his  Maieftie  (as  he  hath 
euer  been  difpofed  for  the  furthering  of  all  good  Works 

more 


Ill 


ti 


n't  > 
1  r 

( 


2 1 6    An  Eiicotiragement  to  Colonies, 

more  for  the  benefit  of  his  Subjeds,  then  for  his  ovvne  par- 
ticular) to  giue  his  helpc  accuflomed  for  matters  of  leffe 
moment  hereunto,  making  it  appeare  to  be  a  Worke  of  his 
own,  that  others  of  his  fubje(51;s  may  be  induced  to  couerfe 
in  fuch  a  common  caufe,  no  man  coukl  haue  had  my  charge 
that  with  more  affedlion  and  finceritie  fliould  haue  vfed  his 
endeuours  for  difcharging  of  the  fame,  but  I  muft  trufl  to 
be  fupplyed  by  fome  publike  helps,  fuch  as  hath  beene  had 
in  other  parts,  for  the  like  caufe  whereunto,  as  I  doubt 
*47     not  but  *many  will  be  willing  out  of  the  nobleneffe  of 
their  difpofition,  for  the  aduancing  of  fo  worthy  a 
Worke,  So  I  hope  will  fome  others,  the  rather  out  of  their 
priuate  refpe6l  to  me,  who  shall  continue  as  I  haue  here- 
tofore done,  both  to  doe  and  write  in  fo  farre,  as  fo 
meane  an  abilitie  as  mine  may  reach,  what 
(1  conceiue)  may  proue  for  the  credit  or 
benefit  of  my  Nation,  to  whom   I 
wifli  all  happineiib. 


FINIS 


' 


\s 


I 


c  } 


p;, 


A 


Mir-' 


• 


i 


ii 


I 

1 
a 

i 

S 

i 


fi 


fo 


♦9 


48 


U; 


I 


1-6 


^^<?«/ 


4? 


+2 


\4\ 


-4o 


i 


^9 


58 


a 


\ 


li^Pi^"'''"'"^! 


\  ■ 


i 


\ 


) 


(  ■ 


■■■■1 


NOVODAMUS    CHARTER 


OF 


NEIV  SCOTLAND  IN  AMERICA, 


IN   FAVOR    OF 


Sir  William  Alexander  of  Menstrie,  Knight, 

12  July,  1625. 


HARLES,  by  the  Grace  of  God,  King  of  Great 
Britain,  France   and    Ireland,   and   Defender  of 
the  Faith,  To  all  good  men  of  his  whole  land, 
clergy  and  laity,  greeting.     Know  ye, 

[This  Charter  in  the  original  is  the  fume,  ipjijfitnis  verbis^  from  the 
fecond  fentence  on  page  127,  beginning,  ■' Know  ye,"  to  the  fentcnce 
on  page  147,  beginning,  "  Finally  we  for  ourfelves  and  our  fiiccefTors," 
as  the  Charter  of  162 1.  This  part  is  therefore  omitted  here,  and  the 
reader  is  referred  back  to  that  Charter  for  what  is  here  wanting.] 

in  which  cafe  the  heirs  and  affignees  of  the  faid  Sir  Wil- 
liam Alexander  fliall,  notwithflanding  the  forefaid  non-entry, 

enjoy 


Note.  —  This  tranflation  of  the  No- 
vodamus  Charter  is  taken  from  the 
Appendix  to  a  Narrative  of  Law  Pro- 
ceedings privately  printed  at  Edin- 
1    fgh  in  1836.     "  New  Scotland  "  has 


been  introduced  wherever  "  Nova  Sco- 
tia" occurs,  to  prevent  any  confufion 
with  the  prefent  province  of  that  name, 
the  boundaries  of  the  two  being  widely 
different. 


^1 


'\ 


2l8 


Charter  of  1625. 


enjoy  and  pofftTs  all  and  fundry  the  forcfaid  lands,  country, 
and  lordlhip  of  New  Scotland,  with  all  and  fundry  profits, 
commodities,  benefits,  privileges,  and  liberties  of  the  fame, 
as  if  the  faid  non-entry  had  never  happened,  or  as  if  they 
had  never  fallen  in  non-entry  :  Which  lands,  country,  and 
lordlhip  of  New  Scotland,  as  well  mainlands  as  iflands, 
within  all  and  fundry  the  faid  bounds  and  feas  thereof,  with 
the  woods,  filhings,  as  well  in  fait  waters  as  in  frelh,  of  royal 
fiflies  as  of  others,  with  pearls,  precious  flones,  veins,  royal 
minerals  of  gold  and  filver,  other  minerals  of  iron,  fleel, 
lead,  copper,  brafs,  tin,  mountain  brafs,  and  others  whatfo- 
cver ;  and  all  privileges,  liberties,  immunities,  prerogatives, 
offices,  and  jurifdi(5lions,  and  others,  fpecially  and  generally 
above  recited,  formerly  belonged  to  the  faid  Sir  William 
Alexander,  and  his  heirs  and  affignees,  and  were  by  him 
and  his  procurators,  in  his  name,  duly  and  lawfully  refigned 
in  our  hands ;  and  that  for  our  new  heritable  infeftment  of 
the  fame  to  be  granted  in  favour  of  the  faid  Sir  William,  or 
his  heirs  and  affignees  forefaid,  in  due  and  competent  form, 
as  accords,  to  be  holden,  as  faid  is,  with  difpenfation  of 
non-entry,  in  manner  before  written,  when  it  fliall  happen. 
Moreover,  we,  with  advice  before  written,  for  the  good,  faith- 
ful, and  willing  fervice  performed  and  rendered  to  us  by  the 
faid  Sir  William  Alexander,  and  refpedt  being  had  to  the 
great  and  manifold  expenfes  and  charges  beftowed  and  ex- 
pended in  the  plantation  of  the  faid  bounds  of  the  lordfliip 
and  country  of  New  Scotland,  and  redu6lion  of  them,  under 
our  obedience,  and  for  other  weighty  and  onerous  caufes, 
have  of  new  given,  granted,  and  difponed,  and,  by  our  pref- 

ent 


Charter  of  1625. 


219 


cut  cliartcr,  give,  grant,  and  clir|)onc  to  the  before-mentioned 
Sir  William  Alexander,  and  his  heirs  and  affignees,  herita- 
bly, all  and  fimdry  the  forefaid  lands,  lordlhip,  and  country 
of  New  Scotland,  together  with  all  and  fundry  caflles,  towns, 
fortaliccs,  manor  places,  houfes,  buildings,  built  and  to  be 
built,  gardens,  orchards,  planted  and  to  be  planted,  tofts, 
crofts,  meadows,  grazings,  woods,  flirubs,  mills,  multures, 
mill  lands,  fifhings,  as  well  of  red  as  of  other  filhes,  falmon, 
large  fifh  as  fmall,  in  fait  water  as  in  frcfli,  together  with  all 
and  fundry  teind  flieaves  thereof  included,  as  well  great  as 
fmall,  with  the  prcfentation,  gift  of  benefices,  churches,  and 
chapels,  and  rights  of  patronage  thereof,  annexes,  connexes, 
dependencies,  tenants,  tenandries,  and  fervices  of  free  ten- 
ants of  the  fame;  together  with  all  and  fundry  precious 
flones,  jewels,  cryflal,  alum,  coral,  and  others,  with  all  and 
<"undry  minerals,  veins,  and  quarries  thereof,  as  well  of  regal 
and  royal  metals  and  minerals  of  gold  and  filver  within  the 
faid  bounds  and  lordfhip  of  New  Scotland,  as  of  other  min- 
erals of  iron,  fleel,  tin,  copper,  brafs,  mountain  brafs,  and 
other  minerals  whatfoever,  with  all  and  fundry  parts,  pendi- 
cles, pertinents,  privileges,  liberties,  and  immunities  of  all 
and  fundry  the  forefaid  lands,  lordfliip,  and  country  of  New 
Scotland,  with  full  power  and  privilege  to  the  faid  Sir  Wil- 
liam Alexander,  his  heirs  and  affignees,  of  trying  and  fearch- 
ing,  digging  and  examining  the  ground  for  the  fame,  and 
extradling,  cleanfing,  refining,  and  purifying  them,  and  ufing, 
converting,  and  applying  them  to  their  own  proper  ufes, 
(the  tenth  part  of  the  royal  metals,  commonly  called  the  ore 
of  gold  and  filver,  hereafter  to  be  found  and  extraded  out 

of 


I^i 


'>\' 


lr  it 


hi:,.  .'i 


f       V 


■\ 


220 


Charter  of  1625. 


of  the  faid  lands  and  country,  only,  being  refervcd  to  us 
and  our  fucceffors),  and  the  remainder  of  the  faid  metals, 
minerals,  precious  flones,  jewels,  and  others  whatfoever,  to 
belong  to  the  faid  Sir  William  Alexander,  and  his  heirs  and 
affignees,  to  remain  for  ever  ^v^ith  them,  and  be,  with  all 
profits  and  duties  thereof,  converted  to  their  own  proper 
ufes  ;  with  power  to  the  faid  Sir  William.  Alexander,  and 
his  heirs  and  affignees,  of  building,  confi:ru6ling,  and  ere6l- 
ing  upon  and  within  all  the  bounds  of  the  faid  country,  as 
fliall  feem  to  them  expedient,  cities,  free  boroughs  of  barony, 
towns,  villages,  harbours,  ports,  naval  ftations ;  and  of  ap- 
pointing fairs  and  markets,  as  well  within  the  town  as 
without,  and  impofing,  levying,  and  receiving  all  and  what- 
foever tolls,  cufloms,  anchorages,  and  other  dues  of  the  faid 
cities,  boroughs  of  barony,  towns,  villages,  fairs,  markets, 
free  ports,  harbours,  naval  flations,  with  all  and  fundry  caf- 
ualties,  profits,  and  duties  whatfoever;  and  furnifhing  the 
faid  cities  and  boroughs,  as  well  within  borough  as  without, 
with  fufficient  and  able  magiflrates,  juftices  of  the  peace, 
provofls,  bailies,  aldermen,  conftables,  and  other  officers, 
citizens,  free  burgei/es,  and  manufa6lurers,  crafts  of  all 
klids,  with  their  deacons, and  others,  thereto  requifite,  with 
full  power,  privilege,  and  liberty  to  thon,  or  their  children, 
citizens,  and  burgeffes,  to  fell  wine  and  wax,  falmon,  her- 
rings, and  other  ftaple  goods  and  merchandifes,  as  well 
great  as  fmall,  and  conflrudfing  churches,  chapels,  hofpitals, 
maifon  dieus,  market  croffes,  belfries,  bells,  and  all  other 
ordinary  ornaments  thereto  belonging,  and  planting  the 
faid  churches,  and  fufficiently  providing  them  with  fuffi- 
cient 


Charter  of  1625. 


221 


cient  teachers,  preachers,  pallors,  and  minifters:  And  in 
like  manner  of  ereding,  lOunding,  and  conftriicfling  com- 
mon fchools,  colleges,  r  id  univf^rfities,  fufficiently  provided 
with  able  and  fufficient  mailers,  rediors,  regents,  profeffors 
of  all  fciences,  letters,  languages,  and  inft:ru6lion ;  and  of 
providing  for  fufficient  maintenance,  falaries,  and  living 
for  them  to  this  effe61: :  As  alfo  of  creeling  prelates,  arch- 
billiops,  bifliops,  redors,  and  vicars  of  pariflies,  and  parilli 
churches,  and  diftributing  and  dividing  all  the  foicfaid 
bounds  of  the  faid  country  into  divers  and  diflindl  lliires, 
provinces,  and  pariflies,  for  the  better  provifion  of  the 
churches  and  miniftry,  divifion  of  the  fliires,  and  all  other 
civil  police :  And  likewife  of  founding,  ere(5ling,  and  infli- 
tuting  a  fenate  of  juflice,  places,  and  colleges  of  juftice, 
fenators  of  council  and  feffion,  members  thereof,  for  the 
adminiftration  of  juftice  within  the  faid  country,  and  other 
places  of  juftice  and  judicature :  Further,  of  erc6ling  and 
appointing  fecret  and  privy  councils  and  feffions  for  the 
public  good  and  advantage  of  the  faid  country,  and  giving 
and  granting  titles,  honours,  and  dignities  to  the  members 
thereof,  and  creating  their  clerks  and  members,  and  ap- 
pointing feals  and  regifters  with  their  keepers :  And,  alfo 
o*"  eredling  and  inftituting  officers  of  ftate,  a  chancellor, 
treafurer,  comptroller,  colledlor,  fecretary,  advocate  or  at- 
torney general,  cierk  or  clerks,  regifter  and  keepers  of  the 
rolls,  juftice  clerk,  dire6lor  or  dirc6tors  of  chancery,  con- 
fervator  or  confervators  of  privileges  of  the  f  id  country, 
advocates,  p'-ocurators,  and  pleaders  of  caufes.  and  folicitors, 
and  agents  thereof,  and  other  members  neceffary :  And, 

likewife, 


222 


Charter  of  1625. 


Hkewlie,  of  gathering,  collefling,  and  appointing  meetings 
and  affcmblies  of  ecclefiaflical  perfons  and  prelates,  as  well 
general,  fpecial,  or  provincial  meetings  as  others,  for  eccle- 
fiaflical police  and  difcipline,  and  authorizing,  ratifying,  and 
confirming  the  faid  meetings,  councils,  and  affemblies,  with 
a(5ls,  flatutes,and  decrees  thereon  concluded,  for  the  better  au- 
thority of  the  fame  :  Further,  we  have  made,  conftituted,  and 
appointed,  and  by  our  prefent  charter,  make,  conilitute, 
and  appoint  the  faid  Sir  William  Alexander,  and  his  heirs 
and  affignees,  our  and  our  heirs  and  fucceffors  Lieutenants 
General,  to  reprefent  our  royal  perfon,  as  well  by  fea  as  by 
land,  of  all  and  whole  the  faid  country  and  lordfliip  of  New 
Scotland,  as  well  during  the  fpace  in  which  he  fliall  remain 
there,  as  on  his  or  their  voyage  to  the  faid  country,  or  from 
it,  and  for  ever,  after  their  return,  without  interval  of  time 
or  place,  excluding  all  others  from  the  ufurpation  thereof,  or 
from  a  claim  to  any  right,  benefit,  authority,  and  intereft 
within  the  faid  bounds  and  lordfliip  of  New  Scotland,  or 
to  any  judicature  or  jurifdi6lion  heretofore  in  virtue  of  any 
foregoing  or  fubfequent  right  or  title  whatfoever:  And  with 
fpecial  power  to  the  faid  Sir  William  Alexander,  and  his 
forefaids,  of  governing,  ruling,  punifliing,  nnd  pardoning  all 
oi'r  fubje6ls,  and  other  inhabitants  of  the  faid  bounds  and 
country  of  New  Scotland,  or  perfons  going  thither,  violators 
of  the  peace,  or  of  the  laws,  and  of  making,  fandioning,  and 
eflablifliing  laws  there,  as  well  civil  as  criminal,  with  laws  of 
jufliciary,  admiralty,  flewardfliip,  regality,  and  flierifflhip,  at 
their  good  pleafure,  provided  the  ^aid  laws  be  as  conforma- 
ble as  poffible  to  the  laws  of  Scotland,  refpedl  being  had  to 

circumflances, 


Charter  of  1625. 


223 


circumflances,  place,  country,  perfons,  and  their  qualities : 
And,  likewife,  of  appointing  rulers,  commandei*s,  and  heads 
of  all  and  fundr}-  the  forefaid  cities,  boroughs,  ports,  naval 
ftations,  and  harbours,  and  alfo  captains  of  cailles,  fortalices, 
and  fortreffes,  as  well  by  fea  and  near  the  fliore  as  by  land, 
well  and  fufificiently  provided,  appointed,  and  fortified  with 
troops  of  foldiers  and  forces,  for  the  maintenance,  defence, 
and  prefervation  thereof,  and  the  repelling  of  all  dome^cic 
as  well  as  foreign  invafions  of  the  fame ;  and  of  gathering, 
affembling,  and  making  all  the  inhabitants  of  the  faid  coun- 
try meet  together,  for  the  purpofe  before  written,  on  all 
neceflary  occafions,  and  for  the  repelling  and  refifting  of  all 
other  fo-ce  and  violences  whatfoever:  And  with  power  to 
the  laid  Sir  William  Alexander,  and  his  forefaids,  for  the 
better  fortifying  of  the  faid  lorddiip  and  country  of  New 
Scotland,  of  tranfporting  from  the  faid  kingdom,  and  other 
bounds  convenient,  all  forts  of  munitions,  great  and  fmall, 
greater  ordnance,  cannons,  demi-cannons  of  caft-iron,  fwords, 
guns  of  brafs  and  iron,  and  other  inflrument^  and  engines 
of  war,  with  fmall  guns,  commonly  called  mUi..cls,  hagbuts, 
half  haggs,  piflols,  powder,  balls,  and  other  neceffary  i)ro- 
vifion  and  arms,  as  well  offenfive  as  defenfive,  and  wearing 
and  ufmg  fuch  arms,  as  well  within  the  faid  country  of  New 
Scotland,  as  in  their  paffage  and  progrefs  to  the  faid  lands, 
or  from  them,  with  their  companions,  affociates,  and  de- 
pendants :  Alfo  we,  with  advice  forefaid,  have  made,  confli- 
tuted,  and  appointed  the  faid  Sir  William  Alexander,  and 
his  heirs  and  affignees,  heritably,  our  Juflices  General,  in 
all  criminal  caufes,  within  the  faid  country  and  lordfliip  of 

New 


224 


Charter  of  1625. 


New  Scotland,  High  Admiral,  and  Lord  of  Regality  and 
Admiralty,  within  the  faid  country,  hereditary  High  Stew- 
ard, alfo,  thereof,  and  of  all  and  fundry  fuch  regalities,  with 
power  to  him  and  his  heirs  and  affignees,  of  ufmg,  exer- 
cifing,  and  enjoying  all  and  fundry  the  forefaid  jurifdi6lion« 
judicatures,  and  offices,  with  all  and  fundry  privileges,  pre- 
rogatives, immunities,  ard  cafualties  thereof,  in  lilie  man- 
ner, and  as  freely  as  any  other  Juflice  or  Juflices  General, 
High  Stewards,  Admirals,  Sheriffs,  or  Lords  of  Regalities, 
had  or  can  have,  or  poffefs,  and  enjoy  the  faid  jurifdi(5lions, 
judicatures,  offices,  dignities,  and  prerogatives,  in  any  of  our 
kingdoms,  bounds,  and  dominions  whatfoever ;  with  pov/er 
to  the  faid  Sir  William  Alexander,  and  his  heirs  and  af- 
fignees, of  conftituting,  erefting,  nominating,  and  creating 
clerks,  officers,  macers,  apprifers,  and  all  other  members  of 
court  of  all  and  fundry  the  forefaid  judicatures  and  jurif- 
dictions  refpe6lively,  with  all  fees,  dues,  and  emoluments 
thereto  belonging,  as  fliall  feem  to  them  expedient;  without 
prejudice  always  to  all  other  infeftments,  rights,  or  difpofi- 
tions,  by  us,  or  our  predeceffors,  to  whatfoever  perfon  or 
perfons,  who  are  or  fliall  be  portioners  of  the  faid  plantation 
of  New  Scotland,  proceeding  upon  the  refignation  of  the 
faid  Sir  William  Alexander  only,  and  not  otherwife,  of 
whatfoever  parts  or  portions  of  the  faid  country  and  lord- 
fliip  pf  New  Scotland,  with  the  privileges  and  immunities 
mentioned  in  their  infeftments  :  And  feeing  by  reafon  of  the 
great  remotenefs  and  diftance  of  the  faid  country  and  lord- 
fliip  of  New  Scotland,  from  our  faid  ancient  kingdom  of 
Scotland,  both  that  the  faid  country  can  neither  eafily  nor 

conveniently 


Charter  of  1625. 


225 


conveniently  be  reached  except  in  the  fummer  time ;  and 
that  the  faid  country  is  altogether  deftitute  of  public  fcriv- 
eners  and  notaries,  requifite  for  taking  feifins,  fo  that  feifin, 
at  all  times,  cannot  conveniently  be  taken  on  the  ground  of 
the  faid  country ;  and  alfo,  refpe(fl  being  had  to  the  great 
and  manifold  difadvantages  which  may  refult,  by  default,  of 
timely  feifm  being  taken  upon  this  prefent  Patent,  and  upon 
other  charters,  and  fimilar  infeftments  granted,  and  to  be 
granted,  of  the  forefaid  lands  and  lordfliip  of  New  Scotland, 
or  any  part  thereof:  Therefore,  that  this,  our  prefent  charter, 
may  be  more  effe6tual,  and  that  feifm  thereupon  may  be  more 
conveniently  taken,  it  is  neceffary  that  feifin  of  all  and  fun- 
dry  the  forefaid  lands  of  the  faid  country  and  lordfhip  of 
New  Scotland  be  taken  within  our  faid  kingdom  of  Scot- 
land, and  on  the  grounds  and  lands  of  the  fame,  in  the  moft 
eminent  place  thereof,  which  can  neither  conveniently  nor 
lawfully  be  done  without  an  exprefs  union  of  the  faid  coun- 
try and  lordfliip  of  New  Scotland  to  the  faid  kingdom  of 
Scotland:  Wherefore,  and  for  the  advantage  and  readier 
convenience  of  the  aforefaid  feifm,  we,  with  advice  forefaid, 
have  annexed,  united,  and  incorporated,  and  by  our  prefent 
charter,  unite,  annex,  and  incorporate  with  our  faid  king- 
dom of  Scotland  all  and  fundry  the  forefaid  country  and 
lordfliip  of  New  Scotland,  with  the  teinds  and  teind  flieaves 
thereof  included,  and  all  and  fundry  parts,  pertinents,  priv- 
ileges, jurifdi6lions,  and  liberties  of  the  fame,  and  others 
generally  and  fpecially  above  mentioned ;  and  by  our  pref- 
ent charter,  will,  declare,  decern,  and  ordain  that  one  feifm, 
now  to  be  taken  at  our  Caftle  of  Edinburgh,  as  the  mofl; 

eminent 
IS 


\    f 


226 


Charter  of  1625. 


eminent  and  principal  place  of  our  faid  kingdom  of  Scot- 
land, of  all  and  fundry  the  faid  lands,  country,  and  lordfliip 
of  New  Scotland,  or  any  part  of  the  fame,  with  teinds  and 
teind  flieaves  thereof  included,  refpeftively,  is,  and  fliall  be 
fufificient  feifm  for  all  and  whole  the  forefaid  lands,  country, 
and  lordfliip  of  New  Scotland,  with  the  teinds  and  teind 
fheaves  thereof  included,  or  any  part  of  the  faid  lands  and 
country  aforefaid,  and  all  the  privileges,  jurifdidlion,  and 
liberties  thereof  refpedlively,  and  others  fpecially  and  gen- 
erally above  mentioned,  notwithftanding  the  faid  lands, 
country,  and  lordfliip  of  New  Scotland  are  far  diftant,  and 
lie  difcontiguous  from  our  faid  kingdom  of  Scotland ;  as  to 
which,  we,  with  advice  and  confent  forefaid,  have  difpenfed, 
and  by  our  prefent  charter  for  ever  difpenfe ;  without  preju- 
dice and  derogation  always  to  the  faid  privilege  and  prerog- 
ative granted  to  the  forefaid  Sir  William  Alexander,  and  his 
heirs  and  affignees,  of  making  and  eftablifhing  laws,  a6ls, 
and  flatutes,  concerning  all  and  fundry  the  forefaid  lands, 
country,  and  lordfliip  of  New  Scotland,  as  well  by  fea  as  by 
land :  And  by  our  prefent  charter  we  declare  that  notwith- 
flanding  the  faid  union  (which  is  declared  to  be  granted 
folely  for  the  advantage  and  convenience  of  feifin)  the  faid 
country  and  lordfliip  of  New  Scotland  (hall  be  judged,  ruled, 
and  governed  by  the  laws  and  ftatutes  made,  and  to  be 
made,  conftituted,  and  eflabliflied  by  the  faid  Sir  William 
Alexander,  and  his  heirs  and  aflignees,  relating  to  the  faid 
country  and  lordfliip  of  New  Scotland,  in  like  manner,  and 
as  freely,  in  that  refpe6t,  as  if  the  faid  union  had  never  been 
made,  or  hitherto  granted:  And  further,  notwithftanding 

the 


^■'''iliiiii 


Charter  of  1625. 


227 


the  forefaid  union,  it  fliall  be  lawful  to  the  forefaid  Sir  Wil- 
liam Alexander,  and  his  heirs  and  affignees,  to  give,  grant, 
and  difpone  any  parts  or  portions  of  the  faid  lands,  country, 
and  lordfliip  of  New  Scotland,  heritably  belonging  to  them, 
to  and  in  fa\our  of  whatfoever  perfons,  their  heirs  and  af- 
fignees, heritably,  with  the  teinds  and  teind  fheaves  thereof 
included,  (provided  they  are  our  fubjedts)  to  be  holden  of 
the  faid  Sir  William  Alexander,  or  of  us,  and  our  fucceffors, 
either  in  blench  farm,  few  farm,  or  in  ward  and  relief,  at 
their  pleafure  ;  and  to  entitle  and  denominate  the  faid  parts 
and  portions  by  whatfoever  ftyles,  titles,  and  defignations 
fliall  feem  to  them  fit,  or  be  in  the  will  and  option  of  the 
faid  Sir  William,  and  his  forefaids,  which  infeftments  and 
difpofitions  fliall  be  approved  and  confirmed  by  us  or  our 
fucceffors  freely,  without  any  compofition  to  be  paid  there- 
for: Moreover,  we,  and  our  fucceffors,  fliall  receive  what- 
foever refignations  fliall  be  made  by  the  faid  Sir  William 
Alexander,  and  his  heirs  and  affignees,  of  all  and  whole  the 
forefaid  lands  and  lordfliip  of  New  Scotland,  or  of  any  part 
thereof  in  our  hand,  and  (thofe)  of  our  fucceffors  and  Com- 
miffioners  forefaid,  with  the  teinds  and  teind  flieaves  thereof 
included,  and  others  generally  and  fpecially  above  mentioned, 
to  and  in  favour  of  whatfoever  perfon  or  perfons  ^provided 
they  are  our  fubje(5ls,  and  live  under  our  obedience) :  And 
they  fliall  pafs  infeftments  thereon,  to  be  holden  in  free  blench 
farm,  of  us,  our  heirs  and  fucceffors,  in  m.anner  above  men- 
tioned, freely,  without  any  competition  ;  which  lands,  coun- 
try, and  lordfliip  of  New  Scotland,  with  the  teind  flieaves 
thereof  included,  and  all  and  fundry  parts,  pendicles  and 

pertinents. 


m 


228 


Charter  of  1625. 


*i 


i  n 


pertinents,  privileges,  jurifcli6lions,  prerogatives  and  liberties 
of  the  fame,  and  others,  fpecially  and  generally  above  men- 
tioned, together  with  all  right,  title,  interefl,  claim  of  right, 
petitory,  as  well  as  poffeffory,  which  we,  or  our  predeceffors 
or  fucceffors,  had,  have,  or  any  way  could  have,  claim,  or 
pretend  thereto,  or  to  any  part  of  the  fame,  or  to  the  maills, 
farms,  profits  and  duties  thereof,  of  whatfoever  years,  or  terms 
bygone,  for  whatfoever  caufe  or  occafion,  we,  with  advice 
forefaid,  for  the  reafons  above  mentioned,  of  new,  give,  grant, 
and  difpone  to  the  forefaid  Sir  William  Alexander,  and  his 
heirs  and  affignees,  heritably  for  ever ;  renouncing  and  exon- 
erating the  fame  fimpliciter,  with  all  a6lion  and  inflance  here- 
tofore, competent  to,  and  in  favour  of  the  faid  Sir  William 
Alexander  and  his  heirs  and  affignees,  as  well  for  non-pay- 
ment of  the  duties  contained  in  their  original  infeftments, 
as  for  non-performance  of  due  homage,  conform  thereto,  or 
for  non-fulfilment  of  any  point  of  the  faid  original  infeft- 
ment  or  for  commiffion  of  any  fault  or  deed  of  omiffion  or 
commiffion  prejudicial  thereto,  and  whereby  the  faid  origi- 
nal infeftment  may,  in  any  way,  be  lawfully  impugned  or 
called  in  queflion,  for  ever  acquitting  and  remitting  the  fame 
fimpliciter,  with  all  title,  action,  inflance  and  interefl,  here- 
tofore competent,  or  that  may  be  competent  to  us,  and  our 
heirs  and  fucceffors,  renouncing  the  {2lV(\^  Jimp liciter  jure 
lite  et  catifa  cum  pafio  de  non petendo,  and  with  fupplement 
of  defects,  as  well  not  named  as  named,  which  we  will  to  be 
held,  as  expreffed  in  this  our  prefent  charter.  To  be  holden 
in  free  blench  farm,  as  faid  is,  and  difpenfing  with  non-entry, 
whenfoever  it  fliall  happen,  in  manner  forefaid :  Moreover, 

we, 


\ 


1,' 


Charter  of  1625. 


229 


\ 


we,  for  us  and  our  fucceffors,  with  advice  forefaid,  give,  grant 
and  commit  power  to  the  faid  Sir  William  Alexander,  and 
his  heirs  and  aflignees,  of  having  and  lawfully  eilablifliing 
and  caufmg  to  be  coined  current  money,  in  the  faid  country 
and  lordfliip  of  New  Scotland,  and  for  the  readier  conven- 
ience of  commerce  and  bargains  amongft  the  inhabitants 
thereof,  of  fuch  metal,  form,  and  fafliion  as  they  fliall  defign 
or  appoint;  and  for  this  effedl  we  give,  grant  and  commit 
to  them,  or  their  heirs  and  aflignees.  Lieutenants  of  the  faid 
country,  the  privileges  of  coining  money  with  iron  inflru- 
ments,  and  with  officers  neceffary  for  that  purpofe  :  Further, 
we,  for  us  and  our  fucceffors,  with  advice  forefaid,  have  given, 
granted,  ratified,  and  confirmed ;  and  by  our  prefent  charter, 
give,  grant,  ratify,  and  confirm  to  the  faid  Sir  William  Alex- 
ander, and  his  heirs  and  affignees,  all  places,  privileges, 
prerogatives,  pre-eminences,  and  precedencies  whatfoevcr, 
given,  granted,  and  referved,  or  to  be  given,  granted,  and 
referved  to  the  faid  Sir  William  Alexander,  and  his  heirs 
and  aflignees,  and  his  fucceffors,  Lieutenants  of  the  faid 
country  and  lordfliip  of  New  Scotland,  over  the  Knights 
Baronets,  and  remanent  portioners,  and  affociates  of  the 
faid  plantation,  fo  as  the  faid  Sir  William  Alexander,  and 
his  heirs-male  defcending  of  his  body,  as  Lieutenants  fore- 
faid, fliall  and  may  take  place,  prerogative,  pre-eminence, 
and  precedency,  as  well  before  all  efquires,  lairds,  and  gen- 
tlemen, of  our  faid  kingdom  of  Scotland,  as  before  all  the 
forefaid  Knights  Baronets,  of  our  faid  kingdom,  and  all 
others,  before  whom  the  faid  Knights  Baronets,  in  virtue 
of  the  privilege  of  dignity  to  them,  can  have  place  and 

precedency, 


•  f  1 


i 


I: 


I" 


I 


!||| 


? 


230 


Charter  of  1625. 


precedency,  for  the  advancement  of  which  plantation  and 
colony  of  New  Scotland,  and  in  refpedl  of  it  efpecially,  the 
faid  Knights  Baronets  were,  with  advice  forefaid,  created  in 
our  faid  kingdom  of  Scotland,  with  their  ftate  and  dignity, 
as  a  fpecial  token  of  our  favour  conferred  upon  fuch  gentle- 
men, and  honourably  born  perfons,  portioners  of  the  forefaid 
plantation  and  colony ;  with  this  exprefs  provifion  always, 
that  the  number  of  the  forefaid  Baronets  never  exceed  one 
hundred  and  fifty.  Finally,  we,  with  advice  forefaid,  for  us, 
our  heirs  and  fucceffors,  will,  decern,  and  ordain  that  this 
our  Patent  and  infeftment,  with  all  its  contents,  be  ratified, 
approved,  and  confirmed  in  our  next  Parliament  of  our 
kingdom  of  Scotland ;  and  that  it  may  have  the  force, 
flrength,  and  effe6l  of  an  a6l,  flatute,  and  decree  of  that  fu- 
preme  judicatory,  as  to  which  we,  for  us  and  our  fucceffors, 
declare  and  ordain  this  our  prelent  charter  to  be  a  fufficient 
warrant  to  the  Lords  of  the  Articles  of  our  faid  Parliament, 
for  the  ratification  and  confirmation  thereof,  in  manner 
before  written :  Moreover  to  our  lovites  .  .  .  and  each  of  you, 
conjun(5lly  and  feverally,  our  Sheriffs  in  that  part,  efpecially 
conflituted,  greeting :  We  charge  and  command  you,  that 
ye  give  and  deliver  to  the  forefaid  Sir  William  Alexander, 
or  his  certain  Attorney,  bearer  of  thefe  prefents,  heritable 
ftate  and  feifin,  as  well  as  corporal,  adlual,  and  real  poffeffion 
of  all  and  whole  the  forefaid  lands,  country  and  lordfliip  of 
New  Scotland,  with  all  and  fundry  parts,  pendicles,  privi- 
leges, commodities,  immunities  and  others,  generally  as  well 
as  particularly  above  expreffed,  at  our  faid  caflle  of  Edin- 
burgh, without  delay ;  and  this  in  no  wife  ye  leave  undone : 

Which 


:P^ 


•^'^--'^^•■''-'^Mhiritf[%i1iitii1iitt?tTi^^ 


-tm 


Charter  of  1625. 


231 


Which  to  do  we  commit  to  you,  and  each  of  you,con]un(5lly 
and  feverally,  our  Sheriffs  in  that  part  forefaid,  our  full  and 
irrevocable  power  by  our  prefent  charter;  which  feifin  we, 
with  advice  forefaid,  for  us  and  our  fucceffors,  by  our  pref- 
ent charter  will,  declare,  and  ordain  to  be  as  lawful  and 
fufficient,  as  if  precepts  of  feifm,  feparately  and  ordinarily, 
to  that  effe6l  had  been  diredled  out  of  our  Chancery,  upon 
our  faid  charter,  as  to  which  we,  with  advice  forefaid,  for  us, 
our  heirs  and  fucceffors,  have  difpenfed,  and,  by  our  pref- 
ent charter,  for  ever  difpenfe.  In  witnefs  whereof,  we  have 
ordered  our  Great  Seal  to  be  appended  to  this  our  prefent 
charter,  the  witneffes  being  our  well-beloved  coufms  and 
councillors,  James,  Marquefs  of  Hamiltoun,  Earl  of  Arran 
and  Cambridge,  Lord  Aven  and  Innerdaill,  &c. ;  William, 
Earl  Marifliall,  Lord  Keith,  &c.,  Marifhall  of  our  Kingdom; 
our  beloved  councillor,  Sir  George  Hay  of  Kinfanes,  Knight, 
our  Chancellor;  our  well-beloved  coufm  and  councillor, 
Thomas,  Earl  of  Melros,  Lord  Bynning  and  Byres,  our 
Secretary ;  our  beloved  familiar  councillors,  Sir  Richard 
Cokbourne  of  Clerkintoun,  Keeper  of  our  Privy  Seal ;  Sir 
John  Hamiltoun  of  Magdalens,  Clerk  of  our  Rolls,  Regifter 
and  Council ;  Sir  George  Elphingfloun  of  Blythwode,  our 
Juflice-Clerk ;  and  Sir  John  Scott  of  Scotiflarvet,  Dire6tor 
of  our  Chancery,  Knights,  at  our  Palace  of  Otlands,  the  12th 
day  of  July,  anno  Domini  1625,  and  the  firfl  of  our  reign. 


''ii 


i 


ROLL 


OF    THE 


KNIGHTS    BARONETS    OF    NEW    SCOTLAND 

W/io   had    Territorial   Grants  from   Sir   William 
Alexander,  Kt.,  Earl  of  Stirling. 


1625. 

May  28.  Sir  Robert  Gordoux,  Knight,  son  of  the  late  Alex- 
ander Earl  of  Southerland i 

„      28.  William,  Earl  Marischall,  Lord  Kkith,  &c.    .     .  19 

„      2b.  Alexander  Strachan,  of  Strachan. 

„      .V  .  Sir  Duncan  Campbell,  of  Glcnurquhie,  Knight,  &c.  .  46 

„      29.  Robert  Innes,  of  Lines 49 

„      29.  Sir  John  VVeymis,  of  Weymis,  Knight 50 

„      30.  David  Livingstoun,  of  Donnepace  or  Donypace    .     .  20 

„      30.  Sir  William  Douglas,  of  Glenbervie,  Knight  ...  20 

July    14.  Sir  Donald  Makdonald,  of  vSlett,  Knight      ....  72 

„      19.  Matter  Richard  Murray,  of  Cockpuill 22 

Aug.  30. 

Note.  —  The  numbers  affixed  to  the  alfo  in  the  "Recjifler  of  Signatouris  in 

names  refer  to  the  pages  of  a  book  in  the  Office  of  Comptrollerie."  but  others 

the    General    Regifter    Houfe,    Edin-  feem  not  to  have  been  regiftered.     See 

burgh,   containing   Precepts  of  Char-  Royal  Letters^  Charters^  and  Trails, 

ters  to  the  Knights  Baronets  of  New  Edinburgh,  1867,  pp.  120-123. 

Scotland.     The   following  title  is   on  The  Roll  was  prepared  by  the  dif- 

the  back:   "Regift.  Precep.  Cart,  prq  tinguiflied  antiquary  and  fcholar  David 

Baronettis  Nov.  Scotiae."     The  names  Laing,  LL.D.,  of  Edinburgli,  and  was 

having  no  references  are  given  on  the  printed  for  the  Bannatyne  Club,  and  is 

authority  of  former  lifts.  introduced  into  this  volume  with  his 

Some  of  the  precepts  are  included  in  permiffion, 
the  "  Regifter  of  the  Great  Seal,"  and 


% 


%\ 


&  f 


234 


i  I 


Aug. 

30- 

»» 

31- 

Sept 

I, 

?» 

2. 

?i 

J' 

Nov. 

•'7- 

Dec. 

28. 

»> 

28. 

»» 

28. 

1620. 

March 

30- 

55 

31- 

April 

21. 

»» 

22. 

»» 

24. 

May 

I. 

June 

I. 

July 

18. 

Sept. 

29. 

1627. 

March 

i   18. 

^* 

r'S. 

April 

18. 

May 

2. 

June 

35. 

July 

4- 

»; 

17- 

iy 

19. 

19 

20. 

Oct. 

1 8. 

Nov. 

21. 

Dec. 

13- 

Knights  Baronets 

John  Colquhoun,  of  Lufs 21 

Sir  Alexander  Goudoun,  of  Clunie,  Kniglit  ...  22 

John  Leslie,  of  Wardes 23 

James  Gordoun,  of  Lefmoir 24 

Gilbert  Ramsay,  of  Balmayne 23 

Sir  George  Forrester,  of  Corftorphine,  Knight.     .  67 

Erskine. 

Sir  William  Grah.'Mwe,  of  Braco,  Knight  ....  65 
Patrick  Hume,  of  Polwarth. 


William  Forbes,  of  Monymuflc     .     . 
George  Johnstoun,  of  Cafkibene  .     . 
Sir  T' -omas  Burnet,  of  Leyis,  Knight 
John  Moncreiff,  of  Moncreiff' .     .     . 
George  Ogilvie,  of  Carnowfie  .     .     . 
Robert  Gordoun,  of  Lochinvar. 
Sir  Wjlliam  Murray,  of  Chiirmounth,  Kti 
Sir  John  Blakader,  of  TuUialline,  Knight 
Sir  John  Ogilvie,  of  Inneiquharatie  .     . 


ght 


Sir  Donald  McKye,  of  Strathnaver,  Knight  . 
Sir  James  Maxwell,  of  Calderwood,  Knight  . 
James   Stewart,   fecond   lawful   fon   of  Alexander 

Earl  of  G.Jloway 

Sir  Archibald  Nepar,  of  Merchiftoun,  Knight 

John  Levingstoun,  of  Kinnaii-d 

William  L-'unny^^ghame,  of  dmnynghamehead 
James  Carmichaell,  of  Wertert-aw    .... 
Mafler  J\MES  IvIakgill,  of  Cranftounriddell 

George  Ogilvie,  of  Banff 

Samuel  Johnstoun,  of  Elphinftoun  .... 
William  Cockburne,  apparent  of  Langtoun  . 
Colin  Campbel.:.,  of  Lundie  in  Angus  .  .  . 
James  Campbell-  of  Aberui,hill. 


24 

25 

25 

27 

26 

27 
28 

45 

SI 
68 


74 

45 

47 
48 

77 

49 
48 

59 

63 

54 
i62d. 


i(    t , 


A:   \J~ 


.'W^  ' 


m 


1628, 
Jan. 

>» 

» 
»» 
»» 
Feb. 

» 

»» 
May 

>» 
ii 

»> 
»» 
»» 
June 


Sept. 


Oct. 


1629. 
June 
July 

» 

»» 

j> 

j> 
Nov. 

1630. 
March 


of  New  Scotland,  235 

I.    Sir  Archibald  AcHisoNE,  of  Clancairny,  Knight     .    7, 
^o-  Sandilands. 

10.    Sir  Robert  MoNTGOMERiE,  of  Skelmurlie,  Knight  .    6i 
12.    James  Halliburton,  of  Pitcur. 

12.    DuGALD  Cami-bell,  >f  Auchinbreck     ...  g^ 

14.    Mailer  Donald  Campbell,  of  Ardnamurachane    .'    .'    61 

19.    ^'-^fter  Thomas  Hope,  of  Craighall,  King's  Advocate    ci 
22.    bir  James  Skene,  of  Curriehill. 

22.  SirJoHNPRESTouN,  of  Airdrie,  Knight    ....  hq 

22.  Alexander  Gibson,  of  Durie.  '    '    '  I 

14.  John  Crawford,  of  Kilbirny. 

14.  John  Riddell,  of  Riddell g^ 

15.  Sir  Archibald  Murray,  of  BlackbLrronie,  Knight  .'  c8 

16.  Sir  Patrick  Murray,  of  Elibank,  Knight    .    .    .     .    %e 
2''  Cadell. 

21.    Sii  John  McKenzie,  of  Tarbet,  Knight    .  ^x 

20.    Mafter  William  Elphingstoun,   Cupbearer  to  his' 

„„     ,.    ^""^'^l 66 

29.    Robert  Barr. 

29.    Captain  Arthur  Forbes,  of  Caftle  Forbes  (Lon^- 
ford) * 

29.    Francis  Hammilton,  of  Killach  (Down)    *.    '    '     '    tq 
2.    Andrew  Stewart,  Lord  Caftlefte wart  (T>. one).*    ' 
Edward  (Barrett)  Lord  of  Nevrburgh .....    62 

26.  William  Bruce,  of  Stanehoufe g. 

27.  Mafter  John  Nicolsone,  of  Lefwade    ."    .*    .*.'*'    s< 

27.  Michael  Arnot,  fear  of  Arnot  .....'.*'*  68 

28.  MafterJ^MEsOLiPHANT,  of  Newtoun.'  .*  .'.'*'  (,, 
28.  Sir  Patrick  Agnew,  of  Lochnaw,  Knight  .  .  *  e^ 
28.  Sir  William  Keith,  of  Ludquharne,  Kpi^wt     .    .    .'  68 

30.  ClaudeSt.Estienne,  Seigneur  de  la  Tour. 

31.  Sir  Robert  Hannay,  of  Mochrum,  Knight .    ...    92 

April  20. 


i 


236 

April     20. 
„         18. 

„         24. 


May 

12 

July 

24 

Oct. 

2. 

Nov. 

13 

»> 

25- 

ij 

25- 

1631. 

March 

5- 

June 

2. 

?? 

iS. 

Sept 

3- 

1633- 

Dec. 

22. 

» 

23- 

1634. 

June 

7- 

n 


»» 

7- 

June 

7- 

1635- 

Jan. 

6. 

(June 

S.) 

«< 

iS. 

Knights  Baronets 

WiM.iAM  Forbes,  of  Cragivar 70 

Jamks  Loud  Stewart,  of  Ochiltrie. 
(Cancelled  before  being  recorded.) 

Sir  Peirs  Corsbie,  Knight,  one  of  the  Privy  Council 
in  Ireland,  and  Walter  Corsbie,  of  Corfbie  Park 
(VVicklow),  and  the  heirs  male  of  either  ....     74 

Charles  St.  Estienne,  Seigneur  de  St.  Denis  Court. 

James  Sibbald,  of  Rankelour .    69 

William  Murray,  of  New  Dunearn. 

Robert  Richardsone,  of  Pencaitland 69 

John  Maxwell,  of  Pollock. 

David  Cunnyngham,  of  Robertlandis 7^ 

Sir  Henry  Wardlaw,  of  Pittrevie,  Knight  ....  71 
James  Sinclare,  of  Caniefbie,  fon  lawful  of  Sir  Wil- 
liam Sinclare  of  Catboll,  Knight 72 

John  Gordoun,  of  Kanbo 73 

Laciilan  McLeane,  of  Morvaren 74 

Sir  James  Balfour   (of  Denmilne),  Knight,  Lyon 

King  at  Armes 88 

David  Cunnynghame,  of  Auchinhervie 77 

Piiilbert  Vernate,  of  Cafletoun  (in  Yorklhire), 
Knight -78 

Captain  Henry  Binghame,  of  Caftlewar  (in  County 
Mayo  in  Ireland) So 

Colonel  Hector  Monro,  of  Foullis 80 

Alexander  FouLLES,  fear  of  Colingtoun 81 

James  Hammiltoun,  of  Broomehill 81 

Sir  John  Gascoigne,  of  Barnbow,  in  regionem  Or- 

caden  (the  date  left  blank) 82 

Walter  Nortoun,  of  Cheflone  in   the  County  of 

Suffolk 83 

June  29. 


il-^^>^ 


fii-'' VxiH 


1o 


74 

69 
71 
71 


0/  New  Scotland.  237 

June      29.    Arthur  Pilkington,  of  Stainlie  in  the  County  of 

York 83 

Sept.     36.    Edward  Widdrington,  of  Cairntington,  Northum- 
berland   gj^ 

Dec.      10.    James  Hay,  of  Smithfield 84 

„        19.    Maria  Bolles,  of  Ofburtone  in  the  County  of  Not- 
tingham, widow,  and  lier  heirs  male  and  affignees      84 
„        19.    John  Raney,  of  Rotham  alias  Rutam,  in  the  County 

of  Kent gq 

1636. 

Feb.      17.    John  Fortescue,  of  Salden  in  the  County  of  Buck- 
ingham    86 

„        20.    Thomas  Thomsone,  of  Dudingftoun 86 

June      17.    JoHNE  Browne,  of  Neale  (Mayo). 

„        18.    Edward  Moir,  of  Longfuird  in  the  County  of  Not- 
tingham   ^^ 

„        18.    Alexander  Abercromby,  of  Birkenbog. 

„        18.    John  Sinclare,  of  Stevinftoun 87 

„        18.    John  Curzon,  of  Kedleftone  in  the  County  of  Derby  87 

Sept.     13.    John  Rany,  of  Rotham  (see  1635,  Dec.  19)  .     .     .    .  88 

Nov.     21.    Gedian  Bailzif.,  of  Lochend 89 

1637, 

Jan.       1 6.    Mafler  Thomas  Nicholson,  of  Carnock 89 

March  13.    Mafter  George  Preston,  fear  of  Valafeild  ....  89 

July      31.    Andrew  Ker,  of  Greinheid 91 

1638. 

March    2.    Henry  Slingsbie,  of  Skriven  in  the  County  of  York  91 

„        24.    Thomas  Peir,  of  Stanypittis  in  the  County  of  Kent  .  91 
Dec.      17.    Edward  Languell,  of  Wolwerdin  in  the  County  of 

Buckingham 03 

(Two  blank  precepts,  names  and  dates  not  fupplied) 93 

Note.  — It  may  be   obferved    that  be  done  either  in  New  Scotland  or  at 

only  a  part  of  thofe  who  obtained  char-  Edinburgh.     Of  this  clafs  Sir  Thomas 

ters  took  feifin,  or,  in  other  words,  went  Banks  defignates  forty-one,  while  he 

through  the  proper  legal  form  of  taking  records    the    names    of   feventy-three 

poireffion  of  their  baronies,  which  could  whofe  charters  were  followed  by  feifin. 


r 


II 

f   ^ 


l)        I 


II      ^. ' 


CHARTER 


IN  FAVOR   OF 


Sir  William  Alexander,   Knight, 

Of  the  Country  and  LordJJiip  of  Canada  in  America^ 

2  February,  1628-9. 


HARLES,  by  the  Grace  of  God,  King  of  Great 
Britain,  France  and  Ireland,  and  Defender  of 
the  Faith.  To  all  good  men  of  his  whole  land, 
clergy  and  laity,  Greeting :  Know  ye,  that  we,  being  per- 
fecftly  mindful  by  what  engagement  our  faithful  and  well- 
beloved  Councillor,  Sir  William  Alexander  of  Menflrie, 
Knight,  our  Principal  Secretary  for  our  kingdom  of  Scot- 
land, and  Hereditary  Lieutenant  of  our  country  and  do- 
minion of  New  Scotland,  in  America,  has  fuftained  great 
charges  and  expenfes  in  his  various  undertakings,  in  the 
providing  of  fliips,  engines  of  war,  ordnance  and  munitions, 
in  the  condu6ling  of  colonies ;  as  alfo,  in  exploring,  fettling 

and 

Note.  —  This    tranflation  is   taken  been  made  except  that   "  New   Scot- 

from  the  Appendix  to  a  narrative  of  land"  is  introduced  inftead  of  "Nova 

Law  Proceedings  privately  printed  at  Scotia,"  wherever  the  Latin  form  oc- 

Edinburgh  in  1836.     No  revifion  has  curs. 


240 


Charter  of  1628-9. 


hi     i 


\ 


and  taking  poffeffion  of  the  faid  country ;  and  whereby,  he, 
and  our  other  fubjedls,  who  alongfl  with  him  were  to  find 
a  fettlement  in  the  faid  country,  might  be  aflifled  for  the 
further  diffufion  of  the  Chriflian  rehgion,  in  thofe  parts  of 
our  dominions,  its  propagation  therein,  and  the  expedled 
revealing  and  difcovery  of  a  way  or  paffage  to  thofe  feas, 
which  lie  upon  America  on  the  weft,  commonly  called  the 
South  Sea,  from  which  the  head,  or  fource  of  that  great 
River  or  Gulf  of  Canada,  or  fome  river  flowing  into  it,  is 
deemed  to  be  not  far  diftant ;  and  fince  by  the  example 
already  exhibited  by  the  faid  Sir  William  in  the  exploring 
and  fettling  of  the  faid  country  of  New  Scotland,  terminat- 
ing at  the  forefaid  Gulf  and  River  Canada,  he  has  propofed 
eflablifliments  by  him  in  thofe  parts  of  the  plantation,  which 
feem  to  be  favourable  for  Ihe  propagation  of  the  faid  relig- 
ion, and  tending  only  to  the  great  honour  and  profit  of  our 
ancient  kingdom  of  Scotland,  whence  it  may  come  to  pafs 
that  the  faid  colonies  to  be  planted  by  him  and  his  fucceffors, 
may  by  this  means,  in  procefs  of  time,  difcover  the  forefaid 
way  or  paffage  to  the  faid  feas,  much  hitherto,  for  very 
weighty  confiderations,  defired  and  fo  often  by  various  per- 
fons  undertaken.  Therefore,  and  for  exciting  the  more  ear- 
nefl  refolutions  of  the  faid  Sir  William,  his  heirs,  affignees, 
portioners  and  affociates,  to  further  progrefs  in  fuch  and  fo 
great  an  enterprife,  we,  with  the  fpecial  advice  and  confent 
of  our  very  faithful  and  well-beloved  Coufin  and  Councillor, 
John,  Earl  of  Mar,  Lord  Erfkene  and  Gareoch,  our  High 
Treafurer,  Comptroller,  Colledior  and  Treafurer  of  our  new 
augmentations  of  our  kingdom  of  Scotland ;  our  faithful 

and 


V 


Charter  of  1628-9. 


241 


and  well-beloved  Councillor,  Archibald,  Lord  Naper  of 
Merchingstoun,  our  deputy  in  the  faid  offices,  and  the  re- 
manent Lords  of  our  Privy  Council ;  our  Commiffioners 
of  our  faid  kingdom  of  Scotland  ;  have  given,  granted,  and 
difponed,  and,  by  our  prefent  charter,  give,  grant,  and  dif- 
pone  to  the  forefaid  Sir  William  Alexander,  his  heirs  and 
affignees,  heritably,  for  ever,  all  and  fundry  iflands  within 
the  Gulf  of  Canada,  lying  between  New  Scotland  and  New- 
foundland, at  the  mouth  and  entrance  of  the  great  river 
Canada  aforefaid,  where  it  falls  and  enters  into  the  faid 
Gulf  (including  therein  the  great  ifland  Anticofli).  Alfo,  we 
have  given,  granted,  and  difponed,  and,  by  our  prefent 
charter,  give,  grant,  and  difpone  to  the  before-named  Sir 
William  Alexander,  all  and  fundry  iflands,  lying  within  the 
faid  river  Canada,  from  the  faid  mouth  and  entrance,  up  to 
the  head,  fountain,  and  fource  thereof,  wherefoever  it  be,  or 
the  lake  whence  it  flows,  (which  is  thought  to  be  towards  the 
Gulf  of  California,  called  by  fome  the  Vermilion  Sea,)  or 
within  any  other  rivers  flowing  into  the  faid  river  Canada, 
or  in  whatfoever  lakes,  waters,  or  arms  of  the  fea,  through 
which  either  the  faid  great  river  Canada,  or  any  of  the  faid 
other  rivers  pafs,  or  in  which  they  difcharge  themfelves. 
And  further,  we  have  given  and  granted,  and  by  our  prefent 
charter  give  and  grant  to  the  forefaid  Sir  William,  and  his 
forefaids,  fifty  leagues  of  bounds,  on  both  fides  of  the  fore- 
faid river  Canada,  from  the  faid  mouth  and  entrance,  to  the 
faid  head,  fountain,  and  fource  thereof ;  alfo  on  both  fides 
of  the  faid  other  rivers  flowing  into  the  fame ;  as  alfo, 
on  both  fides  of  the  faid  lakes,  arms  of  the  fea,  or  waters, 

tlirough 
16 


242 


Charter  of  1628-9. 


through  which  any  of  the  faid  rivers  have  their  courfe,  or 
in  which  they  terminate ;  and,  in  like  manner,  we  have 
given  and  granted,  and,  by  our  prefent  charter,  give  and 
grant  to  the  forefaid  Sir  William  Alexander,  and  his  fore- 
faids,  all  and  whole  the  bounds  and  palTages,  as  well  in 
waters  as  on  land,  from  the  forefaid  head,  fountain,  and 
fource  of  (the  river)  Canada,  wherefoever  it  is,  or  from 
whatfoever  lake  it  flows,  down  to  the  forefaid  Gulf  of  Cal- 
ifornia, whatfoever  the  diftance  fliall  be  found  to  be,  with 
fifty  leagues  altogether  on  both  fides  of  the  faid  paffage, 
before  the  faid  head  of  (the  river)  Canada,  and  Gulf  of  Cal- 
ifornia ;  and  likewife,  all  and  fundry  iflands  lying  within 
the  faid  Gulf  of  California ;  as  alfo,  all  and  whole  the  lands 
and  bounds  adjacent  to  the  faid  Gulf,  on  the  Wefl  and 
South,  whether  they  be  found  a  part  of  the  continent  or 
main  land,  or  an  ifland  (as  it  is  thought  they  are)  which  is 
commonly  called  and  diftinguiflied  by  the  name  of  Califor- 
nia. Moreover,  we  have  given  and  granted,  and,  by  our 
prefent  charter,  give  and  grant,  and  for  us  and  our  fuccef- 
fors,  with  advice  and  confent  forefaid,  perpetually  confirm 
to  the  forefaid  Sir  William  Alexander,  his  heirs  and  affignees 
whatfoever,  heritably,  all  and  fundry  other  lands,  bounds, 
lakes,  rivers,  arms  of  the  fea,  woods,  forefls,  and  others  that 
fliall  be  found,  conquered  or  difcovered,  at  any  f  'ure  time, 
by  him  or  his  fuccelTors,  their  partners,  affociates,  or  others 
in  their  name,  or  having  power  from  them,  upon  both  fides 
of  the  whole  bounds  and  paffages  forefaid,  from  the  mouth 
and  entrance  of  the  faid  river  Canada,  where  it  difcharges 
itfelf  into  the  faid  Gulf  of  Canada,  to  the  faid  Gulf  of  Cali- 
fornia, 


Charter  of  1628-9. 


243 


fornia,  or  the  iflands  in  the  feas  thereto  adjacent,  which  are 
not  yet  really  and  adlually  poffeffed  by  others,  our  fubjccls, 
or  the  fubjedts  of  any  other  Chriftian  Prince,  or  conftituted 
Orders  in  alliance  and  friendfliip  with  us,  with  full  and 
abfolutc  power  to  him  the  faid  Sir  William  Alexander,  and 
his  forefaids,  (and  to  no  others,)  their  (le wards,  fervants, 
and  others  in  their  name,  of  eftablifhing  colonies,  and  en- 
gaging in  commerce,  in  the  before-named  places  or  bounds, 
or  any  part  of  them  particularly  defigned,  and  of  expelling 
or  debarring  all  others  from  the  fame :  alfo,  of  leafing  out 
proportions  of  the  lands  thereof,  to  whatfoever  perfon  or 
perfons  fliall  feem  to  him  fit,  and  on  the  fame  terms,  con- 
ditions, reftri6lions,  and  obfervances,  within  all  the  before- 
named  bounds,  as  he  can  do  in  New  Scotland,  by  whatfoever 
Charters  or  Patents  granted  to  him  by  our  late  dearefl  father 
or  by  ourfelves :  Alfo,  with  fuch,  and  as  great  privileges  and 
immunities,  in  all  the  forefaid  places,  or  bounds,  iflands, 
and  others  above  written,  as  well  in  the  fea  and  frefli  water, 
as  on  land,  as  the  faid  Sir  William  Alexander  has  in  New 
Scotland,  by  his  prior  Charters  or  Patents  of  New  Scotland, 
dated  at 

which  privilege  contained  in  the  faid  prior  charters, 
and  every  one  of  them,  we  ordain  to  be  equally  fufficient 
and  valid,  and  altogether  of  the  fame  ftrength,  force,  and 
effect,  as  if  each  had  been  herein,  word  for  word,  particu- 
larly, and  by  itfelf,  granted  and  expreffed ;  as  to  the  not 
particular  infertion  of  which  herein,  we,  for  us  and  our 
fucceffors,  have  difpenfed,  and,  by  our  prefent  charter,  for 
ever  difpenfe ;  declaring  alfo,  as  we,  with  advice  and  confent 

forefaid, 


ill 


244 


Charter  of  1628-9. 


jt'  ' ' 


forefaid,  ordain  and  declare,  for  us  and  our  fucceffors,  that 
this  our  prefent  Charter  or  Patent  fliall  in  nowife  be  pre- 
judicial or  derogatory  to  whatfoever  rights,  Charters,  or 
Patents,  granted  to  the  forefaid  Sir  WilHam  Alexander  or 
his  forefaids,  of,  or  concerning  New  Scotland,  at  what- 
foever time  preceding  the  date  of  thefe  prefents,  or  to 
any  head,  claufe,  article,  or  condition,  therein  expreffed, 
as  alfo  fliall  be,  without  prejudice,  to  any  prior  charter 
granted  by  us  ere  now,  or  to  be  granted  at  any  time  to 
come  to  whatfoever  Baronets  within  Scotland,  of  the  coun- 
try of  New  Scotland ;  prohibiting  and  forbidding  all  and 
fundry  our  fubjects,  of  whatfoever  degree  or  condition, 
wherefoever,  in  our  kingdoms  or  dominions,  to  make  any 
plantation,  or  engage  in  any  commerce  in  the  faid  plat  s  or 
bounds,  gulfs,  rivers,  lakes,  iflands,  and  arms  of  the  fea  above 
written,  or  in  any  part  thereof,  without  the  fpecial  advice, 
permiffion,  and  confent  of  the  forefaid  Sir  William  Alexan- 
der, or  his  forefaids ;  and  with  fpecial  power  to  the  faid  Sir 
William  Alexander,  and  his  forefaids,  of  feizing,  arrefting, 
and  apprehending  all  and  fundry  perfons,  who  fliall  be  found 
to  be  in  trade,  and  engaged  in  commerce  in  any  part  of  the 
faid  places  or  bounds,  contrary  to  this  prohibition,  and  of 
confifcating  their  fliips  and  goods,  and  difpoflng  thereof  at 
pleafure,  to  their  own  proper  ufes,  without  rendering  any 
count  or  reckoning  in  any  manner,  for  the  fame,  or  any  part 
thereof ;  and  of  doing  all  other  things  within  all  and  whole 
the  before-named  bounds  or  f paces,  as  freely  and  fully,  to 
all  intents,  purpofes,  and  inflru6lions,  as  the  forefaid  Sir 
William  Alexander  and  his  forefaids  could  have  done,  or 

can 


"■^ik^- 


Charter  of  1628-9. 


245 


can  do  within  the  faid  country  of  New  Scotland,  or  our  faid 
kingdom  of  Scotland,  in  virtue  of  any  of  the  faid  letters- 
patent,  prior  Charters  or  Patents :  To  be  holden,  and  to  hold 
all  and  whole  the  before-named  lands,  fpaces  or  bounds, 
iflands,  and  others,  generally  and  particularly  exprelTed, 
with  their  fundry  privileges,  immunities,  and  commodities 
whatfoever,  generally  and  particularly,  above  mentioned,  by 
the  forefaid  Sir  William  Alexander  and  his  forefaids,  of  us 
and  our  fuccelTors,  of  the  Crown  and  our  kingdom  of  Scot- 
land, in  free  blench  farm  for  ever,  by  all  their  right,  meiths, 
old  and  divided,  as  they  lie  in  length  and  breadth,  in  houfes, 
buildings,  thickets,  plains,  muirs,  marflies,  roads,  footpaths, 
waters,  pools,  rivulets,  meadows,  grazings,  and  paftures; 
mills,  multures,  and  their  fequels ;  fowlings,  huntings,  filh- 
ings,  peat  ground,  turf  grounds,  coals,  coal  pits,  rabbits' 
warrens,  pigeons,  dovecots,  forges,  kilns,  breweries,  rnd 
broom  woods,  groves  and  flirubs,  buried  trees,  timber,  quar- 
ries, (lone,  and  lime  ;  with  courts  and  their  dues ;  herezelds, 
fines,  and  raids  of  women ;  with  common  pafturage,  and 
free  ifli  and  entry ;  and  with  all  other  and  fundry  liberties, 
commodities,  profits,  eafements,  and  juft  pertinents  thereof 
v/hatfoever,  as  well  not  named  as  named,  under  ground  as 
above  ground,  far  and  near,  belonging,  or  which  may  juftly 
belong,  in  any  manner,  for  the  future,  to  the  forefaid  lands, 
with  the  pertinents,  freely,  quietly,  fully,  entirely,  honourably, 
well  and  in  peace,  with  gibbet,  ditch,  fuit,  liberty  of  pleas, 
toll,  power  of  having  fervants,  foreftry,  fea  wreck,  ware,  waif, 
venifon ;  jurifdi6lion  over  thieves  taken  within  and  without 
the  liberties ;   pit  and  gallows,  without  any  impediment, 

revocation 


246 


Charter  of  1628-9. 


revocation,  contradicflion,  or  obftaclc  whatforvcr;  paying 
therefor  yearly,  the  faid  Sir  William,  and  his  fortfaids,  to 
us  and  our  fucceffors,  one  penny,  Scots  money,  upon  the 
ground  of  the  faid  lands,  or  any  part  thereof,  at  the  Feafl: 
of  the  Nativity  of  our  Lord,  in  name  of  blench  farm,  if 
afked  only ;  which  whole  and  entire  fore-named  lands, 
fpaces  or  bounds,  ifiands  and  others,  generally  and  partic- 
ularly, above  expreffed,  as  faid  is,  we,  with  the  fpecial  advice 
and  confent  forefaid,  for  us  and  our  fucceffors,  have  erecSled 
and  united,  and,  by  our  prefent  charter,  eredl:  and  unite  into 
one  entire  and  free  lordlhip  for  ever,  to  be  called  of  Canada, 
heritably  belonging  and  pertaining  to  the  before-mentioned 
Sir  William  Alexander,  and  his  forefaids :  Alfo,  w^e,  by  our 
prefent  charter,  are  gracioufly  pleafed,  that  whenfoever  the 
faid  Sir  William  Alexander,  and  his  forefaids,  or  any  of 
them,  fliall  wifh  and  defire  this  our  prefent  charter  to  be 
renewed,  with  all  and  fundry  beneficial  claufes  and  condi- 
tions, as  in  the  faid  prior  charters  or  patents  of  New  Scot- 
land, or  as  he,  his  forefaids,  or  any  of  them,  on  confultation 
of  counfel,  or  by  any  fpecial  examination  towards  the  fur- 
ther or  more  certain  difcovery  of  the  faid  places  or  bounds, 
rivers,  lakes,  arms  of  the  fea,  or  paffages,  and  others  above 
mentioned,  fliall  fee  to  be  more  advantageous  and  expedient, 
then,  and  in  that  cafe,  we,  on  the  word  of  a  prince,  promife, 
that  we  will  renew  and  alter  the  faid  charter  to  the  forefaid 
Sir  William  Alexander  and  his  forefaids,  in  the  befl  and 
mofl  ample  form  that  can  be  conceived :  Moreover,  we,  by 
our  prefent  charter,  with  advice  and  confent  forefaid,  decern, 
declare,  and  ordain,  that  feifm  to  be  taken  by  the  faid  Sir 

William 


Charter  of  1628-9. 


247 


William  Alexander,  or  his  forefaids,  at  our  Caflle  of  Hdin- 
biirgh,  as  the  mod  eminent  and  principal  place  of  our  faid 
kingdom  of  Scotland,  or  upon  the  foil  and  ground  oi  the 
forefaid  lands,  bounds,  and  iflands,  or  any  part  thereof,  at 
the  pleafure  and  will  of  the  faid  Sir  William,  and  his  fore- 
faids, fhall  in  all  time  coming,  be  fuflficient  for  all  and  whole 
the  before-named  lands,  bounds,  illands,  and  others  above 
fpecified,  or  any  part  or  portion  thereof;  and  that  the  heirs 
of  the  forefaid  Sir  William,  and  his  forefaids,  may  be  feifed 
in  all  and  fundry  the  before-named  lands,  bounds,  iflands, 
and  others  forefaid,  by  precepts  out  of  either  the  chancery 
of  our  faid  kingdom  of  Scotland,  or  the  chancery  to  be 
inftituted  by  the  faid  Sir  William,  and  his  forefaids,  in  the 
aforefaid  country  and  lordfliip  of  Canada,  as  they  incline, 
or  alfo  as  their  heirs  can  be  feifed,  by  their  faid  prior  grants 
in  New  Scotland,  as  to  which  we,  with  advice  and  confent 
forefaid,  for  us  and  our  fucceffors,  have  difpenfed,  and  by 
our  prefent  charter,  for  ever  difpenfe,  and  as  to  all  and  fun- 
dry  the  before-named  privileges  and  others,  generally  and 
particularly  above  mentioned:  And  further,  we  have  made 
and  conflituted,  and,  by  our  prefent  charter,  make  and  con- 
ftitute, 

and  any  of  them,  conjundlly  and  feverally,  our  bailies  in 
that  part,  giving  and  granting  our  full  power  and  fpccial 
warrant  to  them,  and  any  one  of  them,  for  giving,  granting, 
and  delivering  to  the  forefaid  Sir  William  Alexander,  and 
his  forefaids,  or  to  their  certain  attorneys,  holding  or  pro- 
ducing this  our  prefent  charter,  heritable  flate  and  feifm,  as 
well  as  a(5lual,  real,  and  corporal  poffeffion  of  all  and  fundry 

the 


TJISt.V^'^ 


•t     ,, 


,    * 


M   ! 


'f    !       ■ 


1) 


!« 


'   ij 


248 


Charter  of  1628-9. 


the  before-named  lands,  bounds,  rivers,  lakes,  iflands,  arms 
of  the  fea,  or  paffages,  and  others  whatfoever,  generally  and 
particularly  above  expreffed,  of  the  faid  country  and  lord- 
fliip  of  Canada,  at  our  faid  Caflle  of  Edinburgh,  or  upon  the 
foil  and  ground  of  any  part  of  the  forefaid  lands  and  bounds, 
or  places,  or  in  both  manners,  at  the  pleafure  of  the  faid  Sir 
William  Alexander,  and  his  forefaids,  commanding  them, 
and  any  one  of  them,  that,  on  fight  of  thefe  prefents,  they, 
or  any  one  of  them,  forthwith  giv^e  and  deliver  heritable 
ftate  and  fcifm,  as  well  as  a6lual,  real,  and  corporal  poffeffion 
of  all  and  fundi y  the  before-named  lands,  places  or  bounds, 
iflands,  rivers,  lakes,  and  others  forefaid,  generally  and 
particularly  above  expreffed,  to  the  forefaid  Sir  William 
Alexander,  and  his  forefaids,  or  to  their  certain  attorneys, 
holding  or  producing  this  our  prefent  charter,  upon  any 
part  of  the  ground  of  the  faid  lands,  or  at  our  Caflle  of 
Edinburgh,  or  in  both  manners,  as  fliall  appear  to  him  and 
his  forefaids  befl,  by  delivery  of  earth  and  flone  to  the  fore- 
faid Sir  William  Alexander,  and  his  forefaids,  or  to  their 
attorneys,  holding  or  producing  this  our  prefent  charter  at 
the  faid  '"iftle,  or  upon  the  foil  and  ground  of  the  faid  lands 
and  others  above  wTitten,  or  in  both  manners,  as  the  faid 
Sir  William,  and  his  forefaids,  incline,  which  feifm  fo  to  be 
delivered  by  our  fa'd  bailies  in  tliat  part  to  the  forefaid  Sir 
William,  and  his  fccfaicls,  or  to  their  attorneys,  holding  or 
producing  this  our  prefent  charter,  we,  for  us  and  our  fuc- 
ceffors,  decern  and  ordain  to  be  good,  lawful,  valid,  and 
fufficient  in  all  time  coming,  difpenfing,  as  we,  by  ou'-  pref- 
ent charter  difpenfe,  as  to  all  that  can  be  objected  againfl 

the 


.\' 


Charter  of  1628-9. 


249 


the  fame,  whether  in  form  or  in  effe(5l.  Laflly,  we,  for  us 
and  our  fucceffors,  with  advice  and  confent  forefaid,  will, 
decern,  declare,  and  ordain  this  our  prefent  chartei*,  with 
all  and  fundry  privileges,  lib'-^rtie?,  claufcs,  and  conditions, 
above  mentioned,  to  be  ratified,  approved,  and  confirmed, 
in  our  next  Parliament  of  our  kingdom  of  Scotland,  or  in 
any  other  Parliament  of  the  faid  kingdcm  hereafter  to  be 
holden,  at  the  will  and  pleafure  of  the  laid  Sir  William 
Alexander,  and  his  forefaids,  and  to  have  the  ftrcngth,  force, 
and  effe6l  of  a  decree  of  that  fupreme  court,  which  to  do, 
we,  for  us  and  our  fucceffors,  will  and  declare  our  faid  char- 
ter, and  claufes  therein  contained,  to  be  a  fufficient  mandate 
or  warrant,  promifing,  on  the  word  of  a  King,  that  the  fame 
fhall  be  fo  done  and  performed.  In  witnefs  whereof,  we 
have  ordered  our  Great  Seal  to  be  appended  to  this  our 
prefent  charter,  the  witneffes  being,  as  in  others  (charters), 
our  coufms  and  councillors,  James,  Marquefs  of  Hamiltoun, 
Earl  of  Arrau  and  Cambridge,  Lord  Aven  and  Innerdaill, 
Willic.m,  Earl  Mariflial,  Lord  Keyth,  &c.,  Mariflial  of  our 
Kingdom,  George  Vifcount  of  Duplin,  Lord  Hay,  of  Kin- 
fawins,  our  Chancellor,  Thomas,  Earl  of  Hadingtoun,  Lord 
Bynning  and  Byres,  &c..  Keeper  of  our  Privy  Seal,  our 
beloved  familiar  councillors.  Sir  William  Alexander,  of 
Menftrie,  our  principal  Secretary,  Sir  James  Hamiltoun,  of 
Magdalenis,  Clerk  of  our  Rolls,  Regifler,  and  Council,  Sir 
George  Elphingfloun  of  Blythifwode,  our  Juflice  Clerk,  and 
Sir  John  Scot,  of  Scottiftarvctt,  Dire6lor  of  our  Chancery, 
Knights,  at  our  palace  of  Whythall,  the  2d  day  of  February 
anno  Domini  1628,  and  the  third  of  our  rei^fn. 


" 

li  '^ 

1''^ 

' 

,  ill 

PAT  E  N  T 


IN   FAVOR   OF 


WILLIAM  LORD  ALEXANDER, 


133 


Of  the  County  of  Canada  and  of  Long  Ifland  in  America., 

By  the  Council  for  the  Affairs  of  New  England, 

April  22,  1635. 


O  all  Chriflian  people  vnto  whom  theis  prefetits 
fliall  come  The  Councell  for  the  Affairs  of  New 
^  England  fend  greetinge  in  our  Lord  God  ever- 
laftinge.  Whereas  our  late  Souraigne  Lord  Kinge  James  of 
bleffed  memory  by  his  highnes  Letters  Patente  vnder  the 
greate  Seale  of  England,  bearing  date  att  Weftminfter  the 
Thirde  daye  of  November  in  the  eighteenth  yeare  of  his 
Ma^'"  raigne  ouer  his  highnes  Realme  of  England,  for  the 
confideration  in  the  faid  Letters  Patente  exproffed  and 
declared   hath   abfolutely  given  graunted   and   confirmed 

vnto 

113  William,  Lord  Alexander,  was  the  grofled  on  parchment,  fee  Calendar  of 

eldeft   fon  of  Sir  William   Alexander,  State  Papers^  Colonial,    i574-i6<',o,  p. 

Earl  of  Stirling.     See  antea,  pp.  Ill,  204.      This    Patent   is   hero   reprinted 

112.  from  the   Colleftion  of  the  15annatyne 

For  a  fynopfis  of  this  Patcn%  which  Club,  Edinburgh,  1867,  pp.  89-yi. 
appears  to  be  prefer ved  in  a  copy  en- 


I 


252 


Pate7tt  of  1635. 


vnto  the  faid  Counfell  and  theire  fucceffors  for  euer  all  the 
lands  of  Newe  England  in  America  lyinge  and  beinge  in 
breadth  from  fortie  degrees  of  Northerly  latitude  from  the 
Equino6liall  lyne  to  fortie  eight  degrees  of  the  faid  North- 
erly latitude  inclufiuelie  and  in  length  of  and  within  all  the 
breadth  aforefaid  throughout  the  maine  land  from  Sea  to 
Sea.  Together  alfoe  with  all  the  ffirme  lands,  foyles,grounde, 
havons,  ports,  rivers,  waters,  fifhinge,  mynes,  and  mineralls, 
as  well  Royall  mynes  of  Gold  &  Silver  as  other  mynes  and 
mineralls  pretious  ftones  quarries  and  all  and  fingular  other 
commodities  jurifdidlions  royalties  previledgcs,  ffranchifes, 
and  preheminences  both  within  the  faid  tra61:e  of  land  vppon 
the  Maine  and  alfoe  within  the  Iflands  and  Seas  adjoininge 
(as  by  the  faid  Letters  Patents  amongfl  diuers  other  things 
therein  conteyned  more  att  large  it  doth  and  may  appeare) 
Now  Knovv'e  all  men  by  thefe  prefents  that  the  faid  Counfell 
of  New  England  in  America  beinge  affcmbled  in  publiquc 
Courte,  accordinge  to  an  a6le  made  and  agreed  vppon  the 
thirdc  day  of  ffebruary  lafh  pall  before  the  date  of  theis 
prefents  for  diuers  good  caufes  and  confideracions  them 
hcrevnto  efpecially  moveinge  haue  given,  grauntcd,  aliened, 
bargayned,  and  fold  And  in  and  by  theis  prefents  doe  for 
them  and  theire  Succeffors  giue,  graunt  alien  bargainc  fell 
and  confirme  vnto  the  right  honorable  William  Lord  Alex- 
ander his  heircs  and  affignes,  All  that  part  of  the  Maine 
Land  of  Newe  Enrland  aforefaid  befiinnins^e,  from  a  cer- 
tainc  place  called  or  knowne  by  the  name  of  Saint  Croix 
next  adjoiningc  to  New  Scotland  in  America  aforefaid  and 
from  thence  extendinge  alonge  the  fea  coaft  \'nto  a  certaine 

place 


wammammas- 


Patent  of  1635. 


253 


place  called  Pemaquid,  and  foe  vpp  the  Riuer  therof  to  the 
furtheft  head  of  the  fame  as  it  tendeth  Northwarde  and 
extendinge  from  thence  att  the  neareft  vnto  the  Riuer  of 
Kinebequi  and  foe  upwards  alonge  by  the  fliorteft  courfe 
which  tendeth  vnto  the  River  of  Canada  ffrom  henceforth 
to  be  called  and  knowne  by  the  name  of  the  Countie  of 
Canada.^^'*  And  allfoe  all  that  Ifland  or  Iflands  heretofore 
comonly  called  by  the  feuerall  name  or  names  of  Matowack 
or  Longe  Ifland  and  hereafter  to  be  called  by  the  name  of 
the  Hie  of  Starlinge  fituate  lyinge  and  beinge  to  the  weft- 
ward  of  Cape  Codd  or  the  Narohiganlets  within  the  latitude 
of  ffortie  or  fortie  one  degrees  or  thereabouts  abuttinge 
vpon  the  Maineland  betweene  the  two  Rivers  there  knowne 
by  the  feverall  names  of  Coneftecutt  and  Hudfons  Riuer 
and  conteyninge  in  length  from  Eafl  to  Weft  the  whole 
length  of  the  Sea  Coaft  there  betweene  the  faid  two  Rivers. 

Together 


"''  At  the  laft  meeting  of  the  Council 
for  New  England,  according  to  the  frag- 
ment of  their  r^  ords  now  extant,  held 
on  I  Novcnil:)ei.  1638,  an  addition  was 
made  to  this  grant  to  Lord  William 
Alexander  ;  and,  thus  augmented,  the 
whole  was  granted  to  the  Earl  of  Stir- 
ling, the  father  of  Lord  Alexander.  The 
addition  to  this  grant  comprifed  the  ter- 
ritory lying  between  the  waters  of  Pem- 
aquid,  extending  to  their  fource,  and 
the  Kennebec  or  Sagadahock.  By  ref- 
erence to  the  records  of  the  Council, 
it  will  be  feen  that  in  the  divifion  of 
their  territory  among  themfelves,  agreed 
upon  on  the  3d  February,  1634-5,  ^^  <^f 
the  grantees  were  to  have  ten  tlioufand 
acres  each  on  the  eaft  of  the  river  Saga- 
dahock. Thefe  fixty  thouliind  acres  were 
undoubtedly  expected  to  be  taken  in  the 
area  between  Pemaquid  and  the  Ken- 
nebec, a  territory  which  had  hitherto 


been  unappropriated.  By  the  action 
taken  at  the  laft  meeting  of  the  Council 
referred  to  above,  it  would  feem  that  the 
claim  of  the  fix  proprietors  was  either 
withdrawn  or  ignored,  and  the  whole 
was  included  in  the  fliare  appropriated 
to  the  Earl  of  Stirling.  After  the  death 
of  the  Earl,  it  was  apparently  forgotten, 
or  at  leaft  not  included  in  any  new  pa- 
tent comprehending  the  whole.  When 
Henry,  the  fourth  Earl  of  Stirling,  fold, 
in  1663,  this  grant  to  the  Duke  of  York, 
the  "  augmentation  "  docs  not  appear 
to  have  been  included,  otherwife  it  would 
have  been  comprifed  in  the  patent  grant- 
ed by  Charles  II.  to  his  brother,  the 
Duke  of  York,  in  1764,  which  was  not 
the  cafe. — Records  of  ike  Council  for 
New  En  inland,  Proceedings  of  the 
Am.  Antiq.  Soc.  1867,  pp.  114-118,  131  ; 
Docunieniary  Hiji^^ry  of  iVevj  \\>riCy 
Vol.  II.  pp.  295-298. 


P  1 


%A 


254 


Pate7it  of  1635. 


'   '! 


\:- 


\ 


Together  with  all  and  fingular  havens,  harbour-  creekes, 
and  Iflands,  imbayed  and  all  Iflands  and  Iletts  lyinge  with- 
in ffive  leagues  diflance  of  the  Maine  beinge  oppofite  and 
abuttinge  vi)on  the  premifes  or  any  part  thereof  not  for- 
merly lawfully  graunted  to  any  by  fpeciall  name  And  all 
mynes  mineralls  quarries,  foyles  and  woods,  mariflies,  rivers, 
waters,  lakes,  fififliings,  hawkinge,  huntinge  and  ffowlinge  and 
all  other  Royalties  Jurifdeccions,  priviedges,  prehementes, 
proffitts,  commodities  and  hereditaments  whatfoeuer  with  all 
and  fingular  there  and  euery  of  theire  appurtenentes.  And 
together  alfoe  with  all  Rents  referued  and  the  benefitt  of  all 
proffitts  due  to  them  the  faid  Counfell  a  ^d  their  Succeffors 
and  precin6ls  aforefaid  to  be  exercifed  and  executed  accord- 
inge  to  the  Lawes  of  England  as  neere  as  may  be  by  the 
faid  William  Lord  Alexander  his  heires  or  affignes  or  his 
or  theii-e  Deputies  Lieutenents,  Judges,  Stewards,  or  officers 
therevnto  by  him  or  them  or  theire  affignes  deputed  or  ap- 
pointed from  time  to  time  with  all  other  priviledges,  fran- 
chhts,  liberties,  in  munities,  efcheates,  and  cafualties  thereof 
arrii'eing  or  which  fliall  or  may  hereafter  arife  within  the 
faid  limitte  and  precin6ls,  with  all  theire  intreft  right  title 
claime  and  demand  whatfoever,  which  the  faid  Councell 
and  there  fucceffors,  now  of  right  have  or  ought  to  have  or 
claime  or  may  haue  or  acquire  hereafter  in  or  to  the  faid 
portion  of  Lands  or  Iflands,  or  any  the  premifes  and  in  as  free 
ample  large  and  beneficiall  manner  to  all  intents  conflruc- 
tions  ind  purpofes  what  fo  euer  as  the  faid  Councell  by 
vertue  of  his  Ma"''  faid  Letters  Patent  may  or  can  graunt 
the  fame :  Saucing  and  allwayes  referuinge  vnto  the  faid 
Councell  and  there  Succeffors  power  to  receaue  heare  and 

determine 


Patent  of  1635. 


255 


determine  all  and  fingular  appeale  and  appeales  of  eiiery 
perfon  and  prrfons  whatfoeiier  dwellinge  or  inhabitinge 
within  the  faici  Territories  and  Iflands  or  any  part  thereof 
foe  graunted  as  aforefaid  of  and  from  all  judgements  and 
fentences  whatfoeuer  given  within  the  faid  lands  and  Terri- 
tories aforefaid  To  haue  and  to  holde  all  and  fmccular  the 
lands  and  premifes  aboue  by  theis  prcfents  graunted  (excepte 
before  excepted)  with  all  and  all  manner  of  profilitts  com- 
modities and  hereditaments  whatfoeuer  within  the  lands 
and  precindls  aforefaid  to  the  faid  lands,  Iflands  and  prem- 
ifes or  any  of  them  in  any  wife  belonginge  or  apperteyninge 
vnto  the  faid  William  Lord  Alexander  his  heires  and  affignes 
To  the  only  proper  ufe  and  behoofe  of  him  the  faid  William 
Lord  Alexander  his  heires  and  affignes  for  euer  To  be  holden 
of  the  faid  Councell  and  theire  fucceffors,  per  Gladium  Com- 
itatus^  that  is  to  fay  by  findeinge  foure  able  men  conven- 
iently armed  and  arrayed  for  the  warre  to  attend  vppon  the 
Governor  of  New  England  for  the  publique  feruice  within 
ffourteene  dayes  after  any  warninge  given ;  yieldinge  and 
payinge  vnto  the  faid  Councell  and  theire  Succeffors  for 
euer  one  fift  part  of  all  the  .  .  .  are  of  the  mynes  of  gold 
and  filver  which  flialbe  had  poffeffed  or  obteyned  within  the 
limitte  or  precin61s  aforefaid  for  all  rents  feruices  dueties 
and  demaunds  whatfoeuer  due  vnto  the  faid  Councell  and 
their  fucceffors  from  plantacion  within  the  precincts  afore- 
faid The  fame  to  be  deliuered  vnto  his  Ma""  Receiver  or 
deputie  or  deputies  Affignes  ...  to  the  ufe  of  his  Ma'""  his 
heires  and  fucceffors  from  .  .  .  the  Lands  precin6ls  and 
Territories  of  New  England  aforefaid  .  .  .  the  two  and 
twcntie  day  of  [April,  1635]  and  11".'  yeare  of  the  Raigne. 


I'i 


THE     PRINCE     SOCIETY. 


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THE    PRINCE    SOCIETY. 


CONSTITUTION. 

Article  I.— This  Society  fliall  be  called  (in  honor  of  the 
Rev.  Thomas  Prince,  one  of  America's  mofl  learned  Hiflorians 
and  Antiquaries)  The  Prince  Society  ;  and  it  fliall  have  for  its 
objea  the  publication  of  rare  works,  in  print  or  manufcript, 
relating  to  America. 

Article  II.  — The  officers  of  the  Society  fhall  be  a  Prefident, 
three  Vice-Prefidents,  a  Correfponding  Secretary,  a  Recording 
Secretary,  and  a  Treafurer,  who  together  fhall  form  the  Council 
of  the  Society. 

Article  III. — Any  perfon  may  become  a  member  by  agree- 
ing to  purchafe  of  the  Society  its  publications  as  they  are  ifTued, 
at  rates  to  be  fixed  by  the  Council ;  and  faid  memberfhip  fhall  be 
forfeited  by  a  refufal  to  purchafe  the  Society's  ilTues,  or  may  be 
terminated  by  refignation,  all  works  ilTued  being  paid  for  before 
fuch  refignation. 

Article  IV.  —  The  management  of  the  Society's  affairs  fhall 
be  veiled  in  the  Council,  which  fhall  keep  a  faithful  record  of  its 
proceedings,  and  report  the  fame  to  the  Society  annually  at  its 
General  Meeting  in  May. 

Article  V.  —  On  the  anniverfary  of  the  birth  of  the  Rev. 
Thomas  Prince,  namelv,  on  the  twenty-fifth  day  of  May  in  every 

year, 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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33  WEST  MAIN  STREfer 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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The  Prince  Society. 


year,  a  Grneral  Meetini^  fliall  be  held  at  Bofton,  in  Mairacliuff'tts, 
for  the  purpofe  of  electing  olhcers,  hearing  the  report  of  the 
Council,  auditing  the  Treafurer's  account,  and  tranfai^ting  other 
bullnefs. 

Article  VI.  —  The  ofTiccrs  fliall  be  chofen  by  the  Society 
annualh',  at  the  General  Meeting ;  but  vacancies  occurring  be- 
tween the  General  Meetings  may  be  iilled  by  the  Council. 

Article  VII.  —  As  often  as  the  profits  from  the  publications 
accumulate  fo  as  to  warrant  it,  a  volume,  or  volumes,  fliall  be 
ifliied  and  delivered  gratuitoufly  to  every  perfon  then  a  member 
of  the  Society. 

Article  VIII.  —  By-Laws  for  the  more  particular  govern- 
ment of  the  Society  may  be  made  or  amended  at  any  General 
Meeting. 

Article  IX.  —  Amendments  to  the  Conftitution  may  be  made 
at  the  General  Meeting  in  May  by  a  three-fourths  vote,  pro- 
vided that  a  copy  of  the  fame  be  tranfmitted  to  every  member 
of  the  Society  at  lead  one  month  previous  to  the  time  of  voting 
thereon. 


COUNCIL. 


RULES   AND    REGULATIONS. 

1.  The  Society  fliall  be  adminiftered  on  the  mutual  principle, 
and  folely  in  the  interell  of  American  hiftory. 

2.  Members  may  be  added  to  the  Society  from  time  to  time  on 
the  recommendation  of  any  member  of  the  Society  and  a  confirm- 
atory vote  of  a  majority  of  the  Council. 

3.  A 


The  Prince  Society, 


261 


(Tachiifptts, 
»ort  of  the 
'ting  other 


le 


Society 
Lirn'ng  be- 
icil. 

blications 
i>  fliall  be 
I  member 


govern- 
General 

be  made 
3te,  pro- 
member 
•f  voting 


inciple, 

ime  on 
3nfirm- 

3.  A 


3.  A  volume  fliall  be  iiTued  as  often  as  practicable,  but  not 
more  frequently  than  once  a  year. 

4.  An  editor  of  each  work  to  be  ifliied  fhall  be  appointed, 
who  fhall  be  a  member  of  the  Society,  whofe  duty  it  fliall  be  to 
prepare,  arrange,  and  condii6l  the  fame  through  the  profs ;  and 
as  he  will  nocclTarily  be  placed  under  obligations  to  fcholars 
and  others  for  alfillance,  and  particularly  for  the  loan  of  rare 
books,  he  fliall  be  entitled  to  receive  ten  copies,  to  enable  him 
to  acknowledge  and  return  any  courtefies  v/hich  he  may  have 
received. 

5.  All  editorial  work  and  official  fervice  fliall  be  performed 
gratuitoufly. 

6.  All  contrails  conne6led  with  the  publication  of  any  work 
fliall  be  laid  before  tiie  Council  in  dilliniil:  fpecilications  in  writ- 
ing, and  be  adopted  by  a  vote  of  the  Council,  and  entered  in  a 
book  kept  for  that  purpofe ;  and,  when  the  volume  is  completed, 
its  whole  expenfe  fliall  be  entered,  with  the  items  of  its  cofl,  in 
full,  in  the  fame  book. 

7.  The  price  of  each  volume  fliall  be  a  hundredth  part  of  the 
cofl  of  the  edition,  or  as  near  to  that  as  conveniently  may  be,  and 
tliere  fliall  be  no  other  aflelTments  levied  upon  the  members  of 
the  Society. 

8.  A  fum,  not  exceeding  fix  hundred  dollars,  may  be  held  by 
the  Council  as  a  working  capital ;  and  when  the  balance  in  the 
treafury  fliall  exceed  that  fum,  the  excefs  fliall  be  divided,  from 
time  to  time,  among  the  members  of  the  Society,  by  remitting 
either  a  part  or  the  whole  cofl  of  a  volume,  as  may  be  deemed 
expedient. 

9.  All  moneys  belonging  to  the  Society  fhall  be  depofited  in 
the  New  England  Trufl  Company  in  Boflon,  unlefs  fome  other 

banking 


% 


262 


The  Prince  Society, 


\  w 


banking  inflitution  fhall  be  defignated  by  a  vote  of  the  Council, 
and  faid  moneys  (hall  be  entered  in  the  name  of  the  Society, 
fubje6t  to  the  order  of  the  Treafurer. 

10.  It  fliall  be  the  duty  of  the  Prefident  to  call  the  Council 
together  whenever  it  may  be  neceflary  for  the  tranfadtion  of  bufi- 
nefs,  and  to  prefide  at  its  meetings. 

11.  It  fhall  be  the  duty  of  the  Vice-Prefidents  to  authorize  all 
bills  before  their  payment,  to  make  an  inventory  of  the  property 
of  the  Society  during  the  month  preceding  the  annual  meeting, 
and  to  report  the  fame  to  the  Council,  and  to  audit  the  accounts 
of  the  Treafurer. 

12.  It  fhall  be  the  duty  of  the  Correfponding  Secretary  to  iflue 
all  general  notices  to  the  members,  and  to  condu6l  the  general 
correfpondence  of  the  Society. 

13.  It  fhall  be  the  duty  of  the  Recording  Secretary  to  keep  a 
complete  record  of  the  proceedings  both  of  the  Society  and  of 
the  Council  in  a  book  provided  for  that  purpofe. 

14.  It  fliall  be  the  duty  of  the  Treafurer  to  forward  to  the 
members  bills  for  the  volumes  as  they  are  ifTued,  to  fuperintend 
the  fending  of  the  books,  to  pay  all  bills  authorized  and  indorfed 
by  at  leafl  two  Vice-Prefidents  of  the  Societ}',  and  to  keep  an 
accurate  account  of  all  moneys  received  and  difburfed. 

15.  No  books  fhall  be  forwarded  by  the  Treafurer  to  any 
member  until  the  amount  of  the  price  fixed  for  the  fame  fhall 
have  been  received,  and  any  member  negle6ting  to  forward  the 
faid  amount  for  one  month  after  his  notification  fliall  forfeit  his 
memberfhip. 


'■   i 


\K 


^e  Council, 
le  Society, 

he  Council 
ion  of  bufi- 

thorize  all 
e  property 
I  meeting, 
-  accounts 

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e  general 

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to  any 
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'rfeit  his 


OFFICERS 

OF 

THE     PRINCE     SOCIETY. 

Prcfidcnt. 
JOHN  WARD   DEAN,  A.M Boston,  Mass. 

Vice-Prefidents. 

JOHN  WINGATE  THORNTON,  A.M.     .     .     .  Boston,  Mass. 

The  Rev.  EDMUND   F.  SL AFTER,  A.M.     .     .  Boston,  Mass. 

WILLIAM  B.  TRASK,  Esq,     .......  Bostox,  Mass. 

CorrcJ'ponding  Secretary. 
The  Hon.  CHARLES  H.  BELL,  A.M Exeter,  N.H. 

Recording  Secretary. 
WILLIAM  H.  WHITMORE,  A.M Boston,  Mass. 

Trcafurer, 
CHARLES  W.  TUTTLE,  A.M Boston,  Mass. 


<.(1 


THE    PRINCE    SOCIETY. 

May  25,  1873. 


t-    .  '  ■> 


The  Hon.  Charles  Francis  Adams,  LL.D.    .     .  Bofton,  Mafs. 

Samuel  Agnew,  ECq Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Salomon  Alofsen,  Kfq Jersey  City,  N.J. 

Thomas  Coffin  Amory,  A.M Bofton,  Mafs. 

William  Sumner  Appleton,  A.M Bofton,  Mafs. 

George  L.  Balcom,  P2fq Claremont,  N.H. 

S.  L.  M.  Barlow,  Efq New  York,  N.Y. 

Nathaniel  J.  Bartlett,  A.B Bofton,  Mafs. 

The  Hon.  Charles  H.  Bell,  A.M Exeter,  N.H. 

John  J.  Bell,  A.M Exeter,  N.H. 

Samuel  L.  Boardman,  Efq Augufta,  Me. 

The  Hon.  Edward  E.  Bourne,  A.M Kennebunk,  Me. 

The  Hon.  James  Ware  Bradbury,  A.M.    .     .     .  Augufta,  Me. 

J.  Carfon  Brevoort,  Efq Brooklyn,  N.Y. 

George  Brinley,  A.M Hartford,  Ct. 

J.  Bernard  Brinton,  Efq Philadelphia,  Pa. 

William  Gray  Brooks,  Efq Bofton,  Mafs. 

John  Carter  Brown,  A.M Providence,  R.I. 

John  Marfhall  Brown,  A.M Portland,  Me. 

Hubbard  W.  Bryant,  Efq Portland,  Me. 

The  Hon.  Edmund  Burke Claremont,  N.H. 

Thomas  O.  H.  P.  Burnham,  Efq Bofton,  Mafs. 

Charles  I.  Buflinell,  Efq New  York,  N.Y. 

George  Bigelow  Chafe,  A.M Bofton,  Mafs. 


The  Prince  Society,  265 

The  Hon.  Mcllen  Chamberlain,  A.M.      .     .     .  Chclfea,  Mafs. 

Lucius  K.  Chittenden,  A.M New  York,  N.Y, 

Ethan  N.  Coburn,  Efq Charleftown.  Mafs. 

Jeremiah  Colburn,  A.M. Bofton,  Mafs. 

Deloraine  P.  Corey,  Efq Bofton,  Mafs. 

Eraftus  Corning,  Efq Albany,  N.Y. 

Abram  E.  Cutter,  Efq Charleftown,  Mafs. 

William  M.  Darlington,  Efq I'ittfburg,  Pa. 

Henry  B.  Dawfon,  Efq Morrifania,  N.Y. 

Charles  Deane,  LL.D Cambridge,  Mafs. 

John  Ward  Dean,  A.M Bofton,  Mafs. 

Hie  Rev.  Henry  Martyn  Dexter,  D.D.    .     .     .  Bofton,  Mafs. 

Samuel  Gardner  Drake,  A.M Bofton,  Mafs. 

Harry  H.  Edes,  Efq Charleftown,  Mafs. 

Jonathan  Edwards,  Jr.,  A.B.,  M.D New  Haven,  Ct. 

Samuel  Eliot,  LL.D Bofton,  Mafs. 

A.  L.  Elw>n,  M.D Philadelphia,  Pa. 

John  Elwyn,  Efq Portfmouth,  N.H. 

James  Emott,  Efq New  York,  N.Y. 

The  Hon.  William  M.  Evarts,  LL.D New  York,  N.Y. 

Charles  S.  Eellows,  Efq Chicago,  111. 

John  S.  H.  Fogg,  M.D Bofton,  RLafs. 

Samuel  P.  Fowler,  Efq Danvers,  Mafs. 

James  E.  Gale,  Efq Haverhill,  Mafs.        ^ 

^Marcus  D.  Gilman,  Efq Montpelier,  Vt.  -^^^T. 

The  Hon.  John  E.  Godfrey Bangor,  Me. 

Abner  C.  Goodell,  Jr.,  A.M Salem,  Mafs. 

Elbridge  H.  Gofs,  Efq Bofton,  Mafs. 

The  Hon.  Horace  Gray,  Jr.,  LL.D Bofton,  Mafs. 

William  W.  Greenough,  A.B Bofton,  Mafs. 

Isaac  J.  Greenwood,  A.M New  York,  N.Y. 

Charles  H.  Guild,  Efq Bofton,  Mafs. 

The  Hon.  Robert  S.  Hale,  LL.D Elizabethtown,  N.Y. 

C.  Fifke  Harris,  Efq Providence,  R.I. 

Francis  B.  Hayes,  A.M Bofton,  Mafs. 

Francis  S.  1  oilman,  Efq Philadelphia,  Pa. 


266      .        Tlie  Prince  Society, 

James  F.  Hunncwcll,  Efq Charleftown,  Mafs. 

'J'heodore  Irwin,  Efq Ofwcgo,  N.Y. 

William  Porter  Jarvis,  A.M Bollon,  Mafs. 

John  S.  Jenness,  A.H New  York,  N.Y. 

Edward  F.  tie  Lancey,  Efq New  York,  N.Y. 

John  J.  Latting,  A.M New  York,  N.Y. 

Thomas  J.  Lee,  lOfq Lofton,  Mafs. 

Joseph  Leonard,  Efq Bofton,  Mafs. 

John  A.  Lewis,  Efc| Bofton,  Mafs. 

VVinilow  Lewis,  A.M.,  M.D Boflon,  Mafs. 

William  T.  R.  Marvin,  A.M Bofton,  Mafs. 

William  P.  Matchett,  Efq Boflon,  Mafs. 

Frederic  W.  G.  May,  Efq Boflon,  Mafs. 

The  Rev.  James  \\.  Means,  A.M Boflon,  Mafs. 

William  Menzies,  Ef(i New  York,  N.Y. 

George  H.  Moore,  LL.  I) New  York,  N.Y. 

The  Hon.  James  W.  North Augufla,  Me. 

Francis  Parkman,  LL.P. Boflon,  Mafs. 

Augustus  T.  Perkins,  A.M Boflon,  Mafs. 

The  Rev.  William  Stevens  Perry,  D.D.    .     .     .  Geneva,  N.Y. 

William  C.  Peters,  A.M Boflon,  Mafs. 

John  V.  L.  Pruyn,  A.M Albany,  N.Y. 

Samuel  S.  Purple,  M.D New  York,  N.Y. 

The  Rev.  Alonzo  H.  Quint,  D.D .  New  Bedford,  Mafs. 

Edward  S.  Rand,  A.M Boflon,  Mafs. 

Edward  S.  Rand,  Jr.,  A.M Boaon,  Mafs. 

The  Rev.  Edmund  F.  Slafter,  A.M Boflon,  Mafs. 

Charles  C.  Smith,  Efq Boflon,  Mafs. 

Samuel  T.  Snow,  Efq Boflon,  Mafs. 

Edwin  W.  Stoughton,  Efq New  York,  N.Y. 

The  Hon.  Benjamin  F.  Thomas,  LL.D.   .     .     .  Boflon,  Mafs. 

John  Wingate  Thornton,  A.M Boflon,  Mafs. 

William  B.  Townc,  A.M Milford,  N.H. 

William  B.  Trafk,  Esq ....  Boflon,  ALifs. 

The  Hon.  Willi.am  H.  Tuthill Tipton,  Iowa. 

Charles  W.  Tuttle,  A.M Boflon,  Mafs. 


"ra 


The  Prince  Society.  267 

George  W,  Wales,  Efq Bofton,  Mafs. 

Joseph  R  Walker,  A.M Concord,  N.H. 

Thomas  Waterman,  Esq Bofton,  Mafs. 

Miss  Rachel  Wetherill Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Henry  Wheatland,  A.M.,  M.D Salem,  Mafs. 

William  H.  Whitmore,  A.M Bofton,  Mafs. 

Henry  Auftin  Whitney,  A.M Bofton,  Mafs. 

John  Kimball  Wigf;in,  Efq Bofton,  Mafs. 

The  Hon.  Marlhall  P.  Wilder Bofton,  Mafs. 

Henry  Winfor,  Efq Philadelphia,  Pa. 

The  Hon.  Robert  C.  Winthrop,  LL.D.     .     .     .  Bofton,  Mafs. 

Charles  Levi  Woodbury,  Efq Bofton,  Mafs, 

AHibel  Woodward,  M.D Eranklin,  Ct. 

William  Elliot  Woodward,  Efq Bofton,  Mafs. 

The  Hon,  Thomas  H,  Wynne Richmond,  Va. 

lihrarie;;, 

American  Antiquarian  Society Worcefter,  Mafs. 

Arnherft  College  Library Amherft,  Mafs. 

Bofton  Athenaeum Bofton,  Mafs. 

Bofton  Library  Society Bofton,  Mafs, 

Concord  Public  Library Concord,  Mafs. 

Free  Public  Library Worcefter,  Mafs. 

Grofvenor  Library Buffalo,  N.Y, 

Hiftorical  Society  of  Pennfylvania Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Long  Ifland  Hiftorical  Society Brooklyn,  N.Y. 

Maffachufetts  Hiftorical  Society Bofton,  Mafs. 

Mercantile  Library New  York,  N.Y. 

New  England  Hiftoric  Genealogical  Society      .  Bofton,  Mafs, 

Public  Library  of  the  City  of  Bofton  ....  Bofton,  Mafs, 

Redwood  Library Newport,  R.L 

State  Library  of  Maflachufetts Bofton,  Mafs, 

State  Library  of  New  York Albany,  N,Y. 

State  Library  of  Rhode  Ifland Providence,  R.I. 

State  Library  of  Vermont Montpelier,  Vt. 

Williams  College  Library Williamstown,  Mafs. 


PUBLICATIONS   OF   THE   PRINCE   SOCIETY. 


Nkw  Enolanp's  Prospect. 

A  true,  lively  and  experimcntall  defcription  of  that  pnrt  o(  Amrn'ca,  commonly 
called  New  ICn^land  :  difcovering  the  State  of  that  Conntrie,  both  as  it  Hands  to 
our  new-come  EngUjh  Planters ;  and  to  the  old  Natiue  Inhabitants.  By  William 
Wood.     London,  1634.    Preface  by  Charles  Dcane,  LL.D. 

The  Hutciiinsom  Papers. 

A  Colleiflion  of  Original  Papers  relatiue  to  the  Iliftory  of  the  Colony  of  MaflTa- 
chufetts-Bay.  Reprinted  from  the  edition  of  1769.  Edited  by  William  II.  Whit- 
more,  A.M.,  and  William  S.  Applcton,  A.M.     2  vols. 

John  Dunton's  Letters  from  New  England. 

Letters  written  from  New  England  A.D.  16S6.  By  John  Dunton  in  which  are 
defcribed  his  voyages  by  Sea,  his  travels  on  land,  and  the  charatilers  of  his  friends 
and  .acquaintances.  Now  firft  publilbed  from  the  Original  Munufcript  in  the 
Bodleian  Library.    Oxford.     Edited  by  William  H.  Whitmore,  A.M. 

The  Andros  Tracts. 

Being  a  CoUedllon  of  Pamphlets  and  Official  Papers  iffued  during  the  period 
between  the  overthrow  of  the  Andros  Government  and  the  eftablifhment  of  the 
fecond  Charter  of  Maffachufetts.  Reprinted  from  the  original  editions  and 
manufcripts.  With  a  Memoir  of  Sir  Edmund  Andros,  by  the  editor,  William  H. 
Whitmore,  A.M.     2  vols. 

Sir  William  Alexander  and  American  Colonization. 

Including  three  Royal  Charters,  iffued  in  1621,  1625,  1628;  a  Traifl  entitled  an 
Encoura'<ement  to  Colonies,  by  Sir  William  Alexander,  1624;  a  Patent,  from  the 
Great  Council  for  New  England,  of  Long  Ifland,  and  a  part  of  the  prefent  State 
of  Maine;  a  Roll  of  the  Knights  Baronets  of  New  Scotland;  with  a  Memoir  of 
Sir  William  Alexander,  by  the  editor,  the  Rev.  Edmund  F.  Slafter,  A.M. 


fM  \ 


Note.  —  The  laft-named  volume,  "Sir  William  Alexander  and  American 
Colonization,"  will  only  be  fold  to  new  members  of  the  Society,  and  in  connec- 
tion with  the  two  preceding  iffues;  viz.,  The  Andros  Trai5ls  and  Dunton's  Letters. 
The  Andros  T.-a(5ts  and  Dunton's  Letters  may  be  had  feparately  if  defired.  A 
few  complete  fets  of  the  Society's  publications  can  be  obtained  by  perfons  on 
becoming  members  of  the  Society. 


'OCIETY. 


'Cft,  commonly 

'  as  it  (lands  to 

Cv  William 


^ 


ony  of  MafTa- 
iam  li.  VVhit- 


in  which  are 
3<"liis  friends 
tript   in  the 


?  the  period 
"lent  of  the 
Jitions  and 
William  H. 


entitled  an 
:.  from  the 
ilent  State 
Hemoir  of 
I. 


^^ 


INDEX. 


♦ 


American 
1  connec- 
5  Letters, 
fired.  A 
rfons  on 


T 

■ 

'9 

1 

'1 

11 

4 


INDEX. 


A. 


AnBOT,  Archbifliop,  95. 

Al)crcromhy   AVvaiulor,  237. 

Abernethy,  Hilhop,  12. 

Abraluaii,  155. 

Academy,  Royal,  94,  95. 

Achefon,  Sir  Archibald,  103,  235. 

Addifon,  Jofcph,  11. 

Agnew,  Sir  Patrick,  235. 

^gypt,  156. 

Albany,  36. 

Albert,  Captain,  166. 

Alexander,  Alexander,  i,  2 ;  Andrew, 
2;  Anthony,  112;  Charles,  115; 
Charles  L.,  116;  General,  Lord  Stir- 
ling, 53,  100,  114,  115  ;  Henry,  114, 
253;  James,  115;  John,  114,  115; 
Robert,  113;  Thomas,  2. 

Alexander,  Sir  William,  his  anceftry, 
birth,  education,  foreign  travel,  mar- 
riage, 1-3  ;  poetry,  tragedies,  verfion 
of  the  Pfalms  of  David,  3-15  ;  profe 
writings,  16  ;  a  favorite  of  King 
James  I.,  official  advancement,  18  ; 
becomes  interefted  in  American  col- 
onization, and  obtains  a  charter  of 
New  Scotland,  19,  20 ;  firft  attempt 


to  plant  a  colonv,  ^5 ;  fecond  at- 
tempt, 46-48:  iJiibliflies  a  trart  on 
colonization,  4  I,  49  ;  iiis  fcheme  of 
creating  Knights  Haroiiets,  50-52  ; 
death  of  James  I.,  C  larlcs  grants  a 
new  charter,  53,  54  ;  oppofition  by 
the  fmall  Barons  to  the  creation  of 
Knights  Ban^nets,  54;  his  interview 
with  Dr.  Vaughan,  55-58  ;  efforts 
to  increafe  the  number  of  Kr.ights 
Baronets,  59  ;  encounters  tlie  French 
in  New  Scotland  and  in  Canada,  who 
are  difpofleffcd  by  Sir  David  Kirk, 
he  plants  a  colony  at  Port  Royal,  60, 
61  ;  French  demand  the  removal  of 
his  colony,  his  argument  againft  ii, 
61,  62  ;  his  colony  removed,  and 
compenfation  promifed,  63  ;  hirtory 
and  charadler  of  the  colony,  63-68 ; 
his  claims  to  New  Scodand  notwith- 
ftanding  the  removal  of  his  colony, 
68-72  ;  he  grants  a  part  of  it  to  the 
La  Tours,  hiftorians  aflert  that  he 
fold  to  them  the  whole,  72-So  ;  feals 
granted  to  him,  family  arms,  80-83  ; 
he  receives  a  grant  of  the  River  and 
Gulf  of  Canada,  its  extent,  84,  85  ; 
his  charters  ratified  by  the  Parlia- 


272 


Index, 


ment  of  Scotland,  85  ;  grant  of  Long 
Ifland  by  the  Council  for  New  Eng- 
land, and  its  fettlement,  86-91  ;  his 
interefl:  in  the  Society  of  Fifliing,  its 
hiftory,  92-94 ;  Royal  Academy,  his 
intereft  in  it,  94,95  ;  he  is  appointed 
on  feveral  royal  commifllons,  95,  96 ; 
has  a  patent  from  Charles  I.  for 
coining  copper,  96-98  ;  the  feveral 
offices  held  by  him,  99  ;  his  houfe  at 
Stirling, 99,  100;  his  difappointments 
and  failing  health,  death,  100,  loi  ; 
rtf/um^ o{h'\s  life  and  character,  loi- 
III  ;  his  family,  11 2-1 15;  the  earl- 
dom becomes  extindt  in  the  male  line 
with  Henry  the  fifth  Earl,  claimants 
appear,  citation  of  works  relating  to 
the  fame,  116,  117. 

Alexander,  Sir  William,  junior,  fetdes 
a  colony  at  Port  Royal,  of  which  he 
is  governor,  61  ;  fends  four  (hips  to 
America,  64  ;  a  refident  in  New 
Scotland,  65  ;  he  finds  at  Port  Royal 
tlie  remiants  of  the  old  French  col- 
ony under  La  Tour,  66 ;  receives  a 
patent  from  the  Great  Council  for 
New  England,  86 ;  admitted  a  coun- 
cillor of  New  England  Company, 
87  ;  brief  notice  of  his  life  and  char- 
after,  III,  112;  obtains  a  patent  of 
a  part  of  Maine  and  Long  Ifland, 
251-255. 

Alexandria,  122. 

Amidas,  Phihp,  27. 

Ambergreece,  189. 

American  Antiquarian  Society,  21,  22, 
28,  86,  123,  181. 

Anacrifis,  16,  125. 

Anderfon's  Britifli  Poets,  10. 

Andros,  Sir  Edmund,  89. 


Angola,  163. 

Angus,  Earl  of,  112. 

Anien,  209. 

Annapolis,  41,  67,  76. 

Antiquaries,  Society  of,  95. 

Apelles,  16. 

Arabia,  214. 

Arcadia,  Sir  Philip  Sidney's,  16. 

Argall,  Sir  Samuel,  36, 62,  66,  181, 183, 

183,  197- 
Argyle,  Earl  of,  2,  3,  17,  100,  116. 
Arnot,  Michael,  235. 
Arundel,  Lord,  29,  94. 
Afliur,  156, 
Aflirians,  161. 
Athenaj  Oxonienfes,  16. 
Auguftino,  S.,  24. 
Avelon,  58. 
Aytoun,  Sir  Robert,  9,  10,  116. 


B. 


Babylonians,  159. 

Bacalaos,  129. 

Bacchus,  205. 

Bacon,  Lord,  108. 

Bagg,  Sir  James,  67. 

Baillie,  Robert,  14,  15,  16,  iii,  114. 

Bailzie,  Gedian,  237. 

Balfour,    Sir    James,    15,    18,  82,   83, 

236. 
Baltimore,  Lord,  56,  58. 
Bancroft,  George,  202. 
Banks,  Sir  Thomas  C,  116,  119. 
Barlow,  Arthur,  27. 
Baronets  of  England,  49. 
Barons  of  Scotland,  54,  55. 
Barr,  Robert,  235. 
Barrett,  Edward,  235. 


HteMibiiW 


Index, 


273 


3f,  95. 


dney's,  16. 
62,  (A,  181,  182, 

7,  100,  116. 


10,  116. 


6,  iir,  114. 
,    18,  82,  83, 

16,  119. 


Bay  of  Fundy,  35. 

Beaufort,  26,  33. 

Belafis,  Sir  William,  123. 

Bellingham,  89. 

Ben  Cleugh,  18. 

Berks,  114. 

Biard,  Father,  182,  183. 

Bibliographia  Britannica,  7. 

Bibliotheca  Anglo-Poetica,  5. 

Biencourt,  180,  183,  184. 

Billings,  100. 

Binghame,  Henry,  236. 

Biographia  Britannica,  13. 

Birch,  Thomas,  D.D.,  63,  66. 

Bifcay,  39. 

Blackwood,  115. 

Blakader,  Sir  John,  234. 

Blount,  Colonel  John,  115. 

Bocquet,  125. 

Bohn,  Henry  George,  125. 

Bolles,  Maria,  237. 

Bonaventure,  79. 

Bofton,  88,  89,  123. 

Bofton  Athenaeum,  85. 

Bouchette,  Jofeph,  76. 

Brafile,  171,  209,  215. 

Brenton,  William,  89. 

Briot,  Nicholas,  96. 

Briftol,   Eng.,   21,   30,   36;    [N.   F.], 

187. 
Briftols  Hope,  187, 
Britain,  58,  158,  159. 
Brown,  Henry  F.,  97. 
Browne,  Johne,  237. 
Bruce,  William,  235. 
Buckingham,  60. 
Burnet,  Sir  Thomas,  234. 
Burton,  John  Hiii,  15,  53,  199, 
Butter,  Nathaniel,  120. 
Buzzard's  Bay,  29. 


c. 


Cabot,  John,  21,  22,  23,  36,  104,  164, 

173,  175- 
Cabot,  Sebaftian,  21,  22,  23,  164,  165. 

Caermarthen,  55. 

Caefar,  5,  11. 

Caledonia,  122. 

California,  84,  185,  241,  242. 

Calvert,  Cecil,  58. 

Calvert,  Sir  George,  58,  187. 

Cambridge,  Eng.,  7. 

Cambrioll,  56,  58. 

Campbell,    Sir    Colin,  235  ;    Donald, 

235  ;    Dugald,   235  ;    Sir   Duncan, 

233  ;  James,  234. 
Campfeau,  176. 
Canaan,  156. 
Canada,  18,  25,  60,  63,  64,  66,  68,  69, 

73,84,  85,86,  112,  119,  120,  129,  130, 

173,  184,  185,  186,  188,  197,  240,  241, 

242,  246,  247,  248,  253. 
Canada,  Countie  of,  253. 
Canfo,  75. 
Carthage,  156,  161. 
Caftle  Wynd,  99. 
Caftile,  162. 

Cape  Anne,  Landing  at,  124. 
Cape  Breton,  21,  23,  43,  56,  129,  130, 

173,  198,  200. 
Cape  Cod,  28,  29,  36,  37,  39,  41,  121, 

122,  194,  253. 
Cape  Fourchu,  74,  75. 
Cape  Sable,  75,  129,  130,  176. 
Carey,  Sir  Henry,  58. 
Carmichaell,  James,  234. 
Cartier,  Jacques,  25,  35,  173. 
Cathay,  23. 
Cato,  214. 
Ceres,  205. 


18 


2  74 


Index, 


Chaleurs,  Bay  of,  71. 

Challons,  Henry,  30. 

Clialmers,  Alexander,  6  ;  George,  76. 

Champlain,  Samuel,  35,  67,  176,  179, 

184,  185. 
Chambers,  Robert,  17,  97,  102. 
Chams,  155. 

Chapman,  Haywood,  98. 
Charles  I.,  8,  14,  15,  18,  19,  52,  53,  54, 

55»  57,  63,  64,  65,  66,  68,  69,  74,  82, 

96,  98,  119,  120,  151,  239. 
Charles  11.,  91,  92,  253. 
Charles  IX.,  26,  165. 
Charlevoix,  63,  174. 
Charlef  bourg,  25. 
Charlesfort,  26,  33. 
Charlefton,  24. 
Charleftown,  75. 
Charters,  firft  obtained  by  Sir  William 

Alexander,   19,    20,    127-148  ;    No- 

vodamus,  217-231  ;  of  Canada,  239- 

249. 
Chauvin,  35. 
Chefapeake  Bay,  33,  36. 
Chile,  209. 
China,  180,  185. 
Church,  Grey  Friars,  lor. 
Cockburn,  Sir  John,  148  ;  Sir  Richard, 

148,  231  ;  William,  234. 
Coddington,  William,  89. 
Coins,  Copper,  96,  97. 
Cooke,  Sir  John,  94. 
Colquhoun,  John,  234. 
Columbus,  23,  162,  164, 
CommifTaries,     Englifh    and   French, 

72,  76. 
Conception  Bay,  187,  203. 
Conne6licut,  89,  92,  253. 
Convention  of  Eflates,  Scottifli,  23,  54, 

85. 


Cortereal,  Gafpar,  23. 

Cottington,  Lord,  94. 

Council  for  New  England,  36,  86,  87, 

92,  112,  119,  122,  123,  181,251,  253, 

254. 
Council  of  Scotland,  51,  52,  53,  61,  64, 

65,  80,  81,  97. 
Corfbie,  Sir  Peirs,  236. 
Clackmannan,  i. 
Clerkington,  148. 
Clermont,  116. 
Clcves,  George,  87. 
Clyde,  74- 

Crane,  Sir  Francis,  98. 
Crawford,  John,  235. 
Creuxius,  60,  70. 
Croefus,  5. 

Cromwell,  Oliver,  75. 
Cuba,  23. 

Cunnyngham,  David,  236. 
Cunnynghame,  David,  236. 
Cunnynghame,  William,  234. 
Cupid's  Coue,  187. 
Curtius,  126. 
Curzon,  John,  237. 
Cuffans,  John  E.  49. 
Cyclopaedia,  Penny,  114. 


D. 

Danes,  204. 

Darius,  3,  4,  5,  9. 

Davies,  James  and  Richard,  31,  32. 

Davis,  John,  27. 

D'Avezac,  21. 

Deane,  Charles,  21,  123. 

Dedham,  127. 

Dee,  45. 

De  Laet,  John,  119. 


.  ..-.i— ,;i^ii 


i^y 


Index, 


27s 


De  Larauerdier,  172. 

De  la  Roche,  174. 

De  Lerie,  Johu,  171. 

De  Monts,  35,  70,  175,  176,  179,  181, 
197. 

De  Soto,  24. 

Dickiefon,  Charles,  80,  81. 

Dongan,  Thomas,  89. 

Douglas,  Lady  Agnes,  6 ;  Margaret, 
112;  Marquis,  112;  Sir  Robert,  2, 
83,    no,    113,    114;    Sir  William, 

233- 
Drake,  Sir  Francis,  27,  190. 

Drake,  Samuel  G.,  124. 
Drayton,  Michael,  9,  1 16. 
Drummond,  William,  5,  9,  17,  113,  116, 

126. 
Drurie,  Ann,  115  ;  Charles,  115. 
Dublin,  16. 

Duer,  William  Alexander,  100,  115. 
Dumbarton,  64. 
Dunfermline,  Earl,  148. 
Duplin,  George,  Vifcount,  249. 
Dutch,  36,  88,  90,  92. 


E. 


Eaft  Hampton,  88. 

Eaft  Indies,  215. 

Edinburgh,  2,  5,  15,  16,  17,  18,  19,  43, 

52,  85,  103,   119,    148,  247,  248,  et 

pajfnn. 
Elizabeth,  Queen,  4,  26,  27,  175,  186, 

190. 
Elphingftoun,  Sir  George,  230,  249. 
Elphingftoun,  William,  235. 
England  and  Englifti,  26,  27,  28,  29,  30, 

33»  37,  38,  39»  47,  60,  61,  63,  68,  69, 

74,  75,  95,  190- 


Erflcine,  Janet,  Sir  William,  3,  in. 
Erflcine,  234. 
Etechemines,  129, 
Europe,  41,  193,  204. 


F. 


Faillon,  60. 

Falkland,  56,  58,  187. 

Farrett,  James,  87,  88,  89,  90,  92. 

Ferland,  68. 

Ferryland,  37,  58,  187. 

Fifefliire,  n3. 

Fifhing  Society,  92,  93. 

Flemmings,  179,  214. 

Fletcher,  George,  94. 

Florida,  23,  24,  25,  26,  165,  166,  167, 

170,  185. 
Forbes,  Arthur,   235 ;    William,  234, 

236, 
Forrefter,   Andrew,   67,  90,   92;    Sir 

George,  234. 
Fort  Caroline,  26. 
Fortefcue,  John,  237. 
Fort  Hill,  89. 
Foulles,  Alexander,  236. 
Francis  I.,  24,  165,  173. 
Frobiflier,  Martin,  26,  41. 
Fuller,  53. 
Fundy,  Bay  of,  70. 


G. 


Gardiner,  David,  89  ;  Lyon,  88,  89 ; 

S.  B.,  88. 
Gardiner's  Ifland,  88,  89. 
Gartmore,  114,  ns. 


i 

J 


276 


Index, 


'  f 


Gafcoigne,  Sir  John,  236. 

Gafp(5,  20,  25,  79,  129. 

Gaules,  204. 

Geneua,  171. 

Germanic,  158. 

Gibfon,  Alexander,  235. 

Gideons,  214, 

Gilbert,  Humphrey,  175,  186;  Raleigh, 

Glafgow,  Univerfity  of,  113. 
Glaftonbury,  58. 
Glenlivet,  3. 
Golden  Fleece,  57,  58. 
Gordon,  Sir  Alexander,  234 ;  James, 
234;   John,  236;  Robert,  43,    133, 

134. 
Gorge,  Robert,  196. 
Gorges,  Sir  Ferdinando,  19,  20,  30,  32, 

33,  66,  92,  123,  195,  196. 
Gorgues,  169. 
Gofnold,  Capt.   Bartholomew,  28,  29, 

30. 
Gothes,  204. 

Graham,  Robert,  Agnes,  115. 
Grahame,  Sir  William,  234. 
Granger,  loi,  125. 
Granville,  67. 
Graves  end,  191. 
Great  Britain,  10,  14,  39,  45,  48,  62, 93, 

9S. 
Great  Seal,  51. 
Grecians,  157,  161. 
Greece,  204. 
Greenport,  88. 
Greenville,  Sir  Richard,  28. 
Greenwich,  69. 

Grey  Friars  Chu'-ch,  112,  113, 
Guercheville,  Marchionefs,  182. 
Guiana,  56. 
Guy,  John,  36. 


H. 


Hadingtoun,  Earl  of,  249. 

Hakluyt,  22,  23,  24,  25,  28,  32. 

Hale,  Edward  E.  28. 

Haliburton,  James,  234. 

Hall,  Biftiop,  15. 

Hall,  C,  125. 

Halliburton,  Thomas  C,  67,  75,  76. 

Hamilton,  Jnmes,  Marquefs,  148,  231, 

249  ;  Sir  James,  249  ;  James,  236  ; 

Sir  John,  231  ;  Francis,  235. 
Hanham,  Thomas,  30. 
Hannay,  Sir  Robert,  235. 
Harbour  k  Grace,  187. 
Harlowe,  Capt.  Edward,  31. 
Harrington,  112. 
Harris's  Voyages,  35. 
Harvard  Univerfity  Library,  15. 
Harfnet,  Archbifliop,  95. 
Hawthornden,  126, 
H.iy,  Sir  George,  148,231  ;  Grizel,  115  ; 

James,  237  ;  John,  94  ;  Lord,  249. 
Hayes,  John  L.,  115. 
Hazard,  119,  123. 
Henry,  Prince,  3,  8,  18. 
Henry  IV.,  69,  174,  175. 
Henry  VII.,  23,  164,  173. 
Highland  Clans,  65,  67,  94. 
Hill,  Miss  L.  M,,  97. 
Hiftorical  Society  of  Great  Britain,  10, 

112. 
Hochelaga,  25. 
Holland,  89,  90,  92. 
Hope,  Thomas,  235. 
Horace,  126. 
Hudfon,  Henry,  36. 
Hudfon  River,  24,  36,  92,  253. 
Hume,  David,  160 :  Pat-  ck,  234. 
Humphrys,  Alexander,  114,  115. 


Index. 


277 


49. 
.  28, 32. 


•'  67, 75, 76. 

uefs,  148,  231, 
;  James,  236; 


:is, 


235- 


31. 


^ry,  15. 


;  Grizel,  115; 
Lord,  24y. 


Britain,  10, 


53. 

■'  234. 
1 1  J. 


Hungary,  204, 
Hunnes,  204. 

Hunter,  the  Rev.  Jofeph,  95. 
Hutchinfon,  Governor  T.,  76. 
Hyde,  Edward,    Earl   of   Clarendon, 
91. 


I. 


India,  26. 

Indiana,  84. 

Indians,  37,  41,  88. 

Ingogon,  74. 

Innes,  Robert,  233. 

Ireland,  49,  58,  115,  159,  187,  206. 

Irving,  David,  14. 

Ifabella,  162. 

He  of  Man,  198. 

Ifles  of  Slioals,  28,  37. 

Ifrael  and  Ifraelites,  156,  159. 

Italy,  3,  157,  158,  161,  204. 


J. 


Jackfon,  Richard,  88. 

Jacomo,  St.,  24. 

James  I.,  3,  13,  14,  17,  18,  38,  43,  49, 
51,  52,.  66,  79,  80,94,  96,  98,  loi,  102, 
119,  127,  159,  \(i\,  et paffim, 

James  IV.,  164. 

James  V.,  164. 

Jamcj  .  I.,  164. 

James  River,  33. 

Jameftown,  36, 

Jamiefon,  50. 

Japhets,  155. 

Jefuites,  180,  182. 

Jews,  156. 


Johnftown,     11,    116;    George,   234; 

Samuel,  234. 
Jones,  John  Winter,  22. 
Jonfon,  Ben,  116. 
Jude,  Samuel,  66. 
Juvenal,  126. 

K. 

Keith,  Earl  Marifchal,    51,  52,  249; 

Sir  William,  235. 
Kennebec,  29,  31,  86,  253. 
Ker,  Andrew,  237. 
Kinfawins,  148. 
King  David,  14. 
Kirk,  Sir  David,  61,  63,  84,  85. 
Kirke,  Henry,  60. 
Kirkcudbright,  45,  51,  198. 
Knights  Baronets,  49,  54,  58,  59,  65, 

72,  78,  79,  81,  85,   107,  233,  244,  et 

pajjlm. 
Kohl,  John  G.,  21,  23. 


L. 


Labrador,  21,  23,  39. 

La  Cadie,  granted  to  De  Monts,  its 

extent,  35,  69,  70.     See  mention  at 

pp.  63,  68,  73,  74,  75- 
La  Heve,  75. 
Laing,  David,  16,  43,  73,  7J,  124,  148, 

200,  233. 
Lane,  Ralph,  27,  28. 
Languell,  Edward,  237. 
Largis,  114. 
La  Sauffaye,  182. 
La  Tour,  Charles,  y^,  74,  75,  76,  77, 

78,  79,  80. 
La  Tour,  Claude,  66,  67,  73,  76. 
Laud,  Archbifhop,  104. 


^0 


278 


Index, 


Lawfon,  15,  104. 

Lent,  94. 

Lefcarbot,  Marc,  35,  70,  121,  122. 

Leflie,  John,  233. 

Levingftoun,  John,  234. 

Lewis,  Ifle  of,  92. 

Lincoln,  14. 

Little  Peconic  Bay,  90. 

Liturgy,  Scottifh,  15,  16. 

Liverpool,  97. 

Livingftoun,  David,  233. 

Lochinvar,  43. 

London,  5,  7,  10,  14,  16,  17,  18,  20,  22, 
38,  45.  46,  49.  52.  66,  99,  100,  101, 
HI,  112,  113,  114,  189,  197,  199, 
203. 

London  Company,  31,  33. 

Long  Bay,  24. 

Long  Ifland,  86,  88,  90,  92,  108,  253. 

Longobards,  204. 

Lot,  155. 

Loudonier,  167,  168. 

Louis  XIL,  63,  69,  72,  73. 

Louis  XIV.,  74. 

Lowe  Countries,  159,  206. 

Lowndes,  5, 

Lucan,  126. 

Luke's  Bay,  201,  202. 

Lunenburgh,  73,  74,  75. 

Lynn,  Mafs.,  88. 

M. 

Mace,  Samuel,  28. 

Macgregors,  3. 

Magelane,  209. 

Maine,  30,  35,  84,  92. 

Maine  Hiftorical  Society,  21,  23. 

Makdonald,  Sir  Donald,  233. 

Makgill,  James,  234. 


ManhaiTet,  L.L,  88. 

Map,  121,  124. 

Marifchal,  Lord  Keith,  148,  231,  233, 

249- 
Marlborough,  Earl  of,  64. 
Marr,  Earl  of,  3,  iii,  126,  240. 
Marfeills,  158. 
Marfhall,  William,  5,  6,  124. 
ALirtha's  Vineyard,  89,  92. 
Martial,  126. 
Maryland,  58. 

Mary,  Queen  of  Scots,  164. 
Mafon,  Capta'n  John,  19,  36,  121,  122, 

206. 
Maffachufetts,  74,  75,  76,  90,  104,  108, 

196. 
Maffachufetts  Hiftorical  Society,  20. 
Maftertown,  113. 
Matowack,  253. 
Mattoax,  86. 
Maxwell,  Biftiop,  104 ;  Sir  James,  234 ; 

John,  236. 
Mayhew,  Thomas,  90,  92. 
McDonald,  Alexander,  i. 
McKenzie,  Sir  John,  235. 
McKye,  Sir  Donald,  234. 
McLeane,  Lachlan,  236. 
Mead,  the  Rev.  Jofeph,  66. 
Melros,  Earl  of,  148,  231. 
Menendez,  Don  Pedro,  26. 
Menftrie,  i,  2,  18,  43,  S^i  S3,  99,  »". 

114,  125. 
Mercoeur,  Duke,  174. 
Merk,  50. 
Mexico,  25,  162. 
Micmac,  23. 
Michigan,  84. 
Milton,  John,  7,  8. 
Miracle-plays,  7. 
Mirliquefche,  75. 


■ 


Index. 


279 


*»  148, 231, 233, 
126, 240. 

6,  124. 
?,  92. 


,  164. 

19.  36,  121,  122, 

76,  90,  104,  108, 

J  Society,  20. 

>ir  James,  234  ; 

2. 

r. 

16. 

6. 

'  S3,  99,  III, 


MilTions,  Roman  Catholic,  182. 

Moir,  Edward,  237. 

MoncreiiT,  John,  234. 

Monro,  He6lor,  236. 

Montague,  63. 

Montauk  Point,  90. 

Montgomerie,  Sir  Robert,  235. 

Montgomery,  Vifcount  Hugh,  115. 

Montreal,  25. 

Moore,  Charles  B.,  87,  88. 

Morton,  Earl  of,  94. 

Moral-plays,  7. 

Mofes,  156. 

Mount  Defert,  36,  181,  182. 

Mount  Manfell,  181. 

Munroe,  Robert,  115. 

Murdoch,  68,  73,  92. 

Murphy,  Henry  C,  91. 

Murray,  Archibald,  235  ;  John,  17, 1 16 ; 
Patrick,  235  ;  Richard,  233 ;  William, 
1 16,  236 ;  Sir  William,  234. 


N. 

Nanhoc,  32.      • 

Nantucket,  89,  92. 

Naper,  Lord,  241. 

Narohiganlets,  253. 

Narvaez,  24. 

Negroes,  163. 

Nepar,  Sir  Archibald,  234. 

New  Brunfwick,  20,  71,  73,  79. 

New  England,  19,  20,  23,  24, 28,  36,  37, 

38,  66,  75,  120,  121,  164,  181,  254,  et 

pajfitn. 
Newfoundland,  19,  21,  23,  24,  25,  36, 

45,  46,  47,  55,  56,  58,  64,  120,  121, 

130,  164,  etpajfim. 


New  France,  20,  35,  60,  61,  63,  68,  70, 

120,  165. 
New  France,  Company  of,  59,  60,  61, 
63,  72,  196. 

New  Galloway,  43. 

New  Hampfhire,  84. 

New  Nethcrland,  91. 

New  Scotland,  grant  obtained  by  Sir 
William  Alexander,  19  ;  its  extent, 
20  ;  origin  of  the  name,  20 ;  an  ex- 
pedition fent  out  in  1622,  but  difperfe 
at  Newfoundland,  45  ;  another  fent 
in  1623,  and  explore  the  coaft,  46, 
47  ;  Knights  Baronets  created  in  the 
intereil:  of  its  colonization,  49,  50,  51, 
52  ;  a  colony  planted,  63,  64,  65,  66, 
67,  68  ;  erroneoufly  alTerted  to  have 
been  fold  to  the  La  Tours,  76-80  ; 
Charter,  127-148;  Sir  William  Al- 
exander's defcription  of,  197-203  ; 
Novodamus  Charter  of,  217-231; 
Knights  Baronets  of,  233-237. 

Newport,  24. 

New  Spaine,  20,  162,  196. 

New  York,    36,    62,   84,   87,  89,  91, 
114. 

Nichols,  5. 

Nicholfon,  Thomas,  237. 

Nicolfone,  John,  235. 

Noah,  208. 

Norgate,  53. 

Nortoun,  Walter,  236. 

Norumbega,  25. 

Norwich,  15. 

Notes  and  Queries,  Englifli,  114,  115. 

North  Carolina,  27. 

Nova  Scotia,  20,  23,  53,  67,  68,  Ti,  75, 

76,  79- 
Numifmatic  Society  of  Liverpool,  97, 

98. 


28o 


Index, 


!i;  \ 


\  w  ■■ 


'  M\ 


i' 


o. 

Oatlands,  231. 

Ochil  Hills,  I. 

Ogilvie,  George,  234  ;  John,  234. 

Ohio,  84. 

Oldys,  7,  13,  125. 

Oliphant,  James,  235, 

Onflow  Bay,  24. 

Orange,  Prince  of,  112. 

Orleans,  Ifle  of,  173. 

Ormiflon,  148. 

Orpheus,  58. 

Ottomans,  158. 

Over-Ifgnll,  115. 

Ovid,  126. 

Oxford,  14. 

P. 

Palfrey,  Dr.,  20,  47,  88. 
Pallas,  205. 
Papinianus,  126. 
Paris,  Ts,  175- 
Parkman,  Francis,  25. 
Parliament  of  Scotland,  85. 
Pafqualigo,  22. 
Patterfon,  32. 
Peir,  Thomas,  237. 
Pemaquid,  86,  253. 
Pembroke,  Earl  of,  94. 
Pemetiq,  181. 
Pennfylvania,  84. 
Penobfcot  Bay,  24,  37,  75. 
Perfians,  161. 
Perthfliire,  100. 
Peru,  162,  209. 
Philadelphia,  17,  70,  71. 
Phillippo,  S.,  24. 
Phoenicians,  156. 


Picardy,  25. 

Picrfon,  the  Rev.  Abraham,  88. 

Pilkington,  Arthur,  237. 

Pitreavie,  113. 

Pl.icentia,  188,  199. 

I'lato,  206. 

Plymouth  Company,  31,  71. 

Plymouth,  Eng.,  66,  67,  199. 

Plymouth  Rock,  37. 

Pliny,  102. 

Pole,  205. 

Ponce  de  Leon,  John,  23. 

Pontgrave,  35. 

Popham,  Chief  Juftice,  30,  31,  33,  193  ; 
Sir  Francis,  33;  George,  31,  32. 

Porteous,  The  Rev.  James,  100. 

Port  de  Mouton,  46,  47,  176,  201,  202. 

Port  Jolly,  46,  47,  201. 

Port  Negro,  47,  201. 

Port  Royal,  35,  36,  47,  6r,  62,  65,  66, 
67,  68,  69,  75,  77,  92,  96,  III,  176, 
177,  180. 

Portfmouth,  24,  29. 

Portugal,  Portugals,  Portuguefe,  23, 
39,  172,  174. 

Pory,  John,  63. 

Poulet,  Lord,  66. 

Poutrincourt,  180. 

Precept,  51. 

Prefton,  George,  237. 

Prefloun,  Sir  John,  235. 

Prince  Society,  Conftitution,  259  ; 
rules  and  regulations,  260-262  ;  of- 
ficers, 263  ;  members,  265-268. 

Prince,  The  Rev.  Thomas,  63. 

Pring,  Martin,  29,  30. 

Privy  Council,  19. 

Puckering,  Sir  Thomas,  63. 

Purchas,  22,  25,  28,  32,  119,  124. 

Pye,  C,  125. 


Index. 


281 


Q. 

Quebec,  20,  25,  3S>  61,  63,  184. 


R. 


Raithe,  James,  148. 
Raleigh  Bay,  24. 

Raleigh,  Sir  Walter,  27,  28,  56,  190. 
Ramfay,  Gilbert,  233. 
Ramufio,  25. 
Raney,  John,  237. 
Rany,  John,  237. 
Renouze,  58,  187. 
Ribault,  John,  24,  26,  33,  166,  168. 
Richardfon,  Robert,  236 ;  William,  125. 
Richelieu,  Cardinal  de,  59,  63,  72. 
Richmond,  Duchefs  of,  98. 
Riddell,  John,  235. 
Rimoudci,  20,  79. 
Roanoke  Ifland,  28. 
Robin's  Ifland,  88. 
Rochelle,  60,  173,  179. 
Rocque,  Roberval,  25,  173. 
Rogers,  The  Rev.  Charles,  3,  18. 
Romanes,  158,  159,  161. 
Rome,  156. 
Rofe,  John,  174. 
Roxburgh,  Earl  of,  94. 
Rufliworth,  IS,  61. 
;  Ruffians,  205,  209. 
Rymer,  22. 

s. 

Sabins,  157. 

Sable  Ifland,  35,  174,  186. 
Sagadahock,  29,  31,  32,  33,  86,  193. 
Sainfbury,  38,  62,  86. 
Saint  Croix,  35,  51,  ^^,  86,  122,  129, 
176,  197. 


Saint  George,  29,  32. 

Saint  Germain  en  Laye,  68,  70,  72. 

Saint  John  (N.  F.),  45.  4^,  S^,  75.  186, 

199,  200,  203. 
Saint  Lawrence,  73. 
Saint  Peter,  45,  198. 
Saint  Sauvear,  36. 
Salif  bury,  92. 
Salmanezer,  156. 
Samaria,  156. 
Sandford,  17. 
Sarazens,  204. 
Saturne,  205. 

Savage,  James,  91  ;  Vifcount,  94. 
Scaliger,  126. 

Scot,  Sir  John,  148,  231,  249. 
Scotch,  49,  60,  61,  66,  67,  68,  69. 
Scotch  Mint,  97. 

Scotland,  i,  17,  18,  19,  43»  45.  5'.  S2| 
57.  58,  61,  T!>,  75.  77,  79,  82,  85,  89, 
92,  95,  et  pajjlm. 

Scotftarvet,  148. 

Scott,  J.,  148. 

Scott,  Walter,  14,  49- 

Scrymgeor,  The  Rev.  H.,  115. 

Sedgwick,  Robert,  75. 

Segipt,  Sagamore,  66. 

Seneca,  the  Tragedian,  208. 

Service  Book,  Scotch,  103. 

Seymer,  Richard,  The  Rev.,  31. 

Shakefpeare,  William,  4. 

Shea,  John  G.,  174. 

Shelter  Ifland,  88. 

Shem,  155. 

Sibbald,  James,  236. 

Sicile,  158. 

Sidney,  Sir  Philip,  4,  16,  126. 

Sidon,  156. 

Silius,  102. 

Sinclair,  Sir  Robert,  112. 


282 


Index, 


\s\ 


'I 


!     . 


Sinclare,  James,  236. 

Sinclare,  Jolin,  237. 

Siracufa,  158. 

Skene,  Sir  James,  234. 

Slafter,  The  Rev.  Carlos,  127. 

Slingfbie,  Henry,  237. 

Somers,  14,  49. 

Somerfetfliire,  66. 

Soutliampton,  88. 

Soutliampton,  Earl  of,  28,  29. 

South  CaroHna,  22. 

Southold,  87,  88. 

Smith,  Captain  John,  27y  38,  122,  123. 

Spaine  and  Spaniards,  3,  30,  39,  58, 

158,  159,  161,  170,  173,  204,  206. 
Spalding,  98. 
SpeQator,  11. 
Spenfer,  4. 

Spottifwood,  Archbifliop,  15. 
St.  Andrews,  Archbifhop  of,  14. 
Stanfby,  120. 
Starlinge,  Ifle  of,  253. 
Steele,  11. 
Stephens,  15. 
Stcrline,  17,  18,  86,  88. 
St.  Eftienne,  Charles,  236. 
St.  Eftienne,  Claude,  235. 
Stewart,  Andrew,  235  ;   James   Lord, 

236;  James,  234. 
St.  George's  Channel,  45,  198. 
Stirling,  i,  17,  18,  99,  100,  loi  ,112,  113. 
Stirling,  Countefs  of,  115. 
Stirling,  Earl,  86,  87,  90,  91,  92,    94, 

112,  126,  253. 
Stirling,  Vifcount,  82,  83,  112. 
St.  John,  Florida,  26. 
St.  Lawrence,  25,  84. 
St.  Mary's  Bay,  129,  176. 
St.  Luke's  Bay,  46,  47. 
Strachan,  Alexander,  233. 


Strachey,  William,  22,  28,  32,  33. 
Strathern,  Earl  of,  94. 
Stuteville,  Sir  Martin,  66. 
Stuyvefant,  Governor,  90. 
Suffolk  Regiftry,  74,  75,  77,  80. 
Suriquois,  129. 
Swedens,  205. 
Swinton,  115. 

T. 

Tadoufac,  35. 
Tarentines,  32. 
Tartarians,  204,  209. 
Taffo,  126. 
Thames,  32,  64. 
Theobalds,  52,  53. 

Thompfon,  Benjamin  F.,  88, 89 ;  Thom- 
as, 237. 
Thornton,  John  Wingate,  124. 
Tirus,  156. 

Torphichen,  Lord,  112. 
Townfend,  William  C,  115. 
Trapizonde,  157. 
Trinity  College,  7. 
Troy,  157. 
Tweed,  51,  176,  197. 
Tylehurft,  114. 
Tyler,  Prefident  John,  89. 
Tytler,  Patrick  Frafer,  22. 
Tullibody,  114,  115/ 
TuUicutre,  114. 
Turks,  204,  205. 
Turnbull,  115. 
Tuttle,  Charles  W.,  122. 


Ulfter,  49. 
Underbill,  89. 
Union,  States  of,  84. 


,  ♦ 


Index. 


283 


28, 32,  II, 

66. 

.  77,  80. 


88, 89;  Thorn- 
.  124. 

5- 


United  States,  33. 
Urquhart,  Sir  Thomas,  76. 

V. 

Vandyke,  53. 

Vane,  Sir  Henry,  89. 

Vanlore,  Sir  Peter,  114. 

Vauglian,  William,  55,  56,  58,  92. 

Venice,  157. 

Vernate,  Philbert,  236. 

Verrazani,  24,  165,  173. 

Vermilion  Sea,  241. 

Vermont,  84. 

Villegaj^non,  170,  171. 

Vines,  Richard,  92. 

Vineyard  Sound,  29. 

Virgil,  126. 

Virginia,  23,  32,  33,  34,  38,  42,   120, 

181,   182,  183,  190,  192,  193,   197  ; 

North,  31  ;  Pinnace,  33  ;  South,  31, 

37- 

W. 

Wales,  Welfli,  55,  56,  58,  95. 
Walpole,  Horace,  4,  53. 


Wardlaw,  Sir  Henry,  113,  236. 
Wert  Indies,  27,  180,  214. 
Wcftminfter,  14,  251. 
Wefton,  Lord,  94. 
Weymis,  Sir  John,  233. 
Weymouth,  28  ;  Captain  George,  29. 
Whitbourne,  37,  38. 
Whitehall,  52,  65. 
Whythall,  249. 
Windfor,  19,  148. 
Winthrop,  87,  88,  89,  90,  174. 
Wood,  Anthony,  16. 
Widdrington,  Kdward,  237. 
Williams,  Bifliop  John,  14. 
Wreittoun,  43. 
Wright,  Thomas,  49. 


X. 


Xenophon,  126. 


York,  Duke  of,  90,  92,  253. 


